《MPA英语考试讲》PPT课件.ppt

MPA英语考试讲义英语考试讲义 主讲人：杜海宝主讲人：杜海宝 时间：时间：2011.9.18MPA英语简介英语简介l考试性质：考试性质：管理类专业学位联考英语，即在职攻读硕士学位入学考试全国英语联考，是国务院学位办组织的国家级选拔考试，其目的是为了客观、科学、公正、规范地测试考生的语言知识和使用语言的相关能力又称“英语（二）”l考试形式：考试形式：笔试l时间：时间：180分钟l满分：满分：100分l试卷构成：试卷构成：试题册和答题卡答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2答题卡1—英语知识运用和阅读理解部分答案；答题卡2—英译汉和 写作部分答案l试卷结构：试卷结构：四部分，共48题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解、英译汉和写作基础知识与应试指导基础知识与应试指导l英语知识运用l阅读理解l英译汉l写作英语知识运用英语知识运用l简介l命题要点l应试技巧英语知识运用英语知识运用简介：简介： 英语知识运用是指考生对英语语言知识，也就是语法结构和词汇知识的实际运用在一篇约为350词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。

分值分配为：20小题每小题0.5分，共10分该部分的测试目的完整地讲应包括：语法概念、词汇运用、以及篇章结构的理解等综合能力英语知识运用英语知识运用命题要点：命题要点： 1. 语法知识运用能力 2. 词汇知识运用能力 3. 篇章结构把握能力语法与词汇语法与词汇l考纲要求：考纲要求：八个语法知识点和熟练掌握5500个左右的常用词汇以及相关常用词组l语法点：语法点：名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法；动词的时态、语态的构成及其用法；形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法；常用连接词的词义及其用法；非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用法；虚拟语气的构成及其用法；各类从句（定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等）及强调句型的结构及其用法；倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法l词汇：词汇：考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些常用词义与谓语动词相关的语法点与谓语动词相关的语法点l谓语动词的时态与语态l虚拟语气l主谓一致原则谓语动词的时态与语态一、现在完成时 现在完成时表示过去开始的一个动作或状态延续到现在现在完成时表示的动作为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。

通常连接的时间状语有already, for, since, so far, yet, just, twice, once, recently, up to now, in past years, ever, never等，皆为不确定的时间状语与一般过去时的区别，可通过如下例子加以理解：The lift has broken down. （意味着我们现在不能使用电梯，或我们得爬楼梯，或不能抵达高层） The lift broke down.（过去发生的一件事：电梯坏了）一、现在完成时一、现在完成时例1 …China is an economic wonder. 43 Nicholas Lardy of the Brookings institution, a Washington D.C.-based think tank, “No country 44 its foreign trade as fast as China over the last 20 years …” 43. A. As for B. As to C. Judging by D. According to 44. A. has expanded B. did expand C. does expand D. expands 一、现在完成时一、现在完成时常用现在完成时的常用现在完成时的句型：句型：（1）This / It is the first/second time … that …结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。

例如：This is the first time that I have heard this song. It is the first time that I have visited the city.（2）This is +形容词最高级 + that …结构，that从句要用现在完成时 例如：This is the best book I have ever read. 谓语动词的时态与语态谓语动词的时态与语态二、过去完成时 表示过去的一个动作发生之前的动作，即“过去的过去”一般都与从句连用，在前的动作用过去完成时过去完成时的时间状语有 before, by+过去的时间状语，until, when, after, as soon as等 例如: (1) By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himeself. (2) Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.二、过去完成时二、过去完成时常用过去完成时的常用过去完成时的句型：句型： （1）no sooner … than …结构中主句要用过去完成时。

例如：He had no sooner arrived than he was asked to leave again. （2）hardly (scarcely)…when…结构中主句要用过去完成时 例如：We had hardly begun our walk when it began to rain.谓语动词的时态与语态谓语动词的时态与语态三、将来完成时三、将来完成时 将来完成时表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态，或者表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验将来完成时的时间状语有for, by+将来时间等例如： They will have been married for 20 years by then. You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.谓语动词的时态与语态谓语动词的时态与语态四、被动语态四、被动语态 英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多，要普遍，在cloze挖空中若为谓语动词常常涉及被动语态。

一般说来，当强调动作承受者，不必说出执行者或含混不清的执行者时，多用被动式须注意的是，许多地方与汉语不同注意那些汉语中没有“被…”的意思，英语却用被动语态还要注意，英语的被动语态往往由by引出四、被动语态四、被动语态 例2 …Today, we understand that the benefits of electronic banking are far more 25 than just reducing floating cash. The entire world of banking26 revolutionized. It is not only more efficient and faster, but also more global … 25. A. extensive B. intensive C. profound D. great 26. A. is B. has C. has been D. had been虚拟语气虚拟语气一、条件从句的虚拟语气一、条件从句的虚拟语气1、构成形式：条件从句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词与现在事实相反were/动词过去式would/should/might/could +do与过去事实相反过去完成时would/should/might/could +have done与将来事实相反were to/should + dowould/should/might/could +do一、条件从句的虚拟语气一、条件从句的虚拟语气例子(1) If I were you, I should/would not watch TV.(2) If I did/ had done my homework, I would go/ have gone to the party.(3) If you hadn’t gone to the cinema, you would not have been late for class.(4) If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam.一、条件从句的虚拟语气一、条件从句的虚拟语气2. 应用虚拟的情况 （1）如果条件从句的谓语动词包含有were, had, should,有时可将连词if省去，而将条件从句的主语置于were, had, should之后。

这种用法主要用于书面语例如： Were I you, I would go with you. Had I had time then, I would have gone with you. Were I to/ Should I visit the Great Wall tomorrow, I would take my son with me. （2）without可以代替条件从句例如： We would not live without water or air. 2. 应用虚拟的情况应用虚拟的情况 （3）混合虚拟条件句 如果条件从句的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整这种句子叫做混合虚拟条件句例如： If China had not been liberated, the working people would still be leading a miserable life. （4）用but或but for引导含蓄条件句but后跟从句，but for后跟短语：假如没有，要不是）例如： But for your help, our experiment would not have been so successful. We would have invited them to the dance, but they were too busy.2. 应用虚拟的情况应用虚拟的情况（5）“If only…”是一种特殊句式结构 1）“If only…”用于感叹句中，是一个保留条件句，省略了主句的形式，用来表示某人对某事的一种强烈愿望或未实现的条件，其意为“但愿……，真希望……，要是……就好了”。

例如： If only you had worked with greater care. 2）If only后常用过去将来时表示将来不大可能实现的愿望例如： If only she would win!二、名词性从句的虚拟语气二、名词性从句的虚拟语气 1、在表示“建议、命令、要求、忠告、主张”等的动词或名词（propose, command, request, insist, require, decide, ask等；advice, demand, order, necessity, resolution, suggestion等）以及一些形容词（important, necessary, urgent, essential, appropriate, vital, better等）后所接的名词性从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即动词原形或should+动词原形例如： She urged that we (should) take action on this matter immediately.(宾语从句) My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.(表语从句) I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.(同位语从句) It is strange that he (should) say so.(形式主语结构) It is essential that the program (should) be loaded into computer.2、动词wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气。

与现在事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去时；与过去事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去完成时；与将来事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去将来时 I wish I were as tall as you. /He wished he hadn’t said that. /I wish it would rain tomorrow.三、一些特殊句型的虚拟语气三、一些特殊句型的虚拟语气1、It is (about / high) time that …句型中，谓语动词用一般过去时或should+动词原形，指现在或将来的情况，表示“早该干某事，而已经有些晚了”之意例如： It is time that we did something to stop pollution.2、as if/though 从句当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时，用虚拟语气形式如下： 与现在事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去时；与过去事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去完成时；与将来事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去将来时例如： He talks as if he knew where she was. He talks about Rome as if he had been there before. It looks as if it might rain.三、一些特殊句型的虚拟语气三、一些特殊句型的虚拟语气3、would rather, would sooner, had better后接从句时，用虚拟语气。

一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去的愿望例如： I would rather you went home right now. I would rather that you came tomorrow. I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.4、if only 和would that 后接的句子用虚拟语气，谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望，常译为”但愿， 要是……就好了” If only I were five years younger. If only the alarm clock had rung. we would that we had seen through him earlier.主谓一致主谓一致 主谓一致原则指谓语动词要与主语的中心词语在“人称”和“数”的方面保持一致这是在解题过程中需要时刻注意的解答这类问题的关键是要找准主语的中心词语例如： The number of pages in this book is one thousand. (the number of + 名词复数+单数动词) A number of books have lent out. (A number of +名词复数+复数动词)主谓一致主谓一致一、就远原则一、就远原则 在主语和谓语动词之间有“with/along with/ together with/ as well as …”,以及“besides/ in addition to/ accompanied by/ plus/ including/ except/ but…”, “rather than…”, “no less than …”, “more than…”等时，动词的形式应该与主语保持一致，不考虑这些词或短语后面的名词。

例如： The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. You as well as he are wrong.主谓一致主谓一致二、单数原则二、单数原则 名词前有every, each, either, neither, “a great deal of”(注意与a number of 不同), “many a”, “a series of”, “a portion of”, “a piece of”等词或词组修饰时，动词用单数形式例如： Each of us has a tape-recorder. A series of accidents has been reported. Many a person has read the novel.主谓一致主谓一致三、总体原则三、总体原则 表示时间、重量、数量、面积、距离等的复数名词表示总数量时，谓语动词要用单数形式例如： Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. Ten yuan is enough.四、四、A and B结构结构 由and连接的两个部分作句子主语时，如果指同一事物、人或由两个部件配成的物品、人时(此时，两个部分分享同一个冠词)，谓语动词则用单数，否则用复数。

例如： The secretary and manager was present at the meeting. The secretary and the manager were present at the meeting. 主谓一致主谓一致五、就近原则五、就近原则 由连词 “or”, “either…or”, “nor”, “neither…nor”, “not only … but also”等连接两个名词或代词时，谓语应与毗邻的一个取得一致例如： Neither I nor he is to blame. Either you or she is to go. 六、定语从句的一致性六、定语从句的一致性 定语从句的谓语应与先行词一致例如： Each one of us who are now living is destined to witness remarkable scientific discoveries. 主谓一致主谓一致真题实例： A new generation of large and credible firms 49 in China in the electronics, appliance and even high-tech sectors. Some have 50 critical mass on the mainland and are now seeking new outlets for their production – through exports and by building Chinese factories abroad, chiefly in Southeast Asia. 49. A. emerge B. have emerged C. has emerged D. is emerged 50. A. reached B. reached over C. reached out D. reached down 词法词法l非谓语动词l介词l代词非谓语动词非谓语动词 非谓语动词包括不定式、分词和动名词。

非谓语动词在句中几乎可以担当除了谓语以外的任何成分而完形填空重点考察的只有五个方面：分词做表语、动名词做介词宾语、不定式结构中it作形式主语或形式宾语、分词作定语和分词作状语分词作表语分词作表语 分词作表语时，现在分词往往表示主语所具有的特征、特性（常表物），过去分词往往表示主语的心理感受或所处的状态（常表人）表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物动词，汉语注解不是“激动”、“高兴”，而是“使激动”，“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是“原动词+ing”形式，凡是表示“感到……的”都用“原动词+ed”形式例如： …Nevertheless, 79 the following suggestions and comments indicate, students feel 80 with things-as-they-are in the classroom... 79. A. though B. whether C. as D. if 80. A. dissatisfied B. unsatisfactory C. satisfied D. satisfactory 动名词作介词宾语动名词作介词宾语 动名词作介词宾语常用在一些固定词组后面。

这些词组也是完形填空考查的重点常见的词组结构是：名词/形容词/具形容词性质的过去分词/不及物动词+介词+动名词最常考的是含介词to的固定词组例如： He is indifferent to hardships and dangers. We expect each place to be appropriate to its use. The amount of pressure which the materials are subject to affects the quality of the products. Encouraging kid to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Food production is dependent on water. Many crops, of course are watered by rain, but in recent times irrigation has become the key 47 the world's booming population. Today 36 percent of the world's harvest depends on irrigation. 47. A. to feed B. to feeding C. for feed D. for feeding 不定式结构中不定式结构中it作形式主语或形式宾语作形式主语或形式宾语 不定式作主语时，往往由it代替它作形式主语，不定式则移至谓语之后。

常见的结构包括： a) It + be + 形容词（如easy, hard, important, difficult, interesting, impossible, foolish, inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong）+ (for/ of sb. ) + to do b) It + be + 名词（如：a pity, a pleasure, one‘s duty, an honor, a shame, a crime）+ to do C) It + 动词+ 宾语 + to do（如：It takes two to quarrel） 例如： ... The problem here is that the Department of Employment has the right to 41 or refuse these permits, and there is little that can be 42 about it; it would be extremely unwise 43 a foreign visitor to work without a permit, ... 41. A. allow B. admit C. present D. grant 42. A. made B. done C. explained D. talked 43. A. for B. to C. as D. in分词作定语分词作定语 现在分词和过去分词具有形容词的特点，在句中可作定语既可作前置定语，又可作后置定语。

现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态，或已做完的事 1. 前置定语前置定语 单独一个分词作定语时，一般情况下放在被修饰的名词前面几乎所有的现在分词都可以做前置定语，现在分词表示它所修饰名词的动作，二者有逻辑上的主谓关系，并且表示所修饰词的特点、性质等（可转换成定语从句）例如： A barking dog / Barking dogs seldom bit. = Dogs which barks seldom bit.1.前置定语前置定语 注意作前置定语的现在分词前面可有状语修饰，有两种情况：一是已经转化为形容词的现在分词，状语多用very, rather等加强词，如：This is a rather boring film.二是一般的现在分词不能用加强词作状语，但可用其它副词，例如：不能说: rather moving vehicles, 但可以说：fast moving vehicles. 所有的及物动词的过去分词都可以做前置定语，不及物动词的过去分词作前置定语时，一般过去分词前有副词修饰，但也有少数几个可以单独作前置定语。

过去分词与已经完全变成了形容词的过去分词作前置定语的区别是：前者表示中心词承受动作的结果或状态；二后者表示中心词的特点例如： a newly arrived student / an escaped convict a retired worker / a locked door an experienced doctor / a moved audience分词作定语分词作定语2. 后置定语后置定语 当被修饰的词由some/ any/no + thing / body / one所构成的不定代词或指示代词those等时，虽然是一个单一的分词作形容词用，但也要放在其后可变为定语从句）例如： There has been nothing changed since I left Harbin two days ago. The bottle containing (=which contained) the poison was sent to the laboratory. They have intimate knowledge of the subject being investigated (= which is being investigated) But there's been 46 from the dazzling China growth story---namely, the Chinese multinational. No major Chinese companies have yet established themselves, or their brands, 47 the global stage. But things are now starting to change... 46. A. something lost B. lost something C. something missing D. something missed 47. A. at B. in C. over D. on 分词作状语分词作状语 分词作状语是表示的动作是主语动作的一部分，与谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时或几乎同时发生，有时先于谓语动词的动作发生。

分词可以做时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步等状语，相当于一个状语从句1. 现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系式被动关系例如： Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. = As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.= If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.分词作状语分词作状语 2. When, while, once, if, unless, though, after, before, as 等引导的状语从句，若其主语与主句主语相同时，可保留该副词连接词，其余部分则简化为分词短语。

例如： While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. (waiting和saw的主语相同) If well read, the book will give you much to think. 3. 分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语须和谓语动词的主语一致，否则分词必须有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构分词的独立结构由逻辑主语（名词、代词）+ 分词构词，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况例如： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. = If weather permits, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 独立结构中的逻辑主语前有时可以加with或without,作伴随状语或定语，这种 结构中除了分词外，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词。

例如： He sat in the chair with his legs crossed./ The war was over, without a shot being fired./ Without anyone noticing, he slipped through th window./ The little girl called out to her mother, with tears running down her cheeks.介词介词 介词是连接词与词的纽带，英语经常用介词来表示词与词之间的关系，如时间、地点、原因以及方式方法等 1.介词介词at 完形填空重点考察at的含义有： 1）在……时刻，如 at dawn, at daybreak; 2）以（某种价格、速度、数量等），如 at high speed, at a loss; 3）在……方面有特长，如 be good at English/shopping. 例如： She was barely walking at the age of four. We drove at 60 kilometers an hour. They sold the cloth at a dollar a yard. He is an expert at troubleshooting. 1. 介词介词 at介词区分：at, in, during, on, by 1) at表示在某一时间点：at 3 o'clock 2) in 表示在某一时间段内的某一或某些点：in 2004 in 还表示在某段时间的结束点：I'll see you again in a week. 3) during 表示某一时间段内自始至终：during the first period 4) on 表示在某一day/date或其中的某一段：on Monday,on Sunday morning 5) by 表示不迟于某个时间：by now.介词介词2. 表达表达“用用”的含义的介词的含义的介词 with, by, in皆可表示用的意思 1）with后接某种工具或器官；2）by指动作的方式，和其后的单数名词连用，表示抽象概念；3）in指用以表达的材料、颜色、语言或方式。

4）记忆口诀：有形with无形by, 语言、单位、材料in例如： She made the shirt with her own hands (sewing machine). (有形：工具或器官) The shirt is made by hand (machine).(无形：动作的方式) The statue was cast in bronze not in gold. (材料) I really can't express my idea in English freely in deed.(语言) The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system. (表示度、量、衡单位)2. 表达表达“用用”的含义的介词的含义的介词 另外， by, with皆可表示“被……”，如后接物作宾语时，用by表示宾语是直接行为者；用with表示由某人用宾语作为工具进行的行为例如： The cinema was destroyed by fire. (被火烧毁) The cinema was destroyed with fire. (被人用火烧毁) It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meaning of thousands of everyday perceptions, the bases 21 the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be 22 in our past experiences, which are brought into the present 23 memory. 21. A. of B. to C. for D. on 22. A. kept B. found C. sought D. stored 23. A. by B. from C. with D. in 介词介词3. 表示表示“涉及涉及”的意思的介词的意思的介词 of, about, on皆可表示涉及的意思，1）of表示提及某人某事时，仅表示其存在或发生，而不涉及其详情；2）about表示谈到某人某事时，不仅表示其存在或发生，还要谈论其详情；3）on表示关于时，多用在演说，论文等专门的主题上。

例如： I haven't heard of the man. Don't talk about her behind her back. He'll give a lecture on atomic physics. 介词介词4. 表示表示“处于某种状态或从事某活动处于某种状态或从事某活动”的介词的介词 at, in, on可与名词构成够定搭配，可表示处于某种状态或从事某活动1）at和某些名词连用表示在做什么；2）on后接某些表示动作的名词，代替及物动词表示被动概念；3）in和某些名词连用表示处于某种状态；4）in和某些名词连用表示从事于某一行业或为某组织的成员；5）in和表情绪的名词连用，表示某人在做某事时的心情；6）in用以表示外部自然环境例如： She is at work (school, college, play, table, dest, lunch). (on和某些名词连用表示在做什么或处于某种状态) on holiday (leave, watch, guard, night work) on show = being shown on sale = being sold Mr. White was in trouble. in business (trade, the army, the navy, the air force) He spoke in sorrow rather than in anger. The man compelled the little child to stand in the rain.介词介词5. 表示表示“原因原因”的介词的介词 of, from, with, over, at, in, for, by, through皆可表示原因，1）of表示心理上或情绪上的原因或因疾病和情绪引起的死因；2）from表示某种直接的原因或一般非因疾病死因；3）with表示由于外界的原因而引起体内或内心的变化及因情绪引起的死因；4) over表示能使人发生激动的感情行为的原因；5）at表示因见、闻而产生的情绪上的变化；6）on表示做某事的因由；7）for 表示因内在的情绪而引起的表现；8）by接动名词表示原因，表示死因时多指非正常死亡；9）through表示由过失引起的原因。

例如： My eyes were tired from too much reading. He died from (of) hunger. She shook with cold. They danced for joy. She got angry at his words. She wept over her misfortunes. The child died by drowning. This happened through your carelessness. He came here on business.介词介词6. 表示所属性的介词表示所属性的介词 of, to, for皆可表示某人、某物的，1）of 表示所有格的用法；2）to 表示用以做……的；3）for表示供……使用的或最终所有权例如： This is the house of Mr. Green. In front of the blackboard there is a desk for the teacher. Here is a letter for you. This is the key to the door. 代词代词1. some, any 和和several some用作不定代词时可代不可数名词，也可代可数名词。

some单独使用时若有语义不明之处时可用“some of...”several 只能用来指数，意为“几个、数个”any 一般用于否定句与疑问句例如： Some (of my pocket money) is spent on books. Some say he is very rich. Some wood is light and soft. Some books are worth reading twice. Several (students) were absent from school this morning. I have written her several letters, but I haven't got any reply from her. 代词代词2. one, ones和one, it “one, ones”用于指代前述的名词以避免名词的重复，前述的名词若为单数则用one,复数则用ones同名异物）例如： I lost my bicycle last week, so I have to buy a new one. We have three rooms in our new apartment, one large one, and two small ones. 区分：区分：one: 同名异物；it: 同名同物。

例如： Do you have a pencil? Yes, I have one. (right) Yes, I have it. (wrong) “a + 可数单数名词”时与one对应，不用it Do you have the pencil? Yes, I have it. (right) Yes, I have one. (wrong) “the + 可数单数名词”时与it对应，不用one代词代词3. no one 和none no one常写成no-one[英]，通常用于指人，与单数动词一致none可用于之人，也可用于指物none用于指人时，在现代英语中通常都与复数动词一致none若用于指物（不可数名词）时，与单数动词一致例如： No one is in the next room. Is there any milk left? No, there is none left. Is there anyone absent today? None are absent today.代词代词4. other和another系列 1) 指两个 句型句型1 one... the other...(一个……另一个……)例如： They had two little daughters, one a baby, the other a girl of twelve. 句型句型2 one...another... (一个……再一个……) 例如： I don't like this (one). Show me another (one), please. Could I have another cup of coffee? 2）指三个 句型句型3 one... another...the third/other (一个……另一 个……第三个……) 例如： They have three sons, one has become a farmer, another a lawyer, the third/other a doctor.4. other和和another系列系列3）指四个以上的多数 句型句型4 单数或复数名词 + the others/rest (……其余的……) 例如：I saw Tom and the others go out of that door. I bought several books yesterday. Two (books) of them are on English grammar and the others are novels. 句型句型5 some... the others... (一些……其余的……) 例如： Some of the students are reading in the classroom, the others are playing in the yard. 句型句型6 some... others... (一些……另一些……) 例如： Some say so, but others not. Some writers are greater than others.4. other和another系列4) others单独使用，指“他人” Do to others as you would have others do to you.(己所不欲，勿施于人) He never thinks of others.5) other与another的惯用表达 a. one after another 一个又一个地，陆陆续续地。

相当于 in succession或one by one.例如： They created one new record after another. b. one after the other 交互地，依次地相当于alternately. 例如：The college students, one after the other, expressed their opinions in the debate lessons.4. other和another系列 c. the one... the other 前者……后者……相当于the former...the latter例如： I have two sisters; one is twenty, and the other is eighteen. We have two cats, a white one and a black one; the one is larger than the other. ...There are some 45 to this rule, most notable people from the Common Market countries, who are 46 to work without permits and who are often given temporary residence permits of up to five years. Some 47 people, such as doctors, foreign journalists, authors and others, can work without permits. 45. A. exemptions B. exceptions C. excerptions D.expositions 46. A. prescribed B. qualified C.entitled D. certified 47. A. more B. fewer C. others C. other句子的结构句子的结构l名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）l定语从句l特殊句型和结构名词性从句名词性从句1.名词性从句的关联词 引导名词性从句的关联词可分为三类： 从属连词：that, whether, if（指起连接作用，不充当从句、 的任何成分） 连接代词：what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever（它们在句中既起连接作 用，同时又担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成 分） 连接副词：when, where, how, why（既是连词，又是状语） 不可省略的连词：介词后的连词；引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词。

例如： That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won.名词性从句名词性从句2. 主语从句 主语从句在复合句中充当主语时，常常用it代替，作形式主语，把主语从句置于句尾连接词若是that则不可省略 it 作形式主语的主语从句结构有： 主语主语 + 名词名词 + 从句从句， 例如： It is a pity that... / It is common knowledge that ... It is a surprise that ... / It is a fact that ... 主语主语 +形容词形容词 + 从句从句，例如： It is natural that ... / It is necessary that ... It is important that ... / It is obvious that ... 主语主语 + 不及物动词不及物动词 + 从句从句，例如： It appears that ... / It happens that ...2. 主语从句主语从句 主语主语 +过去分词过去分词 + 从句从句，例如： It is said that ... 其他：其他：It doesn't matter that ... / It makes no difference that ... / It suddenly struck me that ... / It occured to me that ...名词性从句名词性从句3. 宾语从句 宾语从句可以做动词的宾语、介词的宾语和形容词的宾语。

也可以由it作形式宾语连接词that有时可以省略例如： In one's own home one can do what one likes. I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. That depends on where we shall go. She has made it clear that she will not give in.名词性从句名词性从句4. 表语从句 表语从句放在系动词后，充当复合句的表语，一般结构是“主语 + 连系动词（be, look, remain, seem等）+ 表语从句”引导表语从句的that常可省略另外，常用的结构还有the reason ... is that (不用because) 和it / this / that is because ...例如： The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people. The reason is because he does not know how to do it.(wrong) The reason is that he does not know how to do it. (right)名词性从句名词性从句5. 同位语从句 同位语从句用于对名词的进一步解释，说明其具体内容。

能够接同位语从句的名词有：belief, fact, hope, news, problem, conclusion, explanation, possibility, statement 等 同位语从句一般由that引导，但也可以用关系代词和关系副词引导例如： The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. I have no idea when he will return. Witness payments became an 47 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. concerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdicts. 47. A. impact B. incident C. inference D. issue 48. A. stated B. remarked C. said D. told 49. A what B. when C. which D. that 50. A. assure B. confide C. ensure D. guarantee定语从句定语从句1. 定语从句的关联词 CLOZE主要考查定语从句的关联词，即主要以选择适当的关系代词和关系副词的形式来考查这部分知识。

定语从句中，关系代词一般用来指代先行词，即表示人或物的名词或 代词关系代词作直接宾语时可省略常见的关系代词有 which, that, who, whom, whose特殊关系代词有what, as, but, than另外，which, as有特殊用法，可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念例如： She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. 关系副词when, where 和why 也可以引导定语从句，并在从句中分别表示时间、地点和原因它们的意思相当于“介词 + which”结构，其中when=at/ in /on / during which, where = in/ at/ which, why = for which.关系副词how不能引导定语从句 另外，要注意限定与非限定定语从句的区别that, what 不能引导非限定定语从句The house, whcih we bought last month, is very nice.此处不能用that代替which。

当先行词是专有名词或者物主代词和指示代词修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 定语从句定语从句2. as在定语 从句中的用法 在限定性定语从句中，as多和such 或the same连用，构成“such ... as”和“the same ... as”结构，它代替的先行词是表示人或物的名词例如： This is the same book as I read last week. as也可以用在so和as之后，构成“so...as”和“as...as”结构这种结构中so和第一个as是副词，后面的as是代词例如： He is as great a painter as ever lived. 在非限定性定语从句中，as作为关系代词代替整个主句as引导的从句位置较灵活，可以放在主句前面、中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，通常译为“正如……一样”，“正像……一样”等例如： As might be expected, John was admitted to the university. 定语从句定语从句3. but在定语从句中的用法 but作为关系代词也可以引导定语从句，常和具有否定意义的主句连用，其先行词可以是人也可以是物。

but只用于限定性定语从句，在意义上等于“that/which/who ... not”例如：There was not a single student in my class but (=who did not) learnt a lot from him. There was not one house but (which was not)was burnt down.4. Than在定语从句中的用法 在带有比较级的句子中，than可以做代词，兼有连词和代词的性质相当于than (what)例如： Children are likely to have less supervision at home than (what) was common in the traditional family structure.定语从句定语从句例子： Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 41 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42 and active. When the work is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established 44 time lost due to injuries is kept ar a minimum. 41. A. at B. in C. on D. with 42. A. alive B. vivid C. mobile D. diverse 43. A. regulation B. climate C. circumstance D. requirement 44. A. where B. how C. what D. unless特殊句型和结构特殊句型和结构1. 强调句型 “It is (was) + 代词（名词，形容词）that (who, whom, which, whose)...”结构强调名词或代词。

例如： It is Tom who (that) is right. It is not Tom but Jill that (who) sings best in our class. It was Tom whom the teacher asked a question. It was on Sunday that I went to the movies. “It is (was) + 状语 + that ...”结构用来强调状语，强调的可以是单词、词组或句子如果是原因状语从句，从句只能由because引导例如： It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river.(that不能用why代替)特殊句型和结构特殊句型和结构2. 倒装结构 当“only + 状语”位于句首表示强调时用倒装例如： Only by working hard can we finish the job ahead of schedule. never 等具有否定意义或否定形式的词或词组居于句首时倒装。

例如： Little did I know that she had already left. 在than引导的比较状语从句和as引导的方式状语从句中，如果谓语动词或表语省略，用倒装，助动词放在主语前例如：She works as hard as does anyone else in the factory. Flying demands a much greater supply of energy than do other forms of transportation.特殊句型和结构特殊句型和结构3. 复合宾语结构 “宾语+宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语，其特点是宾语与宾补在逻辑上有着主谓或主表关系宾补可以是名词（call her Mary）、形容词（make payments to witnesses illegal）、副词（drive us home）、介词短语（regard him as our good friend）、不定式（invite him to come）、现在分词（I saw them playing football）、过去分词（I had my bike stolen）、what从句（call me what you like）。

复合宾语中也可以出现形式宾语，如：We found it impossible to get there before Sunday.特殊句型和结构特殊句型和结构4. 平行结构 平行结构指的是相同的语法结构，它要求有同等重要的思想、概念，并列的句子成分要用同类的语法形式来表达，要用并列连词来连接平行结构是一种修辞手法，它可以使句子前后保持平衡和协调，从而增加语言的连贯性 平行结构常使用并列连词，如and, but, or, neither...nor, either...or, not only...but also, not...but等，在使用这些并列连词时要注意它们所连接的应该是名词和名词，副词和副词，不定式和不定式，动词和动词，句子和句子等，而不能其中一个概念用分词结构表达，而另一个概念用不定式或从句来表达例如： Mr. Johnson was young, energetic, and having interest in many activities. (wrong) Mr. Johnson was young, energetic, and interested in many things. (right)4. 平行结构平行结构 平行结构有下面几种常用形式： 1）名词、形容词和副词平行结构。

例如： The patient's symptoms were fever, dizziness, and headache. Early to bed and early to rise makes man healthy, weathy and wise. The work is handsomely and skillfully done. 2）分词、动名词、动词不定式平行结构例如： The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted. Henry's work is reading books and writing book reviews. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Francis Bacon)4. 平行结构平行结构 3) 介词短语平行结构例如： Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 4）谓语动词平行结构。

例如： May you keep fit, study well and work hard. 例子 It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meaning of thousands of everyday perceptions, the bases 21 the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be 22 in our past experiences, which are brought into present 23 memory. 21. A. of B. to C. for D. on 22. A. kept B. found C. sought D. stored 23. A. by B. from C. with D. in 词汇知识运用能力词汇知识运用能力 完型填空题中有70%是考词汇的，其他30%是考语法、搭配和逻辑关系等。

因此，掌握好词汇知识对于考生做好“英语知识运用”这一部分考题来说相当重要具体做好以下几个方面： 1. 熟记常用词组与习惯搭配 2. 准确辨识近义词和近形词篇章结构把握能力篇章结构把握能力 综观历届考生的答题情况，最典型的错误是在解题方法上部分考生答题时只关注单词、短语和句子这些局部，而缺乏对短文内容的总体把握这种那个方法有两大弊端：其一，理解上的偏差，导致错选；其二，延长了答题时间，因为有时答题的线索就在上下文中此外，另一个步骤考生也不应忽略在完成所有的答题之后，还应通读全文，在宏观上检查并核实所确定的每一个选择能否使短文的内容与结构完整，在微观上看每个选择是否有充足的依据这样才能保证答题的质量此类试题数量一般在3-4个之间主要涉及以下几个方面：句际主要涉及以下几个方面：句际之间的逻辑关系、词汇的复现关系、词汇的同现关之间的逻辑关系、词汇的复现关系、词汇的同现关系篇章结构把握能力篇章结构把握能力1. 关注句际之间的逻辑关系 完形填空中句际之间的逻辑关系主要包括： 并列关系：并列关系：and, and also, or, neither...nor, either...or, not only...but also, likewise, similarly, equally, the same as, as well as, in the same way, that is to say, or rather(更精确地说)。

列举关系：列举关系：first, second, third...last of all; firstly, secondly, thirdly...; first, next, then...; in the first place, in the second place...finally; for one thing, for another thing...; to begin with ...to continue/next, to conclude...; on one hand, on the other hand; some, another; some, others, still others. 原因关系：原因关系：because, seeing that, in that, since, as, now that, considering that, due to, thanks to, because of , for, as a result of, on account of. 结果关系：结果关系：thus, hence, in order that, therefore, so that, so, such that, consequently, accordingly, as a result. 转折关系：转折关系：but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, yet, by contrast, on the contrary, contrarily, on the other hand, unfortunately1. 关注句际之间的逻辑关系关注句际之间的逻辑关系 让步关系：让步关系：although, though, while, even though, even if, in spite of, despite, much as, anyhow, anyway, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever. 对照关系：对照关系：on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison with, by comparison, conversely, while, whereas, unlike, compared with, as, not...but, instead of, rather than. 例证关系：例证关系：for example, for instance, such as, of these/ among, to take an example / to illustrate/say/as an example/as an instance/ as an illustration/ as a case; let's imagine/consider; more specifically, a case in point. 补充说明：补充说明：also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, additionally, besides, what's more, then, indeed. 时间关系：时间关系：when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, once, simultaneously, at the same time, in the mean time, whenever. 目的关系目的关系: that, so that, in order that, lest(唯恐，以免), for fear that. 条件关系：条件关系：if, suppose (that), supposing (that), unless, in case, so (as) long as, so far as, on condition that, provided that, providing that, only if, if only, otherwise, in case/ when/ whenever.篇章结构把握能力篇章结构把握能力2. 词汇的复现关系 尽管CLOZE的文章都比较短，但它仍是一个意义相关联的语篇。

它围绕一个话题论述，在行文中词语复现、词语替代现象都是不可避免的所以在解题时，考生应瞻前顾后，寻找相关线索，有时只需将文中的词或短语照搬即可 词汇的复现关系是指某一个词以原词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概括词等出现在语篇中，语篇中的句子通过这种复现关系得以相互衔接根据这个原则，某一个空格所对应的答案就是在上、下文中复现的相关词，考生可以根据这些复现词之间的有机联系确定答案篇章结构把握能力篇章结构把握能力3. 词汇的同现关系 词汇的同现关系是指词汇共同出现的倾向性在语篇中，围绕一定的主题，一定的词就会同时出现，这种词的同现关系与语篇范围关系密切，根据这个原则，我们可以删除一些语篇范围以外的选项，而将重点放在语篇范围以内的选项上例如： The survey on friendship appeared in the March 73 of Psychology Today. The findings 74 that issues of trust and betrayal are 75 to friendship. 73. A. print B. issue C. publication D. copy 74. A. secure B. assure C. confirm D. resolve 75. A. neutral B. main C. nuclear D. central完型填空应试技巧完型填空应试技巧l解题步骤l解题线索完型填空应试技巧完型填空应试技巧1. 解题步骤 1）速读全文，关注首句 2-3分钟速读全文，了解大意。

完型填空第一句不出题关注首句，预测主体，判断文体 记叙文：记叙文：首句交代4个W（when, where, who, what涉及的事件/事物及其状况或特征） 说明文：说明文：首句提出、解释说明某事物 议论文：议论文：首句提出一个论点；how→ 有关的论点 另外，还要认真读其它段首句，第一段和最后一段的尾句尾句通常包含以下信息：conclusion, suggestion, summary, result, influence.完型填空应试技巧完型填空应试技巧 2） 逐句分析，先易后难 3）上下一致，前后推理 4）复读全文，核对答案 5）尊重第一感觉，贯彻唯一原则完型填空应试技巧完型填空应试技巧2. 解题线索 1）词汇线索 2）语法线索 3）语意线索 注意词汇的复现关系和同现关系 4）语篇线索 关注句际之间的逻辑关系 5）知识线索 善于利用常识真题演练真题演练2011全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）完型填空真题Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.真题演练真题演练 The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services. 12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.真题演练真题演练 Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality. The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads. 1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.though 3． A.careless B.lawless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder C.compromise D.proposal 5． A.information B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 真题演练真题演练 6． A.by B.into C.from D.over 7． A.linked B.directed C.chained D.compared 8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize 10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered 11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 13． A.trusted B.modernized C.thriving D.competing 14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across 16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united 17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually 18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forced 阅读理解阅读理解简介简介 2012年英语（二）考试大纲中对阅读理解的要求如下 一、语言技能 考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。

题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等 根据阅读材料，考生应能：1. 理解主旨要义；2. 理解文中的具体信息；3. 理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系；4. 根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的涵义；5. 进行一定的判断和推理；6. 理解作者的意图、观点或态度 二、试卷结构 主要考查考生获取信息、理解文章、猜测重要生词词义并进行推断等能力该部分由A、B两节组成，共25小题，每小题两分，共50分阅读理解阅读理解 A节（20小题） 本部分为多项选择题共4篇文章，总长度为1500词左右要求考生阅读文章并回答每篇文章后面的问题考生需要在每小题所提供地选项（A、B、C、D）中选出唯一正确或是最合适的答案 B节（5小题） 本部分有3种备选题型每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择其中的一种形式，或者从这3种形式中某几种形式的组合进行考查本节文章设5小题，每小题2分，共10分 考生在答题卡1上作答备选题型包括： 1）多项对应 2）小标题对应 3）正误判断阅读理解阅读理解A节节l题材特点l命题规律l命题原则l题型特点及解题技巧（重点）题型特点及解题技巧（重点）l阅读技巧阅读技巧阅读理解A节题材特点： 大纲明确的题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，但要特别注意的是其中的“管理”类文章，这是MBA、MPA和MPAcc联考阅读所独有的。

除管理类文章外，金融经济类文章也是常考题材，每年至少有两篇以上此类题材的文章在2010年联考的阅读中，共有三篇管理类或经济类文章，占全部阅读的60%之多2011年联考阅读也有三篇管理类和经济类文章阅读理解阅读理解A节节命题规律： 1）题干段落句 首段第一句和末段最后一句十分重要，是作者表达中心思想和进行总结综述的地方，常出主题性问题、细节性问题和结构性问题 2）举例 句中有as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子为举例句，需要注意的是例子一般是和文章的中心或段中心紧密相关的常见的举例方式有两种：先提出观点，后举例说明；先列举事例，后再做出结论常考“推理题”和“细节题”两种题型而大多数这类问题的解都符合“中心思想是解”的解题思路另外，做题时，首先关注例子的前后观点或结论，不用看例子；看不懂表达观点的句子时，在看例子去揣摩观点的含义命题规律命题规律 3）列举 列举的共同特征是列出三点或三点以上的条目该类型语句常考的题型是“细节题“，也叫正误判断题，主要有两种：which题型，该题型只要求从并列的三项中选一项作为答案，其他选项与题目无关；Except题型，该题型要求考生通过核对文章内容，排除满足文章内容的三个选项，而留下“不”符合文章的“错误”选项，作为答案，通常称为“三缺一”题型。

4）转折与强对比 联考阅读文章大都是议论文和说明文，这类文章都强调逻辑的严谨性，转折处常常是语义的重点，所以转折和对比常常可以用来测试考生在这一方面的阅读理解能力一般说来，转折后的内容多与上文所表达的意思相反，而对比往往是强调其中的一方命题模式如下：文章中说A具有X属性，B与A不同问题是B由何属性？答案为非X属性强对比或转折一般通过notwithstanding, in nature等引导命题规律命题规律 5）比较与比喻 议论文和说明文在论证说明事理的时候很抽象，为了让读者明白易懂，常采用类比类比有两种方式：一是明喻，即A像B一样；二是暗喻，说A是B近年来，在暗喻上设问越来越多常用地问题方式是“三误一正”式或“三证一误”式 6）因果句 含有表因果的结构或词汇的句子成为因果句，用来解释“为什么”两种形式：先因后果；先果后因；此种句型一般出“推理题”和“细节题”两种题型 7）数字、年代与专有名词 文中的数字、年代、日期常是命题人用于数字题型的命题点专有名词包括人名、地名或其它的专有名词。

常出细节题命题规律命题规律 8）最高级及绝对性词汇 文章中常出现的first, must, all, only, anyone, always, never, none等绝对词汇或most+ 形容词（副词）和形容词（副词）+ est等最高级词汇，或only, sole, unique, merely, simply, just等表示唯一的词汇往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性问题” 9）隐蔽处 隐蔽处指句子中的隐蔽之处或容易忽视之处，包括：同位语、插入语、定语、长句后半句、从句、副词、不定式等常出“细节题” 10）特殊标点 有一些特殊标点的涵义也属于考查范围：破折号—表示理解，考细节性问题；括号—表示解释，考细节性问题；冒号—表示解释，考细节性问题；引号—表示引用，考细节性问题阅读理解阅读理解A节节命题原则（了解）： 1）题干的命制原则 题干的命制 备选项的命制 2）正确选项的命制原则 语言简化 反话正说 正话反说 关键词替换 3）干扰项的特点 看似合理，实则无中生有、断章取义 偷梁换柱，张冠李戴 以偏概全，一般义代偏词义 推理过度阅读理解阅读理解A节节题型特点及解题技巧： 阅读理解A部分主要涉及五种类型的题型，分别为：主旨大意题、作者观点题、词义句义题、事实细节题、推理引申题。

各题型的百分比如下： 主旨题：12% 态度题：0.5% 词义题：6% 细节题：47% 推理题：34.5%题型特点及解题技巧题型特点及解题技巧 一、主旨题 （一）命题模式 该类题型主要考查考生综合、概括、归纳和分析问题的能力，要求考生通过对文章的阅读，迅速把握文章或段落的主题中心模式如下： 1. 文章主旨题 (1) What does the passage mainly discuss?(主旨) (2) Which of the following statements can best describe the main idea of this passage? (3) This passage was written to _____.(写作目的) (4) The suitable title for the passage is _____.(标题)一、主旨题一、主旨题 2. 段落主旨题 (1) From the first (second, third ...) paragraph, we can learn that _____. (2) In the first paragraph, the author mainly tell us ___. (3) In the last paragraph the writer implies that _____. (4) From the last (1st, 2nd, ect) paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that _____. 3. 隐蔽的文章或段落主旨题 (1) From the passage we learn (infer) that _____. (2) In the first (2nd, 3rd, 4th, ...) paragraph the writer implies that _____. (3) What can be inferred from the passage? (4) What the author tries to suggest may be interpreted as _____.一、主旨题一、主旨题 （二）解题的总原则 主旨的提出主要有四种情况：1. 首段或首句开门见山指出中心或将要讨论的问题；2. 文章中间或段落中间给出中心；3. 文章末段或段落末句对全文或全段进行总结归纳，得出中心思想；4. 文章或段落中不明确给出中心，考生要根据各段中心或各句的内容进行总结，自己推出主旨。

因此考生应遵循如下解题原则： 第一、后做原则 第二、首段最重要，末段次重要原则 第三、转折原则 第四、各段的首末句原则一、主旨题一、主旨题 （三）解题技巧 1. 主旨题的判断方法 （1）段落主题句的判断要看该段的第二句或第三句如果它们是对第一句进行阐述，那么第一句就是主题句；如果是对第二句进行阐述，那第二句就是主题句；主题句也可能出现在句末当最后一句是对全段进行总结时，该句就是主题句对于主题句在段中的情况，当段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主题句文章主旨所在段落的判断与此相同 （2）作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是主旨 （3）首段出现疑问句时，该问题就是全文探讨的内容， 对该问题的解答就是文章的主旨 （4）作者提出文章主旨时，常常伴有文字提示，如 therefore, thus, but, however, in short等一、主旨题一、主旨题 2. 正确选项及干扰项的特点 正确选项的特点：不出现细节信息；不含过分肯定或绝 对意义的词。

干扰项的特点：一般以偏概全，只是全文的细枝末节， 不能涵盖全文内容；出现细节性的名词 信息；过于笼统题型特点及解题技巧题型特点及解题技巧 二、作者观点态度题 （一）命题模式 此类题型可细分为作者态度题（表明好恶）和作者观点题（表明观点）题干中的关键词或词组有attitude, opinion, tone 等 1. 作者观点题 (1) According to the author, _____. (2) In the author's opinion, _____. (3) Which of the following does the author most probably agree with? (4) What is the author's opinion (idea) about? 2. 作者态度题 (1) What is the tone (mood) of the passage? (2) The author's attitude towards ... might be summarized as (seems to be) _____. (3) The author is most critical of _____. (4) What is the author's attitude towards ...?作者观点态度题作者观点态度题（二）解作者观点态度题得原则及必会词 1. 原则 1）客观理性原则 2）关注责任原则 3）主旨相关原则 2. 必会词 积极类：objective, impartial, helpful, positive, supporting, admiring, interesting, unbiased, concerned, confident, impressive, optimistic. 中立类：detached, factual, indifferent, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent, apathetic, neutral, impersonal. 消极类：disgusting, critical, negative, intolerable, disappointed, subjective, biased, doubtful, compromising, worried, pessimistic, hostile. 作者观点态度题作者观点态度题（三）解题技巧 1. 作者观点题的解题技巧 （1）文章陈述的内容并非都是作者的观点。

作者引用别人的观点时，考生要明确该观点时作者支持的还是抨击的，避免张冠李戴 （2）作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联 （3）注意行文中出现的claimed as, suppose, perceive as, considered as, ranked as等 词，这些词往往与作者的观点态度相反相反 总之总之，一定要正确理解作者真正的观点作者观点态度题作者观点态度题 2. 作者态度题得解题技巧作者态度题得解题技巧 （1）问作者对某事物的态度时，表示“客观”的词多为正确选项如：objective, impartial, unbiased等；问作者对其提到的人们的观点的态度时，答案只能是肯定或否定，支持或反对如：critical, approval, opposition, supporting. （2）干扰选项通常说法片面或偏激如：arbitrary, subjective, predudiced, indifferent, detached, factual, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent, apathetic. （3）注意不要把考生自己的好恶态度糅进其中，要注意区分作者本人的态度和作者引用的观点的态度。

（4）当作者的态度没有明确提出时，考生要学会根据作者使用的词语的褒贬性去判断作者态度如：wonderful(ly), successful(ly), unfortuante(ly), doubtful(ly)等 （5）问题不仅仅局限于作者的态度而且发展到问文中某人对某事物的态度，答案多为肯定或否定，绝对不会是中性 （6）注意新的命题趋势：选项可能不再是态度明确的肯定或否定的形容词，而改为带有程度限制的形容词一般带有绝对化或表示过于强烈的态度的词必错，如：strong, complete, entire, enthusiastic等而有保留的态度比较客观，因此常常是正确选项,如：reserved, qualified, tempered, guarded, consent. 题型特点及解题技巧题型特点及解题技巧 三、词义句意题三、词义句意题 词义句意题考查方式有两种：一是超纲词含义的推断，另一个是熟词僻义或是词语句子在特定场合的意思 （一）命题模式 1. 词义题命题模式 (1) The phrase (word) "..."(in line/paragraph...) most probably means _____. (2) By "...", the writer (probably) means _____. (3) From the passage, we can infer that the word "..." is _____. (4) We may infer from the context that "upwelling"(Line ..., para...) probably means _____. 2. 句意题命题模式 (1) By saying "..." the writer (probably) means _____. (2) The sentence "..."(Line...,Para...) indicates that _____. (3) The closest restatement of the first sentence is _____. 词义句意题词义句意题 （二）解题技巧 1. 词义题的解题技巧 1）根据上下文进行推理猜测 2）对超纲词含义的推断 （1）构词法：根据词根、前缀和后缀推测词义 （2）词性加搭配 （3）找同义词、同义解释或反义词和反义解释 （4）找同位词 2. 句意题的解题技巧 1）先弄清文章的主题，将文章主题同要求理解句子的内容联系起来，并参考上下文的内容恰当地进行处理。

2）根据上下文的内容猜测句意先将所考的句子与它的上下文进行关系对照，找出它与上下文的关系，如转折、并列、递进、解释说明等，然后根据不同的关系，对上下文采取取非、找同义等方法进行解题句意题的解题技巧句意题的解题技巧 3）通过句子中的代词的指代关系及句子的时态等，将该句内容与上下文联系起来，对理解句子会有很大的帮助 4）如果句子很长，就要先对句子进行结构分析，然后再考虑句子的涵义 注意：注意：句意题的正确选项一般不含有意义过于绝对化的词 语 干扰项的特征：干扰项的特征： 1）与上下文并不相吻合的，但又是考生熟悉的定义； 2）与上下文似乎相吻合的错误定义； 3）出现在上下文中的与本词词性相同的词； 4）问及指代词时，干扰项一般都是上下文中出现的名词 或名词短语题型特点及解题技巧题型特点及解题技巧 四、推理引申题 推理引申题的题干中常有infer, imply, suggest, deduce, conclude等词出现 （一）命题模式 (1) It is implied (indicated/suggested) in the passage/the first paragraph/the second sentence/the example that _____. (2) The author suggests(indicates) in the passage that ____. (3) It can be inferred from the text/ the last paragraph/ the first sentence that _____. (4) It can be concluded from the passage that ___. (5) What conclusion can be drawn from the passage (the first paragraph, the last paragraph)?推理引申题推理引申题 （二）分类 1. 语义推理题 2. 逻辑推理题 3. 归纳结论题 （三）解题技巧 1. 推理引申题选项特点 1）正确选项特点 （1）不是文中明确说明内容 （2）四个选项中，含义深刻地或唯一不是常识项 的是正确答案。

注意：注意：首先首先，注意间接表达句和含义深刻或结构复杂的句子这些 地方往往是考点 其次其次，根据题干关键词迅速定位以便确定推理依据的范围， 利用语法、词汇和语境线索了解单句含义，弄清上下文的逻 辑关系，然后按题意推理推理引申题推理引申题 2）干扰项的特点 （1）简单重复，但非推理 （2）似推之而得，但与原文相背 （3）符合常识，但非依短文推出 （4）依据短文，但过度推理 （5）偏离主题，属主观臆断 2. 语义推理题解答技巧 语义推理题有三种命题点：因果推理、反话正说、正 话反说而因果题又常常倒着考，即依据文章中的某个现象或某个结果设问：为什么有这样的结果？ 3. 逻辑推理题解答技巧 逻辑推理题有两种命题点；对比推理和比较类比推理因对比为二者的不同点，对比中有常有省略部分，因此对比推理常常反着考；而比较类比推理常含明喻或暗喻。

题型特点及解题技巧题型特点及解题技巧 五、事实细节题 （一）命题模式 (1) According to the passage/the author, who (what, where, which, when, why, how, etc.) (2) Which of the following is true / correct/ false/ not included? (3) All of the following are (not) true, are (not) mentioned except _____. (4) The author mentions all of the items listed below /all of the following except _____. (5) We learn from the last paragraph (the first three paragraphs, the text) that _____.事实细节题事实细节题 （二）类型 1. According 型 2. 正误判断型—一正三误和三正一误 3. 数字型 （三）解题技巧 1. 选项特点 1）正确选项的特点 （1）一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案，但 是不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同 的词语或句型去表达相同的思想。

模式为： 题干+正确选项的信息值=/≈原文中某句的信 息值 （2）体现中心思想，有很多正确选项刚好再段落主旨中 （3）在因果关系处常常命题，正确项多为其产生原因或主要 原因，也有少量考结果的 事实细节题事实细节题 2）干扰项特点 （1）部分正确，部分错误 （2）是原文信息，但与题目要求内容不符 （3）符合常识，但不是文章内容 （4）与原句内容相似，但在程度上有些变动 （5）不是文章的信息，与文中事实相反或不符 2. 事实细节题的解题技巧 （1）了解主题； （2）注意细节间的内在联系； （3）了解文章组织结构； （4）可以在文章中直接找到答案； （5）留意文章中或题干中的一些细微之处，如代词指代、时态和 语气等。

具体技巧：具体技巧：1）关键词替换；2）找出隐含事实；3）排除法；4） 数字题—运算；多选一；域型；世纪性；不规则型阅读理解阅读理解A部分的阅读技巧部分的阅读技巧一、阅读顺序 1. 从面到点 2. 从点到面 3. 点面交叉二、初读文章可忽略信息 1. 有关职务、头衔、社会地位等补充性说明； 2. 句中破折号后提供的旁支信息； 3. 复杂的难句中除了主、谓、宾以外的其他辅助信息； 4. 例子、对名人言论的引用的具体内容可以先不读，而只读前面的观点或总结句阅读理解阅读理解A部分的阅读技巧部分的阅读技巧三、重视信息 1. 题干 2. 选项 3. 文章的写作大纲 4. 主题句 5. 关键词 6. “路标”词 1）前进型 2）转弯型 3）重点型 4）其他阅读理解阅读理解B节节l备选题型l试题特点l文章结构特点l解题线索l题型解析阅读理解阅读理解B节节（一）备选题型 1. 多项对应 2. 小标题对应 3. 正误判断（二）试题特点 1.考生既要理解和掌握文章的总体结构和写作 思路，又要弄清上下文之间的逻辑关系。

2. 既要求阅读速度，又要求阅读质量 3. 与写作关系密切 阅读理解阅读理解B节节（三）文章结构特点： 1. 问题型：提出问题—分析问题—解决问题 2. 议论型：提出论点—列举论据—得出结论 3. 立论/驳论型：提出观点—表示赞同—论证观 点 4. 因果型：结果/现象—原因/成因（四）解题线索： 1. 主题句 2. 关联词/短语阅读理解阅读理解B节节（五）题型解析 1. 多项对应多项对应 1）题型介绍）题型介绍 本部分为一篇长度为450-550词的文章，试题内容分左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题，右侧一栏为7个选项要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏提的地信息从右侧一栏的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息 2）解题步骤）解题步骤 （1）迅速浏览每个段落，重点放在首尾两句，概括出每个段落的大意 （2）仔细阅读已经给出的首尾两段，推测文章的逻辑关系，确定文章结构类型。

（3）从左栏给出的词语中提炼出状语、主谓结构或动宾结构 （4）用（3）提炼出的部分去原文定位，然后再到相应的段落去找寻右栏匹配的词语若右栏有专有名词，可先行找寻匹配另外，一般情况下，一个段落只考一到两个对应的题目题型解析题型解析 2. 小标题对应小标题对应 1）题型介绍）题型介绍 一篇长度为450-550词的文章前有7个概括句或小标题这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括或阐述要求考生根据文章内容和篇章结构从这7个选项中选出5个概括句或小标题填入文章空白处 2）解题步骤）解题步骤 （1）先浏览题目中各选项，找出关键词及概念性名词 （2）快速阅读文章各个段落，提炼段落主要信息，抓住各段的主题句和核心词，尤其是反复出现的核心词重点关注段落首句、第二句和末句 （3）在所给题目中找到与各段落所叙述的主要信息相匹配的选项与段落主题句同义或包含段落核心词的选项为正确选项题型解析题型解析 3. 正误判断题 1）题型介绍）题型介绍 在一篇长度为450-550词的文章后有与文章相关的5项陈述。

要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容判断各项陈述的内容是“正确（True）”还是“错误（False）” 2）解题步骤）解题步骤 （1）准确确定题目中的关键词，然后回文章定位 （2）将题目中的关键词与每段第一句相对照，先定位到一个段落，但并不是每个题目都能定位到一个段落 （3）从头到尾快速阅读该段落，定位到具体的句子 （4）判断，符合原文的即为正确答案，反之，错误 注意：注意：顺序性原则，即题目的顺序与原文测顺序基本一致英译汉英译汉l命题概况l句子结构分析l词汇含义的选择l英汉差异的理解l英译汉翻译的技巧英译汉英译汉一、命题概况： 大纲概述：大纲概述：考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力要求译文准确、完整、通顺考试形式为150词左右的一个或几个英语段落，将其全部译成汉语共15分 英译汉短文的特征：英译汉短文的特征： （一）语体特征 说明文、议论文，用词规范正式 （二）题材特征 题材包括社会文化、经济管理、科普知识等内 容，较集中在经济、金融、企业管理方面的一般 综述性题材，专业性并不强。

（三）句子特征 复杂句包括定语从句、名词性从句，状语从句及被动句 英译汉英译汉二、句子结构分析（一）否定转移 1. 把主句的否定转移到that从句 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词 后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动 词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式如： We don't believe that our mother tongue is inferior to any other languages in the world. I don't think Father will fancy living an idle life like that. 当有view, wish, belief, thought, opinion等名词出现在名 词性从句中时，翻译时将主句的否定转移到that从句如： It is not my opinion that he is the best man for the job. （一）否定转移（一）否定转移 2. 把谓语动词的否定转移到状语 Rome was not built in a day. I cannot consider the matter as in any way urgent. Don't scamp your work because you are pressed for time. "not ...because/ because of ...(否定because/because of )" 等句型的否定转移，翻译时要把否定转回原位。

Certainly I don't teach because teaching is easy for me. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share. 3. 把句子其他成分的否定转移到动词 No modulated signal is detected. The whole subject is so obscure that I have succeeded in throwing hardly any light on it. 句子结构分析句子结构分析（二）常考习惯用法和短语（二）常考习惯用法和短语 1. more A than B, less B than A, not so much B as/but A, not so much as... 四者意思相同，常见的意义为“比……更……”，如： Nobody likes you more than I do. 但当这个句型中但当这个句型中A、、B表示的是同一个人或者事物在两个不同性质或表示的是同一个人或者事物在两个不同性质或 者特征上面的比较，而且是表示在比较的基础上的一种选择关系，者特征上面的比较，而且是表示在比较的基础上的一种选择关系， 此此 时应该译为时应该译为“与其与其……还不如说。

如还不如说如： He is more good than bad. He is less good than bad. He is more a writer than a teacher. However, this is not so much a weakness in his work as it is the inevitable result of scholars's neglect of this period. not so much as...这个结构相当于这个结构相当于“not even...”所以通常翻译为所以通常翻译为“甚至不甚至不……，甚至没有，甚至没有……”请考生注意与请考生注意与not so much ...as...的区别 He didn't so much as ask me to sit down. He cannot so much as spell a word.常考习惯用法和短语常考习惯用法和短语 2. no more...than, not any more than..., no more than...(=nothing more than) 前两者都表示类比，是对两者都否定。

具体用法如下： （1）表示同类否定比较，可译为“不比……更”或“都…… 同样不”如：He is no more a writer than a painter. The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. （2）表示两者的比较关系，可译为“正如……不， …… 也不”如：I am no more a poet than he is a scholar. There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink. no more than ...翻译为翻译为“仅仅仅仅”如： The reason for the breakup is no more than misunderstanding. It is no more than a beginning. 常考习惯用法和短语常考习惯用法和短语 3. no less ... than, no less than... 跟no more ...than...句型相近，但是意义相反的句型是no less ...than..., 可以翻译为“既是……，也是……，不但……而且，两者都是……”。

而no less than意为“简直是，实在是”如：He is no less a writer than a painter. It is no less than blackmail to ask such a price for a mere vase. There were no less than one thousand people at the meeting. The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed. 常考习惯用法和短语常考习惯用法和短语 4. rather than, other than rather than很多情况下是一个表示否定的词组，其前后形成对比，译成“而不是”，相当于instead ofother than注意所用的场合，肯定句中other than表示different from或except,“不同于，除了”；在否定句中other than相当于except, apart from,“除了”。

如： He rather than you is responsible for the loss. We need to break large-scale crisis down to small manageable pieces rather than cause people to believe that the situation is even more complex and difficult than they thought. Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined. We missed the last bus so there was no choice other than to walk home. 常考习惯用法和短语常考习惯用法和短语 5. only too ... to 相当于very...to 表示“非常……、很……”。

如： For this reason, all her neighbors are only too pleased to make friends with her. 6. cannot ...too... 意思是“无论怎么也不会过分”，not 也可换成scarcely这样的半否定词，意思相似如： You cannot be too careful in proofreading. A book may be compared to your neighbor; if it be good, it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early. 常考习惯用法和短语常考习惯用法和短语 7. It is not that...but that 意思是“这不是说，而是说”，或“原因不是……，而是……”如： It isn't who is right, but what is right, that counts. It is not that I am unwilling to go with you, but that I am busy now. 8. much less, still less, to say nothing of, not to speak of, not to mention, let alone much less, still less 用于否定句中，表示一种追加的否定，意思是 “更不用说、更不必说”。

其他短语肯定句和否定句都可以用如： He knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry. They are themselves a paper tiger, not to mention their stooges. She cannot ride a bicycle, let alone drive a car. In old China, there was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry. 常考习惯用法和短语常考习惯用法和短语 9. the last + Noun + to do, the last +Noun + Attributive Clause 意思是“……最不可能的，最不愿意的”如： This is the last thing I would ever want to do. He is the last person to tell a lie. She's the last woman I want to sit next to at dinner. 10. anything but, all but, nothing but, none but, nothing more than anything but = not at all 根本不，一点也不 all but = nearly, almost 几乎，差不多，差一点 nothing but, none but, nothing more than 仅仅，只有，只不过 He is anything but a scholar. The wood bridge is anything but safe. That champion all but broke the world record. Nothing but socialism can save China. Events which the older generation remembers clearly are nothing more than past history. 常考习惯用法和短语常考习惯用法和短语 11. 部分否定 all, both, every, everybody, everyday, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, everywhere, always, often ...+ not ...表部分否定，常翻译为“并非所有，并不都是”。

如： All that glitters is not gold. Both his parents are not living. Every couple is not a pair. They are not always in the office on Sundays. The responsibility is not altogether mine. 12. 双重否定 常见的双重否定形式有：no...not, without...not, never/no...without, never/no...but, not/none...the less, not...or...如： He doesn't lend his books to nobody. There is no right to speak without investigation. Rather than a punishment or a burden, work is the opportunity to realize one's potential. 词汇含义的选择词汇含义的选择（一）根据词在句中的词类来选择词义 He likes surf-riding. It doesn't look like rain. Like knows like.（二）根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义 We have no spring here. (春天；弹簧；泉水) As is known to all, productive thought requires not just the rules of logic but a wealth of experience and background information, plus the ability to generalize and interpret new experiences using that information. According to the new school so scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 词汇含义的选择词汇含义的选择（三）有些英语名词须根据其数来选择词义 He thought that she was relenting , and already assumed the airs of a victor. The parcel you post must be well packed. Inadequate packing can mean delay, damage or loss at your expense. 英汉差异的理解英汉差异的理解（一）英语多静态，汉语多动态 Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are regarded as enforced interruptions in their absorbing work. The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings.（二）英语重结构，汉语重语意 We can say that the primary function of a bank today is to act as an intermediary between depositors who wish to make interest on their savings, and borrowers who wish to obtain capital. 英汉差异的理解英汉差异的理解（三）英语多变化，汉语多重复 To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer the new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot ideas. （四）英语多抽象，汉语多具体 Jobs and work do much than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment. （五）英语多被动，汉语多主动 "After a lifetime being honest," says Collins, "all of a sudden I was basically being accused of stealing and treated like a criminal."英汉差异的理解英汉差异的理解（六）英语前中心，汉语后中心 People in government also need foresight to keep systems running smoothly, to plan budgets, and to prevent wars. 英译汉翻译的技巧英译汉翻译的技巧一、词语的翻译技巧（一）转换法 英语和汉语相比较，汉语中动词用的比较多。

往往在英语句子中只有一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用例如： The presence of the Indians here at the time of Columbus‘ arrival was sufficient proof of it. （名词-动词） The international foof shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren desert countries. （名词-动词） They are ignorant of the duties they undertake in marrying. （形容词-动词） Wisely, you made no attempt to have these problems discussed by the General Assembly, believing that they should be dealt with elsewhere. （副词-动词） Formality has always characterized their relationship.（动词-名词）词语的翻译技巧词语的翻译技巧（二）增词法 增补法就是在翻译时按意义上合句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。

例如： But over the last several years, China has been seeking to resume its contracting party status. Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. Every generation is different from the older one and today the difference is very marked indeed. International tension should be reduced when this agreement is signed. Banks are closely concerned with the flow of money into and out of the economy. We want a new generation of Chinese conditioned to loyalty and duty. 词语的翻译技巧词语的翻译技巧（三）省略法 从英语和汉语的句子构成来看，某些词在一种语言中是必要的，而在另一种语言中却使多余的。

冠词的使用就是明显的例子 I wash my face in the morning. I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. It must be snowing, for it is so bright outside. In winter, it is much colder in the north than it is in the south. The significance of a man is not in what he attains but rather in what he longs to attain. 词语的翻译技巧词语的翻译技巧（四）重复法 回避重复是英语的一大特色，重复是汉语的明显特点重复法实际也是一种增词法重复法的作用有：1）为了明确，包括重复名词、动词、代词；2）为了强调，包括重复原词、同义词；3）为了生动，包括四字对偶和词的重叠例如： Grammar deals with the structure of language, English grammar with the structure of English, French grammar with the structure of French, etc. we have to analyze and solve problems. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. 英译汉翻译的技巧英译汉翻译的技巧二、句子的翻译技巧（一）名词从句的翻译技巧 1. 主语从句 以what, whatever, whoever等代词引导的主语从句一般可按原文顺序翻译。

如： What he told me was a sheer lie. 以it 作形式主语的主语从句，逻辑主语从句如提前译出，有两种情况：若强调，it一般可译出来；如不强调，it 可不译出来如： It doesn't make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not. It is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 句子的翻译技巧句子的翻译技巧 2. 宾语从句 用that, what, how等引导的宾语从句汉译时一般不需改变顺序用it作形式宾语的句子，that宾语从句可按原文顺序译出，it可不译。

如： I told him how appealing I found the offer. I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o'clock in the morning. 3. 表语从句 与宾语从句一样，一般可按原文顺序译出如： One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. 句子的翻译技巧句子的翻译技巧 4. 同位语从句 同位语从句汉译时有几个方法：1）保持原本的语序；2）译为类似定语的结构或独成一句；3）加入冒号、破折号和“这样”，“这一”、“即”等字眼；4）改变原文的同位语结构，用汉语的无主句或其他方式译出如： He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again. (保持原语序) But I knew I couldn't trust him. There was the possibility that he was a political swindler. (类似定语) But, considered realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.(加入冒号) Influenced by these ethics, the new generation live under the delusion that money does not stink. (加入“以为”字眼)句子的翻译技巧句子的翻译技巧（二）定语从句的翻译技巧 1. 前置法 I think we should be worried about the values that are nurturing the new generation. Each of us wants to feel he or she has the ability to do something that is meaningful. 2. 后置法 The lungs are subject to several diseases which are treatable by surgery. Mechanical energy can be changed into eletrical energy, which in turn can be changed into mechanical energy. Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporationg. 定语从句的翻译技巧定语从句的翻译技巧 3. 融合法 There is a girl downstairs who wants to see you. There are many people who are interested in the new invention. 4. 状译法 The computer, which seems to play the role of a human brain, is often called an electronic brain. (原因状语) He would have to be careful not to attend the foreman, who would give him the sack at any time. (原因状语) Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man. (让步状语) All four groups tend to be unpopular---which makes them all the keener to display their social concern and so build up some good will. (结果状语)句子的翻译技巧句子的翻译技巧（三）状语从句的翻译技巧 英语状语从句后置，汉语状语从句前置。

如： When censorship laws are relaxed, dishonest people are given a chance to produce virtually anything in the name of "art". Theory is valuable because it can provide a direction for practice. The materials are excellent for use where the value of work pieces is not so high. 句子的翻译技巧句子的翻译技巧（四）被动语态翻译技巧 英语喜欢被动语态，汉语更倾向主动语态 1. 译成主动句 主要方法有：主语不变；主语译成宾语，根据上下文增加适当主语；译成“把”或“使”字句；以及译成判断句式结构，“是……的”如： The risk of the global nuclear conflict has been greatly reduced. (主语不变) A genius like Einstein is produced only after many years of study, which is the period of time needed to lay foundations for a creative mind. (主语不变) Mr. Zhou is considered to be a good teacher. (增加主语) The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. (译成“把”字句) On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence. (译成“是……的”）被动语态翻译技巧被动语态翻译技巧 2. 译成被动句 着重被动动作的英语被动句，可译成汉语的完全被动态，用表示被动的助词“被”或跟“被”意义相同的“受”、“给”、“遭”、“挨”、“叫”、“让”、和“为”等构成，或用“加以”、“给予”等后面加谓语动词表示被动。

如： He was set upon by two masked men. (遭到) I was so impressed by the special gift my students gave me. (为) 3. 译成汉语无主句 A considerable investment has been made in the exploration of the sea depths. Every student must be helped to understand that only by painstaking study can he master English. 被动语态翻译技巧被动语态翻译技巧 4. it 作形式主语的被动语态特殊句型的翻译 英语中以“It is said/reported/...that...”之类结构开始的句子，翻译时常常改为主动句具体翻译时，可以有不加主语的译法，也可以有加泛指性主语（如“人们”、“大家”等）的译法如： It is reported that five people died in the traffic accident. (据报道) It may also be said that reasonable, industrious, useful human beings are devided into two classes. (据说) It is generally considered that he should be responsible for the bankruptcy of the company. (人们普遍认为)句子的翻译技巧句子的翻译技巧（五）反译法 反译法作为一种翻译技巧，主要指在翻译中，为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思，有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法，或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。

如： Wet paint. 油漆未干 There are as many as 200 new products on show. 展出的新产品不下于200种 I stayed at home last night. 昨晚我没出去 反译法包括两个方向：正话反说；反话正说 1. 正话反说正话反说 Mattie's hand was underneath, and Ethan kept his clasp on it a moment longer than necessary. I lay awake almost the whole night. To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. 反译法反译法 2. 反话正说反话正说 I am never at a loss for a word; Pitt is never at a loss for the word. Please withhold the document for the time being. The United Nations has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it. 有如下词经常用正反、反正译法： 动词：fail, miss, lack, live up to, ignore, refuse, withhold, neglect, refrain, deny, overlook, exclude. 名词：absence, failure, refusal, ignorance, neglect, exclusion. 形容词：easy, few, little, difficult, comfortable, free from, far from, short of, safe from, thin, worthy of, ignorant... 副词：little, less, otherwise, too...to..., vainly. 连词：more...than, unless, before, until, rather than, or. 介词：against, without, about, except, beyond, instead of, in place of, out of.短文写作短文写作l命题概况l考试对策l写作基本方法l写作技巧短文写作短文写作一、命题概况一、命题概况 大纲要求：大纲要求：写作部分由A、B两节组成，主要考查考生的书面表达能力。

共2题，25分 A节：节：题型有两种，每次考试选择其中的一种形式备选题型包括：1）考生根据所给情景写出约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人或公务信函、备忘录、报告等2）考生根据所提供地汉语文章，用英语写出一篇80-100词的该文摘要考生在答题卡2上作答共10分 B节：节：要求考生根据所规定的情景或给出的提纲，写出一篇150词以上的英语说明文火译论文提供情景的形式为图画、图表或文字考生在答题卡2上作答共15分 评分方法：评分方法：1）通读全文；2）分析文章的结构和语言；3）根据评分标准进行评分从高到低分为五个档次： A节：节：第五档：9-13分；第四档：7-8分；第三档：5-6分；第二档： 3-4分；第一档：1-2分 B节：节：第五档：13-15分；第四档：10-12分；第三档：7-9分；第 二档：4-6分；第一档：1-3分短文写作短文写作二、考试对策（一）考试注意事项 1. 时间安排：60分钟之内完成 2. 题目的写法：位置醒目；注意大小写 3. 短文的格式：四边留空；空格 4. 大小写方面的错误 大写规则：大写规则：1）每句话的第一个字母和直接引语的第一字母大写；2）专有名词，或用作专有名词的部分普通名词大写，通常是缩略形式；3）缩写字母大写；4）文章标题要大写；5）头衔在专有名词前要大写，在专有名词后小写。

5. 标点错误 6. 字迹工整考试对策考试对策（二）仔细审题，草拟提纲 1. 审清题目 2. 构思选材 3. 草拟提纲 1）潦草提纲 2）标题式提纲 3）句子式提纲 4. 写作初稿 5. 检查修改短文写作短文写作三、写作的基本方法（一）定义法 常见句型： 1. X is Y. 例如： A letter is a written or printed message from one person to another. A thermometer is a device used for measuring and showing temperature. 2. X is Y + who 例如： An instructor is a teacher of a college or university, who usually teaches a limited number of classes. A university is a college or collection of colleges where people study for a degree. 定义法定义法 3. X refers to Y. 例如： Density refers to the weight of the metal. The word matter refers to the material of which all bodies are composed. 4. X us defined as Y. 例如： Physics is often defined as the science of matter and energy. 5. X means Y. / By X we mean Y. / By X is meant Y. 例如： By civil rights we mean, politically, freedom. By conductivity we mean the ability to conduct an electric current. 写作的基本方法写作的基本方法（二）主题句 1. 主题句的概念 在英语篇章中，一致性原则通常体现在隔断的主题句里。

一个比较规范地段落通常由三部分组成：主题句（topic sentence），展开句或推展句（developing sentence）,和结论句（concluding sentence） 主题句式全段核心，它通过一个句子来点明全段的中心思想展开句一定要围绕主题句展开，偏离主题句的展开句不能出现在段里 中心思想通常由主题句来体现，但有些段落没有主题句，但这并不等于这些段落没有中心思想 2. 主题句的位置 主题句在段中可以居首、居中、居尾，也可以首尾同时出现主题句主题句 3. 怎样写好主题句 首先应认真审好题，明确自己要用几个段落，从几个方面说明主题然后确定每个段落的中心有了中心思想，就可以写主题句了 1）主题句首先应是完整句 2）主题句应有明显的导向 3）主题句应尽量具体写作的基本方法写作的基本方法（三）列举法/分类法 常用的序列标志语（sequence markers）有： 词：afterward, eventually, finally, first, firstly, furthermore, lastly, moreover, next, second, secondly, then 短语：above all, first and most important, in addition, in the end, in the second place, last but not least, to begin with, to conclude, to start with 例如: Last but not least, our thanks should go to the technicians working behind the scenes. Firstly, I will mention the advantages, then I will talk about the disadvantages. I have never been to Beijing though it is the capital. In the first place I don’t want to go, and in the second place I can’t afford to. I want to be a kindergarten teacher: to begin/ start with, I have some kindergarten educational background, and secondly I am always very happy with those little kids. 常见的序列标识语组合有：first … second … then … after that …finally; firstly, … secondly, …thirdly,…finally,…; in the first place, …in the second place, …; for one thing, …for another (thing), …; to begin with …, moreover…, finally …写作的基本方法写作的基本方法（四）递进法 表示递进的词语有： 词：additionally, again, also, besides, moreover, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, meanwhile 短语：as well, equally important, in addition, in other words, last but not least, not only …but also, one …the other, on the one hand …on the other hand, or rather, that is, in the same way, that is to say, what’s more, what is more similar 例如：I am going to Ireland to spend my holiday, and my boyfriend’s going with me as well. While traveling, train is my favorite means of transportation. It is expensive, and further, I can enjoy the alongside scenery to the full. You must take plenty of food for your camping trip. Likewise, you’ll need a tent, so take it with you too. I don’t think he will come to our party tonight. On the one hand he’s got a lot of school work to do; on the other hand, he is not the sociable type at all. 写作的基本方法写作的基本方法（五）例证法 引起例证的词语有： 词：incidentally, including, like, namely 短语：a case in point, as an illustration, as follows, for example, for instance, for one thing, just as, such as, that is, to illustrate 例如：He is very mean person, as an illustration, he is only willing to lend money to his son at high interest. Doing a part-time job has many advantages, for instance, it can make up for our lack of social experience. Just as fish cannot live without water, human beings cannot live without oxygen. Everyone in the family likes last Sunday’s picnic in the park, including my 85-year-old grandma. There are many sources of air pollution; exhaust fumes, for example. Lack of communication causes serious problems and their marriage is a case in point. 写作的基本方法写作的基本方法（六）因果法 在议论文中使用因果法（cause and effect）进行论证具有较强的说服力。

因果法中的“因”是指证明论点的理由；“果”是指要证明的论点用因果法展开论述时，可以先从正面说明原因，再得出结论，也就是先因后果；也可先表明论点，再一一阐明原因，即先果后因展开论述时可以一果一因、一因一果；也可以一果多因、一因多果 表示因果关系常用如下方法： 1）用名词cause (后接of) 或reason (后接for) 表示原因如：One of the causes of the accident was poor communication. The reason for the flood was all that heavy rain. 2) 用名词effect, consequence 或result表示结果如： The government’s refusal to put enough money into health care has had disastrous consequence. His broken leg is the direct result of his own carelessness. 因果法因果法 3）用连接词语therefore, so, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result, as a consequence等表示结果。

如：We don’t have enough money. Thus we cannot buy a new car. They cannot do the work; consequently, we must find another company. 4）用从属连词because, since, as, now that, seeing that等引起从句表示原因如： Since we’ve got a few minutes to wait for the train, let’s have a cup of coffee. Seeing that we need to arrive by twelve o’clock, we’d better leave at nine. 5）动词或动词短语cause, produce, effect, lead to, result in, bring about, be responsible for, give rise to等可以表示因果关系如： An increase in demand often results in/leads to/causes/ produces higher prices. Social practice alone gives rise to human knowledge. 6）用介词短语because of, due to, owing to, on account of, as a result of, thanks to等表示原因。

如： On account of the rise in prices, we must also charge more. The play was a great success, and it was all thanks to the effort and commitment of everyone involved. 写作的基本方法写作的基本方法（七）比较与对比法 比较与对比法（comparison and contrast）是说明和论证的方法比较法就是将事物、观点等的相同方面进行比较，通过比较来说明事物 所谓对比，就是通过两种或两种以上的不同事物，或者同一事物的两种不同情况的比较，进行鉴别，从中得出结论 展开文章和段落时，可以灵活使用比较与对比法既可通篇对比或比较，也可通篇穿插交互使用两种方法引起比较与对比的常用词语有： 词：although, but, conversely, correspondingly, despite, equally, however, instead, like, likewise, meanwhile, nevertheless, otherwise, similarly, still, unlike, whereas, while, yet. 短语：and yet, at the same time, but yet conversely (但相反), different from, equally important, even so, in comparison (with), in/by contrast (with/to), in spite of, in the same way, not only …but, on the contrary, on the other hand. 比较与对比法比较与对比法 例如： The fall coverage of their scandal could damage their reputation conversely, it will give them a lot of free publicity. It is hot in the desert in the daytime, but in / by contrast it’s very cold at night. The teacher pronounced every new word as loudly as possible, and asked her students to do likewise. Men must wear a jacket and tie; similarly, women must wear a skirt or dress, not pants. Crime and violence affect many people directly, while others live fearfully in their shadow. 写作的基本方法写作的基本方法（八）类比法 用类比法来论证一个观点，首先要搞清楚两个概念，一是类体，二是本体。

类体的性质、特点是人们所熟知的，得到公认的本体的性质、特点是未知的所以要进行类比，就是要用类体的已知推出本体的未知换句话说，如果前者大家公认是对的，那么后者也有道理 用类比法进行论证必须注意两点：一是类体必须真实可靠，否则就不能使人信服；二是类体和本体必须有共同属性，越是性质相同，越是共同点多，就越有说服力，否则就不能类比例如： Science and technology also play an important role in our socialist construction. We may say that our socialist construction is just like a skyscraper, while science and technology are its base. Without the base, the skyscraper can’t be built up. Therefore, we should try our best to contribute to the development of science and technology so as to provide a more solid base to build our country. 短文写作短文写作四、写作技巧（一）如何开篇 1. 渐缩法（背景铺垫+转折） Smoking is a common phenomenon in all countries. Smoking can be found almost everywhere, on streets, in offices, stores and other public places. Some men regard smoking as a symbol of manhood or something fashionable. Some writers even think that smoking can help reduce their fatigue caused by writing. However, I think smoking is harmful to human beings in a number of ways. 如何开篇如何开篇 2. 对比法 亮点句型： pattern 1: When asked about …, the vast/overwhelming majority of / most/ many/ quite a few people say/ think/ believe/ answer that ….But other people regard/view/see/ think of…as … pattern 2: When it comes to …, some people think/believe that …. Others argue/ claim that the opposite/ reverse is true. There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements, but…如何开篇如何开篇 3. 定义法（见写作的基本方法） 4. 背景导入法 亮点句型： pattern 1: Recently the problem/issue/question/phenomenon of…has drawn/aroused public/popular/grave/world- wide attention. pattern 2: With the rapid/marked/amazing development / improvement of …, more and more …如何开篇如何开篇 5. 设问法 亮点句型： pattern 1: “Why do/ have…?” Many people often ask/ pose the question like this. pattern 2: “Why …? / Can …?”Of all the complaints/ questions/ discussion/ debate I have heard from …, this is the one most frequently uttered/ voiced. 6. 引语法 亮点句型： pattern 1: One of the great early men/ writers/ philosophers/ scientists said/ wrote/ remarked that … If this is true/ the case, then the present/ current view/ value/ attitude/ situation should make us wonder whether …/ ponder over … pattern 2: “Knowledge is power.” Such is the opinion of/ remark made by Bacon/ one of great men. This view/ remark has been shared/ confirmed now by more and more people. 7. 主题句法（见写作的基本方法）短文写作短文写作（二）如何结尾 1. 总结式（或结论式） 用于总结式结尾的词组有：as a result, in a word, in short, in my opinion, to sum up, in summary, in conclusion, in consequence, it can be concluded that … 亮点句型： pattern 1: From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors, Judging from all evidence offered), we may safely/ reasonably arrive at/ come to/ reach/ draw the conclusion/ moral that … pattern 2: In summary/conclusion/ a word, I would like to say (it seems obvious) that … is a question/ issue/ problem that deserves / worthy of special attention from the public (serious consideration, immediate notice).如何结尾如何结尾 2. 引语式 使用引语式结尾的词组和句型有： There is an old saying “…” One great person once remarked, “…” This is still true today. Just like … has put it, “…” I’d like to end my article with …’s words, “…” As the English / Chinese proverb says, “…”如何结尾如何结尾 3. 展望式（或建议式） 亮点句型： pattern 1: It is time that we put/ urged an immediate end to the deplorable/ undesirable/ unhealthy situation/ phenomenon/ tendency of … pattern 2: There is no doubt/ denying that special/ considerable/ immediate/ further/ adequate attention must be paid/ called/ devoted to the problem/ shortage/ development of … 4. 反问式 亮点句型： If we consider …, is it/ this/ there…?短文写作短文写作（三）议论文、说明文写作技巧 英语短文可分为四种类型：1、对立观点型；2、问题解决型；3、说明利弊型；4、阐述主题型。

1. 对立观点型 实用模板1： X is Y that/which _____. However, there is no consensus of opinions among people as to how to face X. Some people consider that _____. On the contrary, some other people argue that _____. As far as I am concerned, I’m for the latter and against the former. For one thing, _____. Just like people say, _____. For another thing, _____. (59 words) 对立观点型对立观点型 实用模板2： A and B has become a hot topic among people, especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. Many people are inclined to competition. In their opinion, A _____. They believe that, to some extent, A _____. By contrast, there are still many people who won’t agree. They argue that B _____. For my part, I think it reasonable that we advocate A. But we can’t ignore B. ______. _____ Only together with B will A _____. _____. (76 words)议论文、说明文写作技巧议论文、说明文写作技巧 2. 问题解决型 实用模板3： Man is now facing with a big problem---X, which is becoming more and more serious. In the first place, _____. In the second place, _____. What makes things worse is that _____, taking _____ for a shining example. Confronted with X, we should take a serious of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, _____. For another thing, _____. A case in point is that _____. In conclusion, we should know about the problem of X, and object to _____. Only in this way can we _____.(84 words)议论文、说明文写作技巧议论文、说明文写作技巧 3. 阐述主题型 实用模板4： There is an old famous saying, “_____”,which means _____. It is the experience of our forefathers, however, it is correct in many cases even today. A case in point is _____. Similarly, _____. When it comes to _____, it is also the case. _____. _____. From what has been discussed above, we should understand the meaning of “_____” more clearly. On the one hand, _____. On the other hand, _____. The best way is to _____. (66 words)议论文、说明文写作技巧议论文、说明文写作技巧 4. 说明利弊型 实用模板5： X now plays such an important part in so many people’s lives that it is essential for us to try to decide whether it is a blessing or curse. Obviously, X has both advantages and disadvantages. AS often pointed out, X _____. _____. However, (if not managed properly), others (who strongly object to ) maintain that X can create many problems too. _____. _____. For my part, whether the ultimate effect of X is good or not, one thing is certain that X in itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to society. 短文写作短文写作（四）图表类作文写作技巧 1. 图表类作文写作高分策略 1）图表的几种常见形式：曲线图，柱状图，圆形图，统 计表格。

2）写作步骤： 第1步：认真分析图表，充分理解题意 第2步：在第一段，对图表进行概述或解说 第3步：掌握描述图表的常用套用语 第4步：重视时态及语态的使用 3）图表描述应注意的问题： （1）重点突出 （2）总趋势必须准确 （3）选择有效信息 （4）充分利用图表提供地文字后说明 （5）注意时态 （6）句子结构要有变化 （7）掌握固定句式和表达方式 （8）认真检查，避免张冠李戴图表类作文写作高分策略图表类作文写作高分策略 4）主要图型写作技巧 （1）圆形表示比例关系，一般以百分比的数字呈现出来 （2）柱状图注意先看标题，再看横坐标与纵坐标的刻度单位，最后找 出各个柱所表示的数据及关系注意提示说明 （3）曲线图注意横轴和纵轴所代表的意思，然后找出曲线变化及其反 映的信息。

（4）表格注意数据之间的内在联系，发现变化规律充分利用表格内外的文 字说明 模板： Recently, there has been a tremendous growth in _____. From the chart we can see clearly that _____. What are the reasons for the changes? There are, in my mind, several factors responsible for this. In the first place, _____. In the second place, _____. The negative effects of ______ are also clear. To begin with, _____. Second, _____. All in all, I should say that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The key lies in whether _____. 短文写作短文写作（五）英文摘要写作 三个步骤： 1. 汉语简要归纳 2. 英语提纲表达 3. 形成英文摘要 注意注意: 摘要有逻辑顺序；尽量用短句；句型力求简单；摘 要不分段。

英文摘要采用第三人称表达方式，时态用一般现在 时、现在完成时或一般过去时 英文摘要既可用主动语态，也可用被动语态 短文写作短文写作（六）商务应用文写作技巧 1. 信件基本结构 1）英语信件典型结构 （1）信头（Heading/ letterhead）：写信人地址及发信时间 （2）封内地址（inside address）：收信人地址左上角或信封背面 （3）称呼（salutation） （4）正文（body） （5）结束礼语（complimentary/ close） （6）签名（signature） 2）两种常用格式：齐头式和缩进式商务应用文写作技巧商务应用文写作技巧 2. 典型信件 1）抱怨信；2）申请信；3）询问信或询价信 4）道歉信；5）感谢性；6）邀请信； 7）建议信 3. 商务应用文写作材料 1）信函的目的 This is to formally invite you to our party. This is to inform you that our office will move to the following address. This letter is to inform you of my new assignment, … I am writing to thank you for giving us the name of ABC Electronics Inc. We take pleasure in sending you a brochure and a price list describing our cellular phones. We are delighted to send you our 2006 Cellular Phone Brochure, which we hope you will find of interest.商务应用文写作材料商务应用文写作材料 2）信函的致谢 Thank you for your letter of October 15 regarding your visit next month. Thank you for your letter of May 20 informing me that you will not be in New York on June 20 Thank you for your letter dated 31 August 2005 inquiring about our company and products. 3）收到信件的辞令 We have received your inquiring letter dated July 10 concerning Digital Video Discs. We are in receipt of your letter dated 31 August 2006 with reference to your film project. 商务应用文写作材料商务应用文写作材料 4）自我介绍 Our company is one of the largest scales agents for golf equipment in South East China. We learned of your company through the Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Tokyo. We are much interested in your recently-developed technology. We have every confidence in our products. It is our policy not to have any exclusive agents in any country. 5）结束语 I look forward to your visit next week. We are looking forward to seeing you at the conference. We look forward to expanding our relationship even further. We really appreciate your interest. we would appreciate your urgent attention to this matter.商务应用文写作材料商务应用文写作材料 6）请求回函 We are looking forward to receiving your reply. We look forward to hearing a favorable reply from you in due course. We await your positive reply. Your early response on this matte would be very much appreciated. 7）道歉 I must apologize to you for the delay in answering your letter. we apologize for the inconvenience we have caused you. Please accept our sincere apologies for the delay. We are very sorry that our goods were not delivered properly. We will make sure that an incident like this never happen again. 商务应用文写作材料商务应用文写作材料 8）请求 We would appreciate it if you could send us a list of your merchandise and a price list. We would be most grateful to know if you might be interested in handling our line of products. Would you please accept our request for an extension of the deadline for payment from January 15 to February 15. Please give our request for your most serious consideration. We would be very happy if you would advise your staff of the change. We would like you to send us a sample copy of your new cookbook. We wonder if it would be possible for you to send us one unit of the product as a sample.商务应用文写作材料商务应用文写作材料 9）同意请求 We would be pleased to meet Mr. Takeda on October 12, 1999. We are pleased to accept your quotation. Mr. Carson will be more than happy to discuss the details of the new project. We fully understand the situation at your end and are willing to accommodate your request. 10）拒绝要求 We apologize for not being able to meet with you this time because I am afraid we will be away on a business trip. We are sorry that we are unable to comply fully with your request. We regret to advise you that we are unable to accept your request. Unfortunately, we are not in a position to accept your request. 商务应用文写作材料商务应用文写作材料 11）请求理解 I certainly hope you will understand. I hope you understand out situation. 12）提出合作 Please do not hesitate to ask us if you need any help. We would be very happy to extend our cooperation. If you need further information, please don’t hesitate to ask us at anytime. 13）招聘录用 I would like to apply to your company for the position of sales manager. I am very much interested in your advertised position and I really would like to take it. I have enclosed my resume and I would be most obliged if you would give me the chance to interview with your company. I have all the qualifications required for the job. I am confident that I would be able to perform the job to your satisfaction. Thank you for the time and energy you spent on your application and interview. 。