
滴灌系统的组成与规划设计定.ppt
51页膜下滴灌系统的组成与规划设计膜下滴灌系统的组成与规划设计 The Component and Design of Drip Irrigation System under Mulch Film 国家节水灌溉工程技术研究中心(新疆)National Center of Efficient Irrigation Engineering and Technology Research-XinJiang 何林望 He Linwang1、膜下滴灌系统的组成、膜下滴灌系统的组成Component of Drip Irrigation System under Mulch Film ¨水源工程 ¨Water source project ¨首部枢纽 ¨Head of pivot ¨输配水管网 ¨Pipe networks for water transportation ¨滴头及控制测量和保护装置 Emitters, pressure regulator, measuring meter and protection devices¨1.水源水源 Water Source 2.水泵.水泵 Pump 3.供水管供水管 Water Supply Pipe 4.蓄水池蓄水池 Pond 5.逆止阀逆止阀 Backflow Prevention Device 6.施肥开关施肥开关 Fertilizer valve 7. 灌水总开关灌水总开关 Irrigation Head Valve 13. 滴头滴头 Emitter 14. 毛管毛管(滴灌带滴灌带) Lateral ( Drip line ) 15.滴灌滴灌支管支管Manifold 16.尾部开关尾部开关(电磁阀电磁阀) Zone Valve(Electrical valve) 17.冲洗阀冲洗阀 Flush Valve 18肥料罐肥料罐 Fertilizer Tank 19.肥量调节阀肥量调节阀 Fertilizer Regulator 20.施肥器施肥器 Fertilizer Injector 21.干管干管Main Line2、膜下滴灌系统设备Equipment of Drip Irrigation System under Mulch Film 2.1滴灌管(带) Drip line (tape)柱状滴头柱状滴头Columnar drip tape 微喷带微喷带 Micro spray tape 压力补偿式滴头压力补偿式滴头Pressure compensating drip tape 微喷微喷Micro-sprinkle2.2输配水管道 Pipes for water transportation PVC干管干管 PVC Main pipe PE支管、辅管PE Submain Line pipe and Feeder Line pipe 2.3首部控制枢纽 Head Control 水泵水泵 Pump过滤设备 Filtration device12347568离离 心式心式过滤器过滤器Centrifugal Filter Water outletwater inlet3.罐罐 体体tanksand inletsand outlet6.支支 架架supportsand-in potflushing outletCentrifugal Filter网式过滤器网式过滤器Screen Filter离心网式过离心网式过滤器组合滤器组合United Centrifugal Filter and Screen Filter砂石过滤器砂石过滤器 Sand Filter工作原理工作原理 Operating PrincipleInletShelf BodyFilter MediumOutlet叠片式过滤器叠片式过滤器 Disc Filter施肥罐:Fertilizer Tank3.膜下滴灌系统的规划设计 Project Planning and Design of Drip Irrigation System under Mulch Film Basic principle of project planning l滴灌工程的规划应与农田基本建设规划相结合 Project of drip irrigation should consider the basic construction of farmland.l近期需要与远景发展规划相结合 Requirement in the near future should connect with development in the future.l滴灌工程的规划应综合考虑工程的经济、社会和生态效益。
Project of drip irrigation should take into account benefits of economic, social and ecology.3.1.2规划的内容 Contents of projectl勘测收集基本资料 Survey and collect basic datal论证工程的必要性和可行性 Evaluate necessity and feasibility of projectl确定工程的控制范围和规模 Ascertain controlling area and scope of projectl选择适当的取水方式 Choose proper fetching water mode l滴灌系统选型 Choose drip irrigation system l工程布置 Project disposal l做出工程概算 Work out project budgetary estimates 3.1.3资料的收集 Data collectionl地理位置与地形资料 Geographical location and topography data l土地与工程地质资料 Soil and project geology data l水文与气象资料 Hydrology and weather data l农作物资料 Crop data l水源与动力情况 Water source and driver condition l社会经济状况及农业发展规划方面的基本资料 Situation of social economy and agriculture development project3.2滴灌系统的布置 Layout of drip irrigation system控制面积的确定 Ascertainment of controlling area水源供水流量稳定且无调蓄能力时可用下式确定滴灌面积 Use the following formula to decide irrigation area, as water is supplying stably and no adjustment: 式中: in the formula: A——可灌面积,hm2; irrigation area,hm2; Q——可供流量,m3/h; flow rate,m3/h ; Ia——设计供水强度,mm/d; designed water supply intensity, Ia =Ea-P0 Ea——设计耗水强度,mm/d;designed water consume intensity,mm/d; P0——有效降雨量,mm/d; efficiency of rainfall,mm/d; t——水源每日供水时数,h/d; hour of water supply everyday,h/d; η——灌溉水利用系数。
coefficient of irrigation water. 水源有调蓄能力且调蓄容积已定时,可用下式确定滴灌面积 Use the following formula to decide irrigation area, as water source is adjustable and adjusting cubage is fixed: 式中: in the formula: K——塘坝复蓄系数,K=1.0—1.4; K——efficiency of pond dam repeated saving water, ; η——蓄水利用系数,η=0.6—0.7; η——coefficient of saving water,η=0.6—0.7; V——蓄水工程容积,m3; V——water saving project cubage,m3; Ii——灌溉季节各月的毛供水强度,mm/d; Ii——gross water supply intensity of every month in irrigation season,mm/d; Ti——灌溉季节各月的供水天数,d。
Ti——supply water day number of every month in irrigation season,d.3.2.2常见的几种管网布置方式Some familiar pipe networks layouts 水源位于田块的中心,控制面积较大时,常采用一字形树枝装管网布置形式 “一”disposal tree form of pipe networks, as controlling area is large or water source is located in center of the field.“一”字形布置 “一一”disposal T 形布置 “T” disposal 梳齿形布置 Comb form disposal 3.3系统设计参数的确定 Ascertainment of system design parameter 基本参数 Basic parameter 1、设计保证率 Insurance rate of design 2、灌溉水的利用率不低于90% Irrigation water use efficiency is not less than 90%3、设计系统的日工作小时应根据不同水源和农业技术条件确定,一般不宜大于20h Work hour of designed system according to different water source and agriculture technical condition, and it is better not to work more than 20 hours.4、滴头设计工作水头应取所选滴头的额定工作水头,或由滴头压力与流量关系曲线确定。
Choose nominal working water head as work pressure, or do according to pressure and flow rate curve of emitter.5、设计耗水强度应采用作物耗水强度峰值,并应由当地试验资料确定Designed consume water intensity(Ea):should adopt crop consume water peak value,local experiment data decide the Ea.6、计划土壤湿润层深度,不同作物不同生育阶段的计划湿润层深度不一样,根据各地的经验确定Planed depth of wetted soil(Z):planed depth of wetted soil in different crop and different growth stage are different,according to different local experience.3.3.2灌溉制度 Irrigation scheme设计灌水定额:根据当地试验资料按下面公式之一计算Design irrigation quota:According to local experiment datum, use one of thereinafter formulas to calculate: m=0.1γZP(θmax-θmin)/ηOr m=0.1ZP(θmax-θmin)/η式中: in the formulas: m——设计灌水定额mm;design irrigation quota (mm);γ——土壤容重g/cm3; γ——soil density g/cm3,to select according to Fig. 2.3-1; z——计划土壤湿润层深度m; z——the depth of planned wetted soil m; P——湿润比 %; P——percentage of wetted area %;θmax、θmin——适宜土壤含水率上、下限(占干土重的百分比),θmax可取田间持水率的90%,θmin可取田间持水率的60%,可根据表2.3-1选用;θmax、 θmin——up and down limit of water content( weight percentage in dry soil),θmax refer to 90% of field moisture capacity,θmin refer to 60% of field moisture capacity. Choose the parameter;θmax、θmin——适宜土壤含水率上、下限(占土壤体积百分比),θmax可取田间持水率的90%,θmin可取田间持水率的60%,可根据表2.3-1选用;θmax、 θmin——up and down limit of water content( cubage percentage in dry soil),θmax refer to 90% of field moisture capacity,θmin refer to 60% of field moisture capacity. Choose the parameter.η——灌溉水利用系数。
η——irrigation water use coefficient.表3-1不同土壤的物理特性表 Table 3-1 physical characteristics of different soil土壤质地Soil characteritisc容重Density(g/cm3)田间持水量Field moisture capacity 凋萎系数Wilting coefficient 重量含水率WCWM (%)体积含水率CCWM(%)重量含水率WCWM (%)体积含水率CCWM %)砂土Sand 1.45-1.8016-2026-32 砂壤土Sandy soil 1.36-1.5422-3032-404-65-9轻壤土Light loam 1.40-1.5222-2830-364-96-12中壤土loam1.40-1.5522-2830-356-108-15重壤土Heavy loam 1.38-1.5422-2832-426-139-18轻粘土Light clay 1.35-1.4428-3240-451520中粘土 clay1.30-1.4525-3535-4512-1717-24重粘土Heavy clay1.32-1.4030-3540-50 设计灌水周期:可按下式计算Design irrigation interval calculate according to thereinafter formula:T=(m/Ea)η式中: T——设计灌水周期d;In the formula:T——designed irrigation cycle d;Ea——设计耗水强度mm/d。
Ea——designed water consume intensity mm/d.按上式求得的值为作物需水高峰期的灌水周期With foregoing formula, we could work out irrigation water cycle as the cycle at peak of crop requirement water.一次灌水延续时间 Duration of irrigationDuration of irrigation t=m•Se•Sr/(ηqd)式中:t——一次灌水延续时间h;in the formula:t——duration of one irrigation (h);qd——设计滴头流量l/hqd——designed discharge of emitter l/h.灌水次数与灌水总量的确定irrigation times and gross irrigation quality 3.3.3滴灌灌水均匀度Irrigation uniformity of drip irrigation 滴灌均匀系数 Uniformity coefficient of drip irrigation 灌水器设计允许流量偏差率qv应不大于20%,设计灌水均匀度不应低于0.95。
Designed allowable flow rate deviation (qv) is lower than 20%,design irrigation uniformity is better than 0.95.灌水小区允许水头偏差Permit flow rate deviation of irrigation block滴头工作水头偏差率hV与流量偏差率qV之间的关系可用下式表示:We could use thereinafter formula to show relation of deviation rate of emitter work water head (hv) and permit flow rate deviation (qv):式中:X——滴头流态指数in the formula:X——emitter discharge exponent灌水小区允许水头偏差按下式计算:We can work out permit flow rate deviation of irrigation district with thereinafter formula:[ΔH]= hV×hd式中:[ΔH]——灌水小区允许水头偏差,m;in the formula:[ΔH]——permit flow rate deviation of irrigation district,m;hd ——设计滴头工作水头,m。
hd ——design emitter work water head,m.3.4.滴灌系统设计 Designation of drip irrigation system毛管设计 Drip tape design1、滴灌带的选型Drip tape specification2、水平毛管极限滴头个数的确定Confirm limit dripper numbers of drip tape 式中: Nm ——毛管的极限分流孔数; In this formula: Nm : limit dripper numbers of drip tape [△h2] ——毛管的允许水头差,m,[△h2]=β2[△h],β2应经过技术经济比较确定,对于平地β2可取0.55; [Δh2] permit water head loss of drip tape. [△h] ——灌水小区允许水头差m; [Δh] permit water head loss of irrigation region. d ——毛管内径mm; d------inner radius of drip tape, mm k ——水头损失扩大系数,一般为1.1~1.2; qdk: water head loss enlarge modulus; commonly is 1.1~1.2. qd : ——滴头设计流量L/h。
qd : Designed flow rate of drip tape, L/h. 确定毛管极限长度(Lm) Confirm of limit length of the pipe tape(Lm)Lm= Nm×Se根据毛管极限长度及条田的实际情况可确定毛管的实际铺设长度Confirm limit length of lateral, calculate the real length of lateral according to limit length and real situation of farmland.确定毛管的沿程水头损失h毛(多孔管)Confirm of water head loss along lateral, h (porous pipe) 式中:f、m、b——分别为摩阻系数,流量指数和管径系数,可由表3-3查得; In this formula: f、m、b is respectively attrition modulus, flow rate index and pipe radius modulus, you can choose the parameter from table 2.3-3: N——出水孔个数; N: number of outlet; S0——进口至首孔的间距,m。
S0: space between first emitter and the beginning of the lateral, m 确定毛管局部水头损失 Confirm local water head loss of lateral 当参数缺乏时,毛管局部水头损失可按沿程水头损失的10%-20%计算 Take 10%-20% of water head loss along the lateral as the local water head loss if no too much parameters. 辅管、支管设计 Design for assistant pipeline and submain 辅管、支管的选型 Choose assistant pipeline and lateral 确定经济管径Confirm economy pipe diameter式中:D——管内径,mm;In this formula: D pipe inside diameter, mm Q——管设计流量,m3/h; Q —— pipe design flow rate, m3/h I——经济水力坡度,支管、辅管沿程水头损失的计算Calculate lateral 、assistant pipe water head loss 对于有辅助支管的滴灌系统,支管沿程水头损失计算至最后一个给水阀,当只开一条或两条辅管时,其沿程水头损失计算公式为:For drip irrigation system with assistant submain, calculate water head loss along assistant till the last supply valve. When opening one or two assistant lateral, its calculation formula of water head loss along submain is: 支管的铺设长度L,在系统分析的基础上,用线性规划或动态规划的方法确定支管的水头损失hf,然后反推算出管长LSubmain length L: after analyzing the system, get the length with a back calculation by linear confirm of lateral water head loss hf use linearity program or dynamic program. 管道沿程水头损失计算系数、指数表管道沿程水头损失计算系数、指数表 modulus、、index for water head loss along pipeline calculation管 材 PipeFmb硬 塑 料 管 Hard plastic pipe 0.4641.774.77微灌用聚乙烯管PE pipe for micro irrigation d>8mm0.5051.754.75D≤8mmRe>23200.5951.694.69Re≤23201.7514支管局部水头损失 Calculate local water head loss of submain 当参数缺乏时,局部水头损失可按沿程水头损失的5%~10%计算Take 5%-10% of water head loss along the submain as the local water head loss if parameters are not enough. 薄壁支管水头损失计算 Calculate water head loss along submain with thin wall干管的设计Mainline design 干管的沿程和局部水头损失计算Calculate water head loss along submain with thin wall 沿程水损 局部水损 Calculation formula of Calculation formula of water head loss along mainline part water head loss式中ζ为局部水头损失系数。
In formula: ζis local water head loss modulus. 首部枢纽设计 Head Control Design 水源过滤及施肥设备选型Water source filtration and fertilizer equipment selection 应根据水源水质和滴头抗堵塞能力选择过滤设备型号,由于流道设计上的差异,各种灌水器对水质的要求不同若已知灌溉水中各种污物的含量,则可根据以下条件选配过滤设备:Select filtration equipment according to quality of water resource and emitter character of anti-clogging. Due to difference on flow passage design, emitters require different water quality. Different water qualities need different treatment . If we know the content of impurity in the irrigation water, we can select filtration equipments based on following conditions: 当灌溉水中无机物含量小于10ppm或粒径小于80μm时,宜选用砂石过滤器或筛网过滤器。
When mineral content in the irrigation water is less than 10ppm or grain diameter is less than 80 μm, sand filter or screen filter is better. 灌溉水中无机物含量在10~100ppm之间,或粒径在80~500μm之间时,宜先选用离心过滤器或筛网过滤器作初级处理,然后再选用砂石过滤器When mineral content in the irrigation water is between 10 and 100ppm, or grain diameter is between 80 and 500 μm, centrifugal filter or screen filter is as the first class, screen filter and sand filter is better for second class. 灌溉水中无机物含量大于100ppm或粒径大于500μm时,应使用沉淀池或离心过滤器作初级处理,然后再选用筛网或砂石过滤器。
When mineral content in the irrigation water is more than 100ppm or grain diameter bigger than 500ppm, screen filter or settling ponds are needed for primary filtration, and then screen filter or sand media filter. 灌溉水中有机污物含量小于10PPm时,可用砂石过滤器或筛网过滤器灌溉水中有机污物含量大于100PPm,应选用初级拦污筛作第一级处理,再选用筛网或砂石过滤器 When organic content is less than 10ppm, sand media filter or screen filter is preferred.When organic content is more than 100ppm, primary trash rack should be selected as primary filtration, then screen or sand media filter.水泵选型及动力配套Pump and power selection 滴灌系统所需要的水泵型号应根据滴灌系统的设计流量和系统总扬程确定。
滴灌系统设计流量等于同时工作的毛管流量之和 Specification of pump for drip irrigation system depends on designed flow rate and general water head. Drip irrigation system designed flow rate equal to the sum of working flow rate of drip tape at the same time.系统的总扬程可由下式确定: Calculate the sum lift of the system as following formula: H总= H滴+Σ△hi+Σ△h+△Z Hsum= Hdrip+Σ∆hi+Σ∆h+∆Z式中:H总—系统总扬程m;In the formula: Hsum : general lift of the system, m H滴—滴头工作压力m; Hdrip : working pressure of dripper, m Σ△hi—水泵、阀门、施肥罐、过滤器、监控仪表的局部水头损失之和m; Σ∆hi : sum of local water head loss for water pump, valve, fertilizer tank, filter and meters, m Σ△h—设计参考点至干管进口处各级管道水头损失之和m; Σ∆h: sum designed reference point and water head loss of various pipes on the main pipe, m △Z—设计参考点高程与水源水面高程之差;m ∆Z: difference between designed lift of reference point and lift of water resource surface, 附属工程设计Attached engineering design 滴灌系统的附属工程主要有引水渠、沉淀池、减压阀、排气阀、逆止阀、镇墩、排水井等。
The attaching engineering of drip irrigation system includes channel, setting pool, pressure reducing valve, vent valve, check valve, anchor block, drain well etc.。
