机器零件——机械类英语考试.doc

Mechanical Components 机械零件1. Shaft Solid Shaft AS a machine computer, a shaft is commonly a cylindrical bar that supports and rotates with devices for receiving and delivering rotary motion and torque. Flexible Shaft Compared with solid shafts, flexible shafts can be benttoo much smaller radii without being overstressed. 1. 轴 实心轴：作为一个机械零件，它通常是一根圆柱形的棒，它支撑各种装置并随其旋转，借以接受和传递旋转运动及转矩 柔性轴：与实心轴相比，它可以弯曲至更小的半径而不会产生过应力2. Shaft Accessories Keys, Splines, and Pins The primary purpose of keys, splines, and pins is to prevent relative rotary movement. A commonly used type of key has a square cross section and is sunken half in the shaft and half in the hub of the other member. Another common type of key has a rectangular cross section with a depth to width ratio 0.75.Both of these keys may either be straight or tapered in depth. Splines are permanent keys integral with the shaft, fitting in key ways cut in the hub. The dimensions of spline fittings are standardizes for both permanent (press) fits and sliding fits. Tapered circular pins can be used to restrain shaft-mounted members from both axial and rotational movement.2.轴的附件 键、花键和销：键、花键和销的主要用途是阻止零件之间相对转动。

一种常用类型的键有正方形截面，且一半陷入轴里而一半则在另一半的轮毂里另一类常见的键有深宽比为 0.75 的矩形截面这两种类型键可以是直的，也可以在高度上有锥度 花键是与轴做成一体的永久键，与轮毂里切出的键槽相配合静配合和动配合的花键配合尺寸都已标准化 有锥度的圆销可用于限制安装在轴上的元件作轴向运动和旋转运动3. Clutches A clutch is a device for quickly and easily connecting or disconnecting a rotary shaft with a rotating coaxial shaft. Clutches are usually placed between the input to a machine and the output shaft from the driving motor, and provide a convenient means for starting and stopping themachine and permitting the driver or engine to be started in an unloadstate. A mechanical clutch may provide either a positive drive with no slip or the torque transmitted may depend on friction. 3.离合器 离合器是一种可快速方便地接合或分离一个转轴和另一个旋转着的同心轴的组件。

离合器通常安装在机器的输入轴和驱动马达的输出轴之间，它提供了启动和停止机器的一种方便而快捷的方法，同时允许驱动马达或发动机在空载状态下启动 机械离合器既可提供无滑动的强制传动又可依靠摩擦而传输转矩4. Screws Screws have been used as fastener for a long time, a screw consists of a circular cylinder (or truncated cone) with a helical groove in it. Screws with screwdriver slots have heads of several shapes, such as flat, oval and round. Screws with hexagonal heads are usually known as cap screws. These screws are used to clamp machine parts together when one of the partshas an internal thread. If neither parts is threaded a bolt must be used,which consists of a screw with a hexagonal head, a nut (hexagonal ring with an internal thread), and usually a washer (flat ring). 4.螺钉 螺钉长期以来作紧固件作用。

螺钉由带有螺旋状凹槽的圆柱体或斜截头圆锥构成 带有螺钉起子槽的螺钉有几种形状的顶端，如平的、椭圆形的、圆形的 带有六角形顶端的螺钉通常称为有头螺钉这类螺钉用于当零件之一有内螺纹时把机器的零件加紧在一起如果零件上未切出螺纹，则必须使用螺栓螺栓由带有六角形顶端的螺钉、螺母（是一个有内螺纹的六角环） 、通常还有一个垫圈组成5. Springs A spring is a load-sensitive, energy-storing device, the chief characteristics of which are an ability to tolerate large deflections without failure and to recover its initial size and shape when loads are removed. Springs are used for a variety of purposes, such as supplying the motive power in clocks and watches, cushioning transport vehicles, measuring weights, making resilient connections, and providing shock protection for delicate instruments during shipment. 5.弹簧 弹簧是一个对载荷敏感、可储存能量的元件，其主要特性是允许大的变形而不失效，且卸载之后能恢复到初始尺寸和形状。

弹簧可用于多种途径，如在钟和手表里提供动力，对运输车辆减震，称重，作弹性连接以及在装运过程中对精密机械提供抗震保护6. Ball Bearings Ball bearings are used in almost every kind of machine and device with rotating parts. The bearing must be provided with adequate mounting, lubrication, and sealing. A ball bearing usually consists of four parts: an inner ring, an outer ring, the ball and the cage or the separator. To increase the contact area and permit larger loads to be carried, the ball runs in curvilinear grooves in the rings. The radius of the groove is slightly larger than the radius of the ball and a very slight amount of radial play must be provided. The bearing is thus permitted to adjust itself to small amount of angular misalignment in the assembled shaft and mounting. The separator keeps the balls evenly spaced and prevents them from touching each other. Ball bearing is made in a wide variety of types and sizes. The radial bearing is able to carry a considerable amount of axial thrust. However,when the load is directed entirely along the axis, the thrust type of bearing should be used. The angular contact bearing will take care of both radial and axial loads. The self-aligning ball bearing will take care of large amount of angular misalignment. 6.球轴承 球轴承几乎用于每一种带有旋转零件的机器装置中。

它必须适当地安装、润滑和密封 一个球轴承通常由四部分组成：内圈、外圈、钢球和保持架为了增加接触面积且允许承受更大的载荷，钢球在环的曲线形凹槽内运动，凹槽的半径稍大于钢球的半径且有微量径隙，因此允许球轴承在装配好的轴与支座之间将其自身调整至少量角度误差保持架使钢球均匀地分布且防止钢球间彼此接触 球轴承可被制成各种各样的类型和尺寸径向轴承能承受相当大的轴向推力；但当载荷完全沿着轴向时，则应采用止推轴承角接触球轴承既能承受径向载荷，又能承受轴向载荷自调节球轴承可容许较大的角误差 7. Cams A cam is a machine member that drives a follower through a specifiedmotion. By the proper design of a cam, any desired motion to a machine member can be obtained. As such, cams are widely used in almost all machinery. Th。