英语诗歌欣赏知识(详细).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,,*,,《英语诗歌欣赏》,,Evaluation and Appreciation of English Poetry,,“The literature that is written in some kind of verse form.,,-----a reader’s definition,“the best words in the best order.”,,-----Samuel Taylor Coleridge,“not the assertion that something is true, but the making of that truth more fully real to us.”,,-----T.S. Eliot,,Literature that is not prose,,1.a musical effect created by rhythm and sounds,,2.a precise and fresh imagery,,3.multiple levels of interpretation by the connotation of closer words and by allusions,,Ⅰ,.The Musical Effect of Poetry,Poetry has its roots in song.,,epics, ballads, traveling bards, minstrels,Musical effects are mainly created by rhythm.,Foot----a group of syllables forming a metrical unit, a unit of rhythm.,,Meter---the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables used in poem.,,伐木丁丁，鸟鸣嘤嘤。

——四言诗,欲穷千里目，更上一层楼——五言诗,,春风又绿江南岸——七言诗,,monometer（单音步) pentameter（五音步）,,dimeter （双音步） hexameter （六音步）,,trimeter（三音步） heptameter （七音步）,,tetrameter （四音步） octameter （八音步）,,︱雪压︱冬云︱白絮︱飞︱,,1 2 3 4,,——tetrameter,Twinkle twinkle little star,,——tetrameter,,阴平、阳平、,,上声、去声,,— ／,,∨,,＼,,↘↙,,↘↙,,平 仄,老夫喜作黄昏颂，满目青山夕照明仄平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平平仄互协,,“音乐的和有趣的思想结合”,,——爱伦·坡,,“欲调曼声，必谐三声“（平、上、去）,,高低疾徐抑扬顿挫,,——汉语四声调的特色,,阴平声轻，阳平声重，上声后而举，去声清而远,,stressed---accent 重音—扬,,unstressed---unaccented 轻音—抑,,five metric patterns,（音律）,,,1．Iambic 抑扬格 → ∨,,∕,:,control,,2．Trochaic 扬抑格 →,,∕,,∨,:,tiger,,3．Anapestic 抑抑扬格 →,,∨,,∨,,∕,:,contradict,,4．,Dactylic,扬抑抑格 → ∕∨∨ : foolishness,,5．,Spondaic,扬扬格 →,,∕,,∕,: moonstone,,,∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕,,l,,The sky is high, the clouds are pale.,,-----iambic tetrameter 四步抑扬格,,∕∨ ∕∨ ∕ ∨ ∕∨,,l,,Double double toil and trouble,,,∕∨ ∕ ∨ ∕∨ ∕ ∨,,Fire burn and cauldron bubble,,-----Shakespeare,,It’s trochaic tetrameter. (四步扬抑格),,l,,Like a child from the womb,,Like a ghost from the tomb,,I arise and inbuilt it again.,,-----Shelley,,----Anapestic tetrameter and trimeter,,∨ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕,,l,,I’d a dream to-night,,,,∨ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕,,As I feel asleep,,-----anapestic and iambic dimeter,,Elegy written in a Country Churchyard,,,-----Thomas Gray,The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,,,The lowing herd wind slowing o’er the lea,,,The plowman homeward plods his weary way,,,And leaves the world to darkness and me.,,∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕,,The cur ︱few tolls ︱the knell ︱ of par ︱ting day ,︱,,,,∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕,,The low ︱ing herd ︱wind slow ︱ing o’er ︱the lea ,︱,,,,,∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕,,The plow ︱man home︱ward plods︱his wea︱ry way ,︱,,,,∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∨ ∕,,And leaves ︱the world ︱to dark ︱ness and me .︱,,,∨ ∕ ∨ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∨ ∕ ∨,,There was ︱a young la ︱dy of Ni ︱ger,,,,,∨ ∕ ∨ ∨ ∕ ∨∨∕ ∨,,Who smiled ︱as she rode ︱on a ti ︱ger,,,,∨ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∨ ∕,,They returned ︱from the ride ︱,,∨ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∨ ∕,,With the la ︱dy in side ︱,,,,,∨ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∨ ∕ ∨,,And the smile ︱on the face ︱of the ti ︱ger,A poem for appreciation-----good and harmonious combination of rhythm and rhyme,.,,My Heart’s in the Highlands.,,,------Robert Burns,My heart’s in the Highlands, my heart is not here,,,My heart’s in the Highlands a-chasing the dear,,,A-chasing the wild deer and following the roe-,,My heart’s in the Highlands, wherever I go?,,,Ⅰ,,Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North,,,The birthplace of valor, the country of worth,,,Wherever I wonder, wherever I rove,,,The hills of Highlands for ever I love.,,,Ⅱ,,Farewell to the mountains high covered with snow,,,Farewell to the straths and green valleys below,,,Farewell to the forests and wild-hanging woods,,,Farewell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods.,,* Rhyme (rime),大江歌罢掉头东 dong → a ↘,,邃密群科济世穷 qiong → a → rime together,,面壁十年图破壁, bi → b,,难酬滔海亦英雄. xiong → a ↗,,A book of verse underneath the bough,,,A jug of wine, a loaf of bread --- and thou,,,Beside me singing in the wilderness,,,O, wildness were paradise enow.,The first, second and fourth line rime together,.,From Omar Kheyyan---by Edward Fitzgerald,《鲁拜集》,,,美酒佐干粮，,,树荫诵诗章，,,君喉歌宛转，,,荒漠即天堂。

——郭沫若（译）,,,Types of Rhyme,1,.,1.,End rhyme（尾韵）----- rhyme established at the end of verse line.,,,2. Internal rhyme,（中间韵）,----- rhyme contained within a line of verse.,,,Spring,,,----Thomas Nash,Spring, the sweet spring, is the years pleasant king,,Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in ring,,Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing.,,Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo,!,,The palm and may make country houses gay,,Lambs frisk and play,,,the shepherds pipe all day,,,And we hear ay birds tune this merry lay,,Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!,,The fields breathe sweet,,,The daisies kiss our feet;,,Young lovers meet,,,Old wives a-sunning sit;,,In every street these tunes our ears do greet,,Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!,,Spring! the sweet spring:,,The first stanza:,,spring----thing----sting,,king----ring----sing,The second stanza:,,may-----play----ay,,gay----day----lay,,The third stanza:,,Sweet----meet----street,,Feet----sit----great,Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!,,3.,Slant rhyme,---- an inexact rhyme where the final consonant sounds are the same but the vowel sounds are different.,near rhyme, half-rhyme, partial rhyme.,And by his smile, I know that sullen,hall,,,,By his dead smile, I know we stood in,hell,.,,1.,4.,Eye rhyme,---- the rhyming of two words which look as if they’d rhyme, but do not.,e.g. move ---- love,,1),One syllable rhyme,（押单韵）,or single rhyme,----usually called as masculine rime, male rime.,2),Double rhyme （押双韵）,----rhyme in which two consecutive syllables of the rhyme words match. The first syllable carries the stress.,,,Lightness,elegance feminine, female rhyme,,e.g: motion---ocean waken---forsaken audition---rendition,,3) Triple rhyme （三重韵）,,,e.g: glorious---victorious,,* Other musical devices ---- the use of sounds,,1.,Alliteration,首字韵,---- repetition of two or more initial consonants sounds in words within a verse line.,e.g: When,f,ortitude has lost its,f,ire,,,And,f,reezes into,f,ear.,,,Itylus,,,---Swinburne,S,wallow, my,s,ister, o,,s,ister,,s,wallow,,,Why wilt thou fly after,s,pring to the,,S,outh,,,The,s,oft,s,outh wither thine heart is,s,et.,,bag and baggage,,Might and main,,hale and hearty,,Time and tide wait for no man,,thick and thin,,fit as a fiddle,,a pig in a poke,,1,2.,Onomatopoeia 拟声词,---- the use of a word whose sound suggests its meaning or which imitates the sound made by an object or creature.,e.g: cuckoo, jug-jug….,,3.,Assonance,半谐词,---- the repetition of two or more vowel sounds within a line,e.g: lake---fate feed---needs mate---shape,,4.,Consonants,押辅音,---- the repetition of two or more consonants sounds within a line.,e.g: The splendor,falls,on castle,walls,.,,Homework:,,,The Tyger,,,---William Blake,Tyger! Tyger! burning bright,,In the forests of the Night,,What immortal hand or eye,,Could frame thy fearful symmetry?,,In what distant deeps or skies,,Burnt the fire of thine eyes?,,On what wings dare he aspire?,,What the hand dare seize the fire?,And what shoulder, and what art,,,Could twist the sinews of thy heart?,,And when thy heart began to beat,,,What dread hand? and what dread feet?,,What the hammer? What the chain?,,In what furnace was thy brain?,,What the anvil? What dread grasp,,Dare its deadly terrors clasp?,When the stars threw down their spears,,And watered heaven with their tears.,,Did he who made the lamb make thee?,,Tyger! Tyger! burning bright,,In the forests of the night.,,What immortal hand or eye,,Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?,What’s the Tyger standing for?,,What does it symbolize for ?,,,,God B. the nature’s power,,C. the people D. revolution,,▲ Rhythm,●,Foot or meter :mostly 3 feet in one line-- trimeter,,●Metric pattern :mostly trochaic,,∕∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕,,Tyger ︱! Tyger ! ︱ burning ︱ bright,,,,,∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕,,In the ︱forests ︱ of the ︱night ,︱,,,,∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕,,What im ︱mortal ︱hand or ︱eye ︱,,,,∕ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕,,Could ︱frame thy ︱fearful︱symme︱try ?,,Trochaic trimeter ending with an extra accented syllable,▲ Rhyme,Every two lines have the same rime, this is called rhyme in couple.,,●,An accented one syllable,,Single rhyme---masculine rhyme,,Strong and powerful,●Trochaic pattern,---- a strong rhyme,●Short sentences,,Less feet ---add the strength to the poem,,So, Blake purposely uses the devices of rhythm and rhyme: male rhyme, less feet, and short metric pattern. All add more effect to the poem and give the readers a strong impression.,,▲Other music devices,,1.,1.,Alliteration ---- creating the powerfulness of the “Tyger”.,,,,Burning bright, distant deeps, began to beat, dare its deadly terror clasp,,2. Repetition,l,,Perfect repetition of the first stanza at the end of the poem.,,l,The frequent use of the word “dread” repeatedly reminds the reader that the Tyger is to be feared.,,●The pattern of the questions are insistently repeated.,,What dread hand? And what dread feet?,,What the hammer? What the chain?,,What the anvil? What dread grasp ?,To strengthen the music effect of the poem and powerfulness of the Tyger.,,▲Conclusion,All the devices mentioned above in this poem strongly support the suggestion that Blake intended in it. (the poem),Blake, in fact, is pondering the nature of the God. Is this God cruel or gentle? He does not answer it directly, he raised so many questions for readers to think about. But by reading and analyze the poem, we come to know about that whatever the Tyger is, it is a powerful and fearless creator.,,Ⅱ,. Forms of Poetry,英诗的形式,,Simplicity to variety,,The forms of English poetry are decided by the verse lines in each stanza, or one stanza,.,,1. Couplet 双行诗,,Two lines, the same rhyme,One prospect lost another still we g,ai,n,,,And not a vanity is giv’n in v,ai,n.,,3.三行体,,A. triplet,The Poetry of Dress,,--- R. Herrick,,Where is silk my Julia goes,,Then, then how sweetly flows a ︱ou︱,,That liquefaction of her clothes,Next, when I cast mine eyes and see,,That brave vibration each way free b ︱i: ︱,,O how that glittering taketh me,,B. terza rima,（意大利三韵句）,,The rime scheme of this kind: aba bcb, cdc, ded, …,,,There’s a palace in Florence, the world knows well…..a,,And a statue watches it from the square…..b,,And this story of both do our townmen tell…..,a,,Ages ago, a lady there…….b,,At the farther window facing the east……c,,Asked, who rides by with the royal air?……b,,3. Quatrain,（四行体诗）,,A. One stanza quatrain,,,The Rain,,--- R. L. Stevenson,The rain is raining all round,…..a,,It falls on fields and tree,…..b,,It rains on the umbrellas here, …..c,,And on the ships at sea……b,,B. More stanza quatrain,,Freedom and Love,,--- T. Campbell,,How delicious is the winning,,of a kiss at loves beginning,,when two mutual hearts are sighing,,For the knot there’s no untying,Yet remember, midst your wooing,,love has bliss, but love has ruining,,Other smiles may make you fickle,,Tears for other charm may trickle,,My Love Is Like a Red, Red Rose,,----- Robert Burns,O, my Luve’s like a red. red rose,,,That’s newly sprung in June;,,O, my Luve’s like the melodie,,That’s sweetly play’d in tune.,,As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,,,So deep in luve am I;,,And I will luve thee still, my dear,,,Till a’ the seas gang dry.,Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,,,And the rocks melt wi’ the sun:,,And I will luve thee still, my dear,,,While the sands o’ life shall run.,,And fare thee weel, my only love,,,And fare thee weel a while!,,And I will come again, my luve,,,Though it were ten thousand mile.,,C. Ballad Stanza,（民谣四行诗）,,Sir Patrick Spens,,--- an old Scotland ballad,,The firstline that sir Patrick read,,A loud laugh laughed he;,,The heist line that sir Patrick read,,The tear blinded his e’e,They hadn’t sail’d a league, a league,,A league but barely three,,when the lift grew dark, and the wind blew land,,a gurly grew the sea,,4. Five line stanza,（五行诗体）,,To A Skylark,,--- P.B. Shelley,,hail to thee, blithe Spirit!,,Bird thou never wert,,,That from heaver, or near it,,,Bourest they full heart,,In profuse strains of unpremeditated art.,,Higher still and higher,,,From the earth thou springest,,like a cloud of Fire;,,The blue deep thou wingest,,,And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest.,,5. Six line stanza,（六行诗体）,,The Moon,,--- Shelley,,And like a dying lady lean and pale,,who totters forth, wrapp’d in a gauzy veil,,Out of her chamber, led by the insane,,And feeble wandeings of her fading brain,,The moon arose up in the murky east,,A white and shapeless mass,,6. Seven line stanza,（七行诗体）,,Pentameter Iambic, ababbcc,,Rape of Lucrece,,--- Shakespeare,,When they had sworn to this advised doom,,They did conclude to bear dead lucrece thence,,To show her bleeding body through Rome,,And so to publish Tarquin’s fon offence,,which being done with speedy diligence,,The Romans plansibly did give consent,,To Tarquin’s everlasting banishment,,7. Eight line stanza,（八行诗体）,,A. Ottava Rima,,Pentameter iambic, abababcc,,,Don Juan,,--- Byron,,Juan and haidee gazed upon each other with,,swimming looks of speechless tenderness,,which mixed all feeling, friends, child, lover,,,brother All that the best can mingle and express,,And love too much, and yet cannot love less,,But almost santify the sweet excess,,By the immortal wish and power to bless,,B. Triolet （法国体八行诗）,,Only two rime: ABaAabaA,,A Kiss,,--- Austin Dobson,,Rose kissed me today,,,Will she kiss me tomorrow,,,let it be as it may,,,Rose kissed me today.,Rose kissed me today,,,Will she kiss me tomorrow,,,let it be as it may,,,Rose kissed me today.,,8.,,Nine line stanza （九行诗体）,,Spenser---- Spenserian Stanza ababbcbcc,Faerie Queene,,--- Spenser,,(略),,9. Ten line stanza,（十行诗体）,,Ode to the Nightingale,,--- J. Keats,,My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains,,My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,,,Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains,,One minute past, and I Lethe-wards had sunk:,,‘Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,,,But being too happy in thine happiness,---,,That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees,,,In some melodious plot,,Of beechen green, and shadows numberless,,,Singest of summer in full-throated ease.,,10. Sonnet,（十四行诗）,,A. love sonnet,,the octave --- the first 8 lines: abba, abba,,the sestet --- the last 6 lines: cde, cde, cdc, dcd,,On His Blindness,,--- John Milton,,When I consider how my light is spent,,Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide,,,And that one talent which is death to hide,,Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent,To serve therewith my Maker, and present,,My true account, lest He returning chide,---,,Doth God exact day-labour, light denied?,,I fondly ask:--- But Patience, to prevent,,That murmur, soon replies; god doth not need,,Either man’s work, or His own gifts: who best,,Bear His mild yoke, they serve Him best: his state,Is kingly;thousands at his bidding speed,,And post o’er land ocean without rest;---,,They also serve who only stand wait.,,B. Shakespearean Sonnet,,Rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg,A Sonnet by Shakespeare,,That time of year thou mayst in me behold,,When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang,,Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,,Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang,,In me thou see’st the twilight of such day,,As after sunset fadeth in the west,,,Which by-and-by black night doth take away,,Death’s second self that seals up all in rest,,In me thou see’st the glowing of such fire,,That on the ashes of his youth dorth lie,,As the deathbed whereon it must expire,,Consumed with that which it was nourished by,,This thou perceiv’st, which makes thy love more strong,,To love that well which thou must leave ere long.,,Wordsworth （华兹华斯）,,Shakespeare unlocked his heart,,…a glow-worm lamp,,It cheered mild Spenser, called from fairy-land,,To struggle through dark ways,,and when a damp,,Fell round the path of Milton, in his hand,,The Thing become a trumpet, whence he blew,,Soul-animating strains-alas, too few!,,Ⅲ. Imagery,,Imagery---is t he use o f descriptive lang uage to recreate sensory experiences,.,,An image is a verbal picture of an object, action, abstract idea, or sensation.,,Images often are created by using figures of speech.,,,,1,1.,Metaphor,,---A comparison of unlike items, the comparison is directly stated.,e.g. All the world is a stage.,,1.,2.,Simile,,--- the direct comparison of two unlike items, using the words “like” or “as” to complete it.,e.g. Helen, thy beauty is to me,like,those Nicear barks of yore,,--- Allan Poe “ To Helen”,,1.,3.,Personification,,--- the figure of speech which assigns human qualities to inanimate objects or abstractions,.,e.g. Because I could not stop for death,,,He,kindly stopped for me.,,---Emily Dickinson,,The Moon doth with delight,,look,round her when the heavens are bare.,,---William Wordsworth,,,4. Metonymy,,--- literally “a change of name”, a figure of speech in which the name of some object or idea is substituted for another name to which it has some relation.,e.g. When I consider how my,ligh,t is spent.,,--- John Milton,,The,Serpent,that did sting the father’s life,,Now wears his crown.,,--- Shakespeare,,(Serpent Stands for Claudius),,1.,5.,Synecdoche,,--- a figure of speech in which a part of an object is used to represent the whole object or idea.,,E.g. Not marble, nor the gilded monuments of princes, shall outline this powerful,rhyme,…,,--- Shakespeare “Sonnet 55”,,1,.,6.,Apostrophe,,--- a figure of speech in which an inanimate object, a dead person, or an abstract idea is addressed directly.,e.g. Hail to thee, blithe spirit!,,Bird thou never went —,,--- Percy Bysshe Shelley,,1.,7.,Hyperbole,,--- an exaggeration used to give emphasis,e.g. The,brain,is wider than the,sky,,--- Emily Dickinson,,1,.,8. Litotes,,--- a figure of speech in which an idea is expressed by understatement or by denying its opposite.,e.g. …. Feelings too,,,Of unremembered pleasure: such, perhaps,,,As have,no slight or trivial influence,,On that best portion of a good man’s life,,,--- William Wordsworth,,1,,9.,Paradox,,--- a statement which is an apparent contradiction contains a basis of truth which, when considered, reconciles the seeming opposite.,e.g. I’m,nobody,! Who are you?,,--- Emily Dickinson,,My youth is spent, and yet I am not old.,,--- C. Tichborne,,Oxymoron is a poetical paradox,,Such as “o, loving hate!”,,1,,10.,Pun,,--- a play on two words pronounced somewhat alike but differing in meaning.,,Other devices,,Images also can be created by other devices.,,1),,Symbolism,,The use of an object, person, reason, animal or other concrete item to represent an abstract idea or an emotion.,,2),,Allusion,,A reference to an outside event, person, or fact. Most allusion in pre-twentieth century poetry referred to events in people from classical Greek mythology or the Bible. More often in the twentieth century poets one finds allusions to current events or personage.,,Ⅳ. Types of Poetry,1,1. The Lyric poem,,,,A lyric poem is a poem of limited length, expressing the thoughts and feelings of a single speaker. The lyric has a regular metrical pattern and a regular rhyme scheme.,,A. The elegy--- this is a。