语境理论的简要分析.doc

语境理论的简要分析摘要：为了帮助读者更好的利用语境理论来提高阅读能力，许多学者对语境理论的准确含义做了大量的研究语境是理解篇章的一种重要的阅读策略如果学生能够很好的使用语境理论，就能更深地理解作者的主要思想，从而提升他们的阅读能力关键词：语境理论；分析；阅读能力Abstract： In order to help readers use context more correctlyto develop their reading ability, a lot of researchers did manystudies on context to give context a more exact understanding.Context is a significant reading strategy for the understanding ofa passage. If students could make good use of context theory, themain idea of the writer will be understood deeply by them and theirreading ability will be improved greatly.Key Words： analysis； context theory； reading abilityThe Brief Analysis of Context TheoryAccording to A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 1985,context is a general term used in linguistics and phonetics to referto specific components of a passage near or adjacent to a unit whichis the emphasis of attention. It is the features of the non-linguistic world in relation to which linguistic units aresystematically used. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’sDictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation， 3rdedition, 1984, Context means what comes before and after astatement, word, phrase helping to convey the meaning ； orcircumstances in which an event occurs.We all know that different people have different opinions oncontext and it is a complex concept. We could find that context meansall the factors from the above linguistic and non-linguisticdefinitions that affecting communication here.There are three typical kinds of context : according toPragmatics and Discourse (Joan Cutting, 2002)： (1) Situationalcontext： what speakers know about what they can see around them，the situation where the interaction is taking place at the momentof speaking and the immediate physical co-presence. (2) Backgroundknowledge context： what they know about the world and each other.It includes cultural general knowledge that most people carry withthem， about areas of life， specific and private knowledge aboutthe history of the speakers themselves and interpersonal knowledge.(3) Co-text context, what they know about what they have beensaying, i.e. ， the context of the passage itself.Linguistic context is internalized context which constrainsco-textual context which allows learners to refer through the passage itself. (1) Grammatical context constrains either lexicalor syntactic， and rhetorical context. (2) Phonological contextconstrains pause, intonation, stress which is used to expressdifferent meanings. (3) Lexical context is a given word combinedwith lexical items. Lexical context contributes to the co-locativemeaning of a phrase. In the early 19th， American philosopherPeicre first pointed out the notion about context. But the pioneerof context theory is Malniowks, a polish scholar. He first raisedthe notion of context. In 1923， he pointed out the problem ofsituational context. He insisted that "The utterance is closelyrelated with environment and the environment of utterance isnecessary for comprehending linguistics. He classified context into"situational context" and "cultural context: Situational contextrefers to the happened matters when speaking, that is, theenvironment of utterance. Cultural context refers to the rules ofpeople’s idea and action in a certain nation. Wc can see from hiscategories that he is more focused on the micro-context beside theutterance.Overseas scholars researches experience from the physicalenvironment to the inner world of participants, from static contextto dynamic context. At the same time, Chinese researches arc also studying the contexts in various fields. Chen Wangdao defined "Themecontextual" theory in 1932 . He insisted that "rhetoric should firstadjust to the theme". The theme refers to 〃the theme of utteranceit refers to the environment of the work, including the main ideaof the works， real purpose of the writer, writing style and soon. Context means why, what， who, when, where, and how. "Why"is the purpose of writing, "what" is the context of utterance,"who" is the hero of speaking， "when" is the time of utterance，"where" is the place of speaking and the environment of place. Thesewords basically generalized the content of context and made a basisfor the context. Chen，s theory became the guided idea of contexttheory.Chinese scholar Zhang Gong pointed out in his Modern ChineseRhetoric that "Context includes social context, environment andthe whole text. It includes the situation when speaking, time andplace， nature and scene， relationship between the speaker andaudience， the situation of audience and the relationship in thecontext. Zhang Zhigong pointed out in his Modern Chinese thatcontext directly influences the meaning of utterance . It is the realutterance environment . In addition , culture and education，knowledge level, life experience, language style and dialect ar。