第九讲抽象与具体11教学文案.ppt

第九讲 抽象与具体Abstract and Concreten目 的 要 求 n 仔细体会：导致英语普遍抽象的原因是什么？n作 业 n 思考：为什么汉语是意像性语言？ P173A.英语的逻辑和理性的显著特点就是抽象性na. 亚里斯多德的形式逻辑和欧洲16-18世纪盛行的理性主义导致人们的思维注重“以理服人”，不注重“以情感人”nPlato actually thought that these abstractions had a greater reality than the properties of objects in the physical world. P160n为了使语言表达冷静，必须多用名词、尤其是抽象名词An Englishman does not like to commit himself by being enthusiastic or too distressed. nb. 抽象思维被认为是一种高级思维是高度文明的象征P161nCivilization means among other things increase of abstract terms and decrease of superfluous special words. The more advanced a language is, the more developed is its expressing abstract or general ideas. -o. Jesperson 英语中抽象名词的大量使用导致涵义概括，指称笼统，有“虚”、“泛”、“曲”.的感觉n1. 英语的名词化往往导致表达的抽象化。

nAn excessive reliance on the noun .will detach the mind of the writer from the realities of here and now, from when and how and in what mood the thing was done and insensibly induce a habit of abstraction, generalization and vagueness.Exampls nThere seems to have been an absence of attempt at concilliaation between rival sect. n对立的两派之间似乎从来也没有尝试过要求和nYour disablement pension entitlement is now satisfactorily placed beyond all disputes on logical grounds.n作为残疾人，你有完全权利领取抚恤金Examples nThe availability of the new facilities is hard to obtain.n 很难购到这批设备.nManliness is judged according to ones invulnerability to the impact of the outside world.n 男子汉气是根据他是否能抵抗住外来影响而判断的。

To express ones thoughts accurately is hard work, and to be precise is dangerous.n2. 以迎合某种需要，抽象的模糊性可以掩饰作者的含糊和真实思想P162-163nThe absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments .n没有消息表明了有可喜的进展nThere are many communities where anonymity in personal relationships prevail. 社区许多人都互相不认识从形容词或动词派生出来的抽象名词涵义压缩、简化，易于传诵n3. 抽象名词可以使表达含蓄，对事物的本质进行高度概括，特别适合表达深奥的哲理和模糊的思想， 留有余地， 留下发展空间P165 nEg. Surviaval of the Fittest. n Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.The ancient Greeks were fond of categories , .turing attributes into abstractionsn4. 英语有丰富的词义虚化手段，其语义的细化和抽象化程度较高， 大大的方便了抽象词的运用。

n4.1 用词缀虚化P166 nmicro-, inter-,-ness, -tion,-ism,-encen4.2 词化（lexicalization）就是用一个词来表示一个短语或句子的语义P167n literacy(读写能力）ndecontextualization （不依赖语境而存在）经过词化的抽象名词常常在汉语中找不到对应词来翻译n有具体名词派生出来的抽象名词语义复杂，词义内涵比较广泛， 常表现为一词多义或一词多用表达起来具有概括性n如： service: 服务，服役，维修、服务部门，服务机构，上菜.n power: 动力、电力、权力、势力、强国n4.3 用介词表达虚泛意义nBe in at 参与；be in for 谋求；No language is so sophisticated as English-it is abstracted to death. n5. 拉丁语和希腊语等外来词广泛运用于科技、哲学等庄重场合，只讲究概念 和理性；加之， 英语的形合构词法， 只讲究形式结构和逻辑上的一致，缺乏生活中的形象对应；语音符号构成的语言不来自生活对世界的认识建立在逻辑推演基础之上。

nP170英国社会不少文体学家提倡 a mixture of long abstract Latin words with short concrete Anglo-Saxon words. .nYou can choose the high word for high effect, or you can get tough with Anglo-Saxon specifics. .you must guard against sobrietys luring you into all Latin. B.汉语的儒、道、佛哲学Chinese are disinclined to use precisely defined terms or categories but expressive, metaphoric language. nChinese philospphers quite explicitly favored the most concrete sense impressions in understanding the world. There is no word for sizeor colour. But big size or small size, the white of the swan and the white of the snow. n中国人表达时，往往摆脱不了具体事物的形象。

用意象组合使内容生动可感n土崩瓦解n水乳交融n厚颜无耻n深思熟虑n画饼充饥n如饥似渴n鹅毛大雪n添砖加瓦nDisintegration nPerfect harmonynImprudencenCareful considerationnFeed on fanciesnWith great n eagernessnOffend public decencynMake a little n contributionn 悟性有直觉性和形象性P172n1. 中国人注重“取物观象”， “设象喻理，运用象征性符号，使概念生动可感n如：鱼死网破，脑子进水，井蛙之见n2. 语义文字符号象形、会意， 将人的认知与自然现象和客观事物想结合n如：乐呵呵、红彤彤、香喷喷、团团转n小葱拌豆腐一清二白n可口可乐， 万维网意象-联想-类比外来词：形象性的意译加音译n 汉语中的大量词语可以通过直觉领悟便可以获知其意， 以喻代议，寓议于喻n汉语的动词化表达法，或动词重叠，或连动式 或兼语式，有利于表达动态的情感和形象性和直觉性行为n中国语言缺乏抽象名词，无论是诗歌还是优美的散文，充满了形象词语， 这揭示出中国人感性，思想质朴，想象极端具体。

视、听、嗅、味、触的感悟 林语堂：这是英译汉最难翻译的 ？3. 汉语没有词缀虚化手段， 因此，语义的词化和抽象程度较低P173很难辨别n汉语缺少形态变化，名词、动词、甚至形容词和其他词类形式相同我们很难看到形容词变名词的过程，或动词变形容词的过程很难找到“我喜欢他的聪明”中“聪明”的名词标志也很难找到“她费了很长时间的选择”中“选择” 的动词特征但在运用理解时，我们断然是指 “聪明” 和“选择”概念 中的德性和行为本身n汉语里面有抽象名词吗？P173较少的中国哲学中的抽象概念深奥得难以理解 P174 n3.1 汉语里五官所不能感触到的名词， 也叫抽象名词n 如： 政府、议会、团体、政治、经济n3.2 哲学上的名词，n 如： 道、德、品、性、气、神、理、诚、心、义、阴阳、n3.3 现代汉语里也从外语舶来了许多抽象词尾， 如： 性、化、度、品、主义.Can you guess meaning of : the insignificance of man?nP175 .the affixes are a splendid means of getting away from reality into vague generalities(概念化)and abstraction. For instance, you have the simple word sign, by adding an affix to it, you get signify . Now you add another affix, you arrive at significant, By adding a prefix to change its meaning, you get “insignificance. 汉语：实、明、直、显、形、象nIf you think that Chinese has no way of expressing abstract ideas, you are wrong. Remember, the Chinese were talking and writing about religion and philosophy long before our own civilization started. If they have no exact word for an abstraction, they use the concrete word, words, that came nearest to the idea.(Flesch 1946)在英汉转换中，利用动词，以动代静，以实代虚。

n3.1.1 具体表现在动词取代抽象名词nEg. 雨无情的下个不停，我感到惊异n I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain. n 在决策过程中， 他不那么抛头露面n He had surfaced with little visibility in the policy decision.表示行为、现象、属性等概念所属的范畴，叫范畴词P176n3.1.2 范畴词使抽象。