Daniel Defoe.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Daniel Defoe(1660 to 24 April 1731),born Daniel Foe,was an English trader,writer,journalist,pamphleteer,檄文执笔者,and spy,who gained fame for his novel,Robinson Crusoe,.Defoe is notable,著名的,for being one of the earliest proponents,支持者,of the novel,as he helped to,popularise,the form in Britain,and,along with others such as Richardson,is among the founders of the English novel.A prolific and versatile writer,he wrote more than 500 books,pamphlets,小册子,and journals on various topics(including politics,crime,religion,marriage,psychology and the supernatural).He was also a pioneer of economic journalism.,Early life,Daniel Foe(his original name)was probably born in the parish,教区,of St.Giles,Cripplegate,London.Defoe later added the aristocratic-sounding De to his name and on occasion claimed descent from the family of De Beau Faux.The date and the place of his birth are uncertain,with sources often giving dates of anywhere between 1659 to 1661.,His father,James Foe,a member of the Butchers Company,was a prosperous,兴旺的,tallow chandler,蜡烛制造者,.In Defoes early life he experienced first-hand some of the most unusual occurrences,事件,in English history:in 1665,70,000 were killed by the Great Plague of London.The Great Fire of London(1666)left standing only Defoes and two other homes in his neighborhood.In 1667,when Defoe was probably about seven years old,a Dutch,荷兰人,fleet,舰队,sailed up the Medway via the River Thames and attacked Chatham.By the time he was about 10,Defoes mother Annie had died.,His parents were Presbyterian dissenters,反对者,;he was educated in a dissenting academy at Newington Green run by Charles Morton and is believed to have attended the church there.During this period,England was not tolerant of all forms of religious belief.Roman Catholics were feared and hated.Dissenters refused to conform to the services of the Church of England;they were despised,受轻视的,and oppressed,受压制的,.,Defoe entered the world of business as a general merchant,商人,dealing at different times in hosiery,针织品,general,woollen,goods and wine.Though his ambitions were great and he was able to buy both a country estate,房地产,and a ship(as well as civet cats,灵猫,to make perfume),he was rarely out of debt.,In 1684,Defoe married Mary,Tuffley,the daughter of a London merchant,receiving a dowry,嫁妆,of,3,700-a huge amount by the standards of the day.With his debts and political difficulties,the marriage was most likely troubled,but it lasted 50 years and produced eight children,six of whom survived.,In 1685,Defoe joined the ill-fated,不幸的,Monmouth Rebellion but gained a pardon by which he escaped the Bloody Assizes of Judge George,Jeffreys,.William III was crowned,加冕,in 1688,and Defoe immediately became one of his close allies and a secret agent.Some of the new kings policies,however,led to conflict with France,thus damaging prosperous,繁荣的,trade relationships for Defoe,who had established himself as a merchant.,Business Career,In 1692,Defoe was arrested for debts of,700(and his civets were seized,夺取,),though his total debts may have amounted to,17,000 his laments,悲痛之情,were loud and he always defended,辩护,unfortunate debtors,债务人,but there is evidence that his financial dealings were not always honest.,Following his release,he probably travelled in Europe and,Scotlandcitation,needed and it may have been at this time that he traded wine to Cadiz,加的斯,Porto and Lisbon.By 1695 he was back in England,now formally using the name Defoe,and serving as a commissioner,理事,of the glass duty,responsible for collecting taxes on bottles.In 1696 he ran a tile,瓷砖,and brick factory in what is now,Tilbury,Essex and living in the parish,教区,of,Chadwell,St Mary.,Writing,Defoes first notable publication was,An Essay upon Projects,a series of proposals,建议书,for social and economic improvement,published in 1697.From 1697 to 1698 he defended the right of King William III to a standing army during disarmament,裁军,after the Treaty of Ryswick(1697)had ended the Nine Years War(168897).His most successful poem,The True-Born Englishman,(1701),defended the king against the perceived xenophobia,仇外,of his enemies,satirising,讽刺,the English claim to racial purity.,笛福最早的创作是,1697,年出版的,关于一些问题的观点,，提出了一些社会改革的建议。

1698,年他维护威廉三世对常备军的权力1701,年他发表诗歌,地道的英国人,继续拥护信仰新教的威廉三世The death of William III in 1702 once again created a political upheaval,剧变,as the king was replaced by Queen Anne,who immediately began her offensive,攻击的,against Nonconformists,不从国教者,.A natural target,Defoes pamphleteering,小册子作者,and political activities resulted in his arrest and placement in a pillory,示众,on 31 July 1703,principally on account of a pamphlet entitled,The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters,;Or,Proposals for the Establishment of the Church,purporting,声称,to argue for their extermination,消灭,.In it he ruthlessly,无情地,satirized,讽刺,both the High church Tories and those Dissenters who hypocritically,伪善地,practiced so-called occasional conformity,such as his Stoke Newington neighbor Sir Tho。