自考27037英语语言学概论（江苏）密训高频考点重点汇总.docx

目录第一章 Language（语言） 1第二章 Linguistics（语言学） 3第三章 Phonetics（语音学） 5第四章 Phonology（音系学） 8第五章 Morphology（形态学） 10第六章 Syntax（句法学） 12第七章 Semantic（语义学） 15第十三章 Schools of Modern Linguistics（现代语言学流派） 16第一章 Language（语言）1. 语言的定义★★★★【针对每一个定义可能以单选 、判断 、填空的形式考查 ，总体可能考查简答题】1. Language is a system 语言是一个系统（ 1 ）Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. 语言元素是按规则组合的 ，每种语言都包含一组规则 2 ）Every language contains two systems: a system of sounds and a system of meanings.每种语言都包含两个系统 ：一个声音系统和一个意义系统 。

2. Language is arbitrary 语言是任意的（ 1 ）There is usually no intrinsic or logical connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. 语言符号与符号所代表的内容之间通常没有内在联系 2 ）In fact, the existence of homophones is a good illustration of arbitrariness of language. 事实上， 同音异义词的存在是语言任意性的一个很好的例证 3.Language is symbols 语言是一种符号Words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Every symbol consists of two parts: a concrete object or form and the meaning or idea which the object or form conveys.词语只与物体、行为、思想等联系在一起，这是约定俗成的。

每个符号都由两个部分组成：一个具体的对 象或形式 ，以及该对象或形式所传达的意义或想法 4.Language is vocal 语言是有声的Language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound. Sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Two types of symbols may be identified: visual and auditory symbols.语言是有声的，因为所有语言的主要媒介是声音声音或言语是所有人类语言的主要媒介 两种符号可以 识别 ：视觉符号和听觉符号 5.Language is used for human communication 语言用于人类交流Language is used for human communication because language is possessed only by human beings and it allows people to say things to one another and to express their thoughts and needs.语言是人类交流的工具， 因为语言只有人类才拥有， 它允许人们互相交谈 ，表达他们的思想和需求 。

2. 语言的本质特征★★★★【针对每一个特征可能以单选 、判断 、填空 、翻译的形式考查 ，总体可能考查简答题】 1. productivity 多产性【翻译】It refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language, including sentences they never heard before.人们在造句和理解大量本族语方面的能力 ，包括未听过的句子2.discreteness 离散性【翻译】It refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct.离散性是指语言中的声音具有区分意义的现象 例： 由于/b/ /p/存在差异 ，所以 pad 和 bad 这两个单词的意义也不相同 3.displacement 位移性【翻译】1/17It refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in faraway places.人类语言可以用来谈论现在或不 是现在 、真实或不真实的事情， 以及过去 、现在或未来 ，或在遥远的地方的事情。

4.arbitrariness 任意性【翻译】Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning.任意性是指语言形式与意义之间没有必然关系的现象5.culture transmission 文化传递性【翻译】( 1)Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance.语言是通过教与学代代相传的 ，而不是通过遗传2)In fact only human beings have a special capacity for learning that is not shared by other animals. 事实上 ，只有人类才有学习语言的特殊能力 ，这是其他动物所没有的 6.Duality or double articulation 二重性【翻译】Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning.语言是由两个结构组成的系统 ，一个是声音 ，另一个是意义 。

7.interchangeability 互换性【翻译】It means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.任何人都可以既是消息的生产者又是消息的接收者 3. 语言的功能★★★★【针对每一个功能可能以单选 、判断 、填空 、翻译的形式考查 ，总体可能考查简答题】 1.instrumental function 工具功能【翻译】It refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done.语言允许说话者完成某事的事实 2.regulatory function 调节功能【翻译】It refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen.语言试图在事件发生后控制事件 3.representational function 表现功能【翻译】( 1)It refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.使用语言来交流关于世界的知识 ，报告事件 ，进行陈述 ，解释关系 ，传递信息等等 。

(2)Telling lies is an example of representational function of human language.说谎是人类语言表现功能的一个例子4.interactional function 互动功能【翻译】It refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. 语言用于确保维持社交 5.personal function 自指性功能【翻译】It refers to language used to express the individual's feelings,emotions and personality.语言用来表达个人感情 ，展示个性6.heuristic function 启发功能【翻译】It refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding of the world.语言用于获得知识和了解世界而使用7.imaginative function 想象功能【翻译】2/17( 1)It refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions one the one hand,or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. 语言可以用来创造想象 系统 ，无论是文学作品 、哲学体系 ，还是乌托邦式的幻想 ，或者是白日梦和发呆遐想。

2)The function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges. 想象功能使生活能够感同身受 ，并有助于满足众多深层次的艺术需求第二章 Linguistics（语言学）1. 语言学的定义★★★【针对每一个划线部分可能以单选 、判断 、填空的形式考查 ，总体可能考查简答题】 1. General linguisti。