美国历史：殖民地(Colonial-Period-tothe-Revolution)课件.ppt

Lecture 1 ColonialPeriodtotheRevolution(16071800)BenjaminFranklinMaincontentsvHistoricalbackgroundvAmericanPuritanismvBenjaminFranklin 1.HistoricalbackgroundvOriginalinhabitants:AmericanIndians.1492,12Oct.-ChristopherColumbusdiscoveredtheAmerica.vIntheearly16thC.,theothercolonistsarrived:Spanish,French,Dutch,Swedes,Germans,Italians,andPortuguese.vin1607-ThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlement:Jamestown,Virginia,byCapt.JohnSmith.vIn1620-PuritanscametotheNewEnglandarea,byMayflower andfoundPlymouthColony(普利茅斯普利茅斯殖民地殖民地).shipof Mayflower roastturkeyvTheoriginofThanksgivingDayNewEngland2.AmericanPuritanismvWhatisPuritan?ThePuritanswereoriginallydevoutmembersofChurchofEnglandwhoadvocatedhighlyreligiousandmoralprinciple.Theywishedto“purify”theirreligiousbeliefbybreakingfreefromChurchofEnglandastheybelievedtheChurchofEnglandwascorrupt.v清教徒（清教徒（PuritanPuritan），原本是指英国基督徒中），原本是指英国基督徒中那些要求清除英国国教会中天主教残余影响那些要求清除英国国教会中天主教残余影响的改革派。

其词源来自拉丁文的的改革派其词源来自拉丁文的 PurusPurus，意，意思是思是“清洁清洁”清教徒相信清教徒相信圣经圣经才是一才是一切教义的最高权威切教义的最高权威.反对国王和君主专制，反对国王和君主专制，简化仪式，提倡过勤俭节约的生活简化仪式，提倡过勤俭节约的生活vWhydidPuritanscometoAmerica?-toreformtheChurchofEnglandandestablishanentirelynewchurch.-CharlesI(1603)-toescapereligiousandpoliticaloppressionandpersecution.-togetgreatereconomyopportunityforlandandforadventure.vWhatisAmericanPuritanism?vAmericanPuritanismisthepracticesandreligiousbeliefsofpuritansinAmerica.vpuritansideas:piety(虔诚虔诚),humility（谦虚）（谦虚）,serious（严肃）（严肃）,honest,diligence（勤奋）（勤奋）/hardworking,thrift/frugality（节俭，朴素（节俭，朴素).opposepleasureandjoy,favoredanascetic(禁欲禁欲),disciplinedharshlife.vWhatarethefeaturesofPuritanism?1.Predestination(宿命论宿命论):Goddecidedeverythingbeforethingsoccurred.2.Originalsin（原罪）（原罪）:Humanbeingswereborntobeevil.“InAdamsfall,weallsin”3.Totaldepravity（彻底堕落）（彻底堕落）:HumanitysabsolutecorruptionsincetheFall.4.Limitedatonement（有限救赎）（有限救赎）orthesalvationofaselectedfew:Onlythe“elect”canbesaved.vWhataretheinfluencesofPuritanismonAmericanthoughtandliterature?1.RootofAmericanSpirit:piety,hardwork,thrift,sobriety(节制节制),individualism,forgeahead(开拓进取开拓进取),optimistic.“Everytubmuststandonitsownbottom.”“Everyoneisthearchitectofhisownfuture.”“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.”2.AmericanDream:toachievefreedomincludestheopportunityforprosperityandsuccessthroughhonesthardwork.Theabilitytorisefromragstorichesthroughhardwork.lifeshouldbebetterandricherandfullerforeveryone,withopportunityforeachaccordingtoabilityorachievement“-JamesTruslowAdamsBenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)TheprototypeoftheAmericanDreamIfyouwouldnotbeforgotten,assoonasyouaredead&rotten,eitherwritethingsworthreading,ordothingsworthwriting.-B.FranklinvAmericahasneverforgottenBenjaminFranklinbecausehedidboth.vToday,wehonorBenFranklinasoneoftheFoundingFathersandasoneofAmericasgreatestcitizens.HeappearsontheAmerican100dollarbill.writerstatesmanbusinessmanscientistTheprototypeoftheAmericandreamJackofAllTradesdiplomatphilanthropist慈善家慈善家printerpublisherLifevBorninapoorcandlemakersfamilyof17childreninBoston.vNoregulareducationvAge12,became an apprentice(学学 徒徒)of aprintertohishalf-brother.vAge 16,an editor of a newspaper andpublishedlotsofessays.vAge17,wenttoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortune.LifevAge42,becamefinanciallyindependentandretiredtodowhatheliked:scienceliterature,diplomacyetc.(read,make scientific experiments and do good to his fellow men)DeathFranklindiedonApril17,1790,atage84.Approximately20,000peopleattendedhisfuneral.ThegraveofBenjaminFranklinPhiladelphia,Pennyslvania MemorialmarblestatueInBenjaminFranklinNationalMemorialAmarblestatueofBenjaminFranklinstandsinBenjaminFranklinHighSchoolinNewOrleans1.Franklinstove,2.effectivestreetlighting,3.bifocalglasses双焦点眼镜双焦点眼镜,4.aminiatureprintingpress,5.efficientheatingdevices6.Amusicalinstrument:an“armonica”玻璃琴玻璃琴.Successasaninventorandscientist7.lightning-rod,避雷针避雷针-“thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfirefromheaven.”8.Thetheoriesofelectricity;firstappliedtheterms“positive”(正极正极)and“negative”（负极）（负极）toelectricalcharges.SuccessasaninventorandscientistSuccessasadiplomatandstatesmanvAidJeffersoninwritingThe Declaration of Independence;vSeekinghelpfromFranceinAmericanIndependentWar.SuccessasawritervThe Autobiography 自传自传vPoor Richards Almanack 格言历书格言历书ProverbsfromPoor Richards Almanacv“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”省一文省一文赚赚一文一文v“Earlytobed,andearlytorise,makesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.”vGodhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.vBeware of little expenses:a small leak will leak agreatship.vEattolive,andnotlivetoeat.vBeslowinchoosingafriend,slowerinchanging.vLosttimeisneverfoundagain.:vFranklinwrotethisbookwhenhewas65yearsold.vItsarecordofhisrisingtowealthandfamefromastateofpovertyandobscurity在在（身份低微）（身份低微）.2.AutobiographyContentvfour parts written at four different times1st part:1771;alettertohisson;about80pages;hislifebeforetheageof252nd part:1784;(13virtues)3rd part:1788;4th part:1790;hislifefromtheageof25to51Franklins13virtues inThe Autobiographyv1.Temperance.Eat not to dullness;drink not to elevation.节制。

食不过饱；饮酒不醉食不过饱；饮酒不醉v2.Silence.Speaknotbutwhatmaybenefitothersoryourse。