经济学原理-名词解释.pdf

AAbsolute advantageAccounting profit Aggregate demand (AD) curve GDPAggregate supply (AS) curve Aggregation Alternate goods Automatic stabilizers Autonomous consumptionYAverage fixed cost Average standard of living GDPAverage total cost Average variable cost BBasic principles of economicsBehavioral economics Black market BondBoomGDPBudget constraint Budget deficit Budget line Business cycles GDPBusiness demand for funds curveBusiness firm CCapitalCapital gains tax Capital per worker Capital stock Capitalism Cartel Cash in the hands of the publicCentral bank Change in demand Change in quantity demanded Change in quantity supplied Change in supply Coase theorem Command or centrally planned economyCommunismINTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICSG-2Comparative advantage Compensating wage differentialComplement Constant cost industry ATCConstant returns to scale Consumer Price Index Consumption (C) GDPConsumption function Consumption tax Copyright Corporate profits taxCorporation Countercyclical fiscal policy Critical assumption Cyclical unemploymentDDecreasing cost industry ATCDeflation Demand curve facing the firmDemand deposit multiplier Demand deposits G-3Demand schedule Demand shock ADDepression Diminishing marginal returns to laborDiscount rate Discouraged workers Discrimination Diseconomies of scale Disposable income Dominant strategy DuopolyEEconomic growth Economic profit Economic system Economics Economies of scale Employment-population ratio (EPR)Entrepreneurship Equilibrium GDPGDPEquilibrium price Equilibrium quantity INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICSG-4Excess demand Excess demand for bonds Excess reserves Excess supply Excess supply of money ExchangeExchange rateExcludabilityExitExpansionGDPExpenditure approachExplicit collusionExplicit cost Exports Externality FFactor payments Factor payments approach GDPFederal funds rate Federal Open Market CommitteeFederal Reserve SystemFiat money Final good Financial Intermediary G-5Firm's quantity supplied12Firm's supply curveFixed costsFixed input Flow variableFree rider problem Frictional unemploymentFull employment GGame theory GDP price index GDPGDPGovernment demand for funds curveGovernment franchise Government purchases (G) Gross domestic product (GDP) HHousehold's quantity demanded 12Human capital IImperfect CompetitionINTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICSG-6Imperfect competitive market Implicit cost Imports IncomeIncome effect Increasing cost industry ATCIncreasing marginal returns to laborIndex Indexation Individual demand curve Infant industry argument Inferior goods Inflation rate Input Intermediate goods Investment tax credit Involuntary part-time workers LLabor Labor force Labor productivity G-7LandLaw of demandLaw of diminishing marginal returnsLaw of diminishing marginal utilityLaw of increasing opportunity costLaw of supply Loanable funds market Long runLong-run aggregate supply curveLong-run average total cost Long-run supply curve Long-run total cost Loss Lumpy input MMacroeconomicsMarginal approach to profit Marginal cost Marginal product of labor Marginal propensity to consume Marginal revenue INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICSG-8Marginal social benefit (MSB) Marginal social cost (MSC) Marginal utility MarketMarket demand curve Market economy Market failure Market quantity demanded 12Market quantity supplied12Market signals Market structure Market supply curve Means of paymentMicroeconomics Minimum efficient scale LRATCModel Monetary policy Money demand curve Money supply curveMonopolistic competition G-9Monopoly firmMonopoly market NNational debtNatural monopolyNatural oligopoly Net exports (NX) Net investment Net taxes Network externalities Nominal interest rate Nominal variableNonmarket production Nonmonetary job characteristicNonprice competition Normal goods Normal profit Normative economics OOligopoly Open market operations Opportunity cost INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICSG-10PPareto improvement Partnership Patent Patent Protection Payoff matrix Perfect competition Perfectly competitive labor marketPerfectly competitive marketPhysical capital Planned investment (IP) spendingPositive economics Potential output Price Price ceilingPrice floorPrice leadership Price level Price taker Principle of Opportunity CostPrivate investment (I) G-11Production function Productive inefficiencyProfit Protectionism Pure private goods Pure public gooduota RRational preferences 12Real interest rate Real variableRecession GDPRelative price Rent controlsRepeated play Required reserve ratio Required reserves Reserves Resource Resource allocation INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICSG-12Resource marketsRivalry SScarcity Seasonal unemployment Self-correcting mechanism Short run Short side of the marketShortageShort-run macroeconomic equilibriumADASGDPShutdown price Shutdown rule Simplifying assumption Socialism Sole proprietorship Specialization Spending multiplierGDPSpending shock Stagflation Statistical discriminationStock variable G-13Structural unemployment Substitute Substitution effect Sunk cost Supply curve Supp。