微观经济各种曲线图ppt课件.ppt

Total revenue總收入總收入 TRTRTRQ0QMRARAR,MR01Average revenue平均收入平均收入 TRTRQ0QMRARAR,MR02Marginal revenue邊際收入邊際收入 TRTRQ0QMRARAR,MR03Perfect competition完全競爭完全競爭 PQd=MR=AR=PMCACAVCQ*04Profit maximization利潤最大化利潤最大化 P PQMCD=ARMR0MR=MC (profit maximization)5Deadweight loss無謂損失無謂損失 PQ Pm PcQm QcS=MCD=ARMR06Monopoly rent壟斷租壟斷租 PQ PQMCD=ARMR0AC’AC7Monopoly壟斷壟斷PQ PQMCD=ARMR0AC8Law of diminishing marginal returns邊際報酬遞減定律邊際報酬遞減定律 TPVariable factor0AP,MP0Variable factorTPSlope=MP=APTP max.MP max.AP max.APMPLaw of diminishing marginal returns9Average product curve平均生產曲線平均生產曲線 TPVariable factor0AP,MP0Variable factorTPSlope=MP=APTP max.MP max.AP max.APMP10Marginal product curve邊際生產曲線邊際生產曲線 TPVariable factor0AP,MP0Variable factorTPSlope=MP=APTP max.MP max.AP max.APMP11Total product curve總生產曲線總生產曲線 TPVariable factor0AP,MP0Variable factorTPSlope=MP=APTP max.MP max.AP max.APMP12Total fixed cost總固定成本總固定成本 TC,TFC,TVCSlope=MC=ACTCTVCSlope=MC=AVCTFCOutputAC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVCOutput00MC=MVCACAVCAFCMFC=013Total variable cost總可變成本總可變成本 TC,TFC,TVCSlope=MC=ACTCTVCSlope=MC=AVCTFCOutputAC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVCOutput00MC=MVCACAVCAFCMFC=014Total cost總成本總成本 TC,TFC,TVCSlope=MC=ACTCTVCSlope=MC=AVCTFCOutputAC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVCOutput00MC=MVCACAVCAFCMFC=015Average fixed cost平均固定成本平均固定成本 TC,TFC,TVCSlope=MC=ACTCTVCSlope=MC=AVCTFCOutputAC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVCOutput00MC=MVCACAVCAFCMFC=016Average variable cost平均可變成本平均可變成本 TC,TFC,TVCSlope=MC=ACTCTVCSlope=MC=AVCTFCOutputAC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVCOutput00MC=MVCACAVCAFCMFC=017Average cost平均成本平均成本 TC,TFC,TVCSlope=MC=ACTCTVCSlope=MC=AVCTFCOutputAC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVCOutput00MC=MVCACAVCAFCMFC=018Marginal cost邊際成本邊際成本 TC,TFC,TVCSlope=MC=ACTCTVCSlope=MC=AVCTFCOutputAC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVCOutput00MC=MVCACAVCAFCMFC=019First-degree price discrimination一級價格分歧一級價格分歧 MCD=MUV=MRPQ020Third-degree price discrimination三級價格分歧三級價格分歧 PPPQP1DAMRAMRBDBMRA+BDA+BPA0PBQAQBMarket AMarket BBoth MarketsMCQ21Law of demand需求定律需求定律 ABDPQ022Law of supply供給定律供給定律 SPQ0AB23Equilibrium Price均衡價格均衡價格0PQSDPe24Surplus盈餘盈餘 0PQSDPeQeExcess supply25Shortage短缺短缺 0PQSDPeQeExcess demand26Price ceiling價格下限價格下限 QPrice ceilingPSDMarket PriceBlack market price0Excess demand27Price floor價格上限價格上限 SD0LabourWage rateW 1W eW 0Q1Q2Minimum wageSurplus28Elastic demand高彈性需求高彈性需求 PQD0D’abMElastic Demand29Inelastic demand低彈性需求低彈性需求 PQD0D’abMInelastic Demand30Perfectly elastic demand完全彈性需求曲線完全彈性需求曲線 PQ0D31Perfectly inelastic demand完全無彈性需求曲線完全無彈性需求曲線 PQ0D32Unitary elastic demand curve單一彈性需求曲線單一彈性需求曲線 PQ0DLoss in revenueGain in revenueGain in revenueGain=Loss33Budget constraint預算限制預算限制 013254132Good XQRSPGood Y34Indifference curve無異曲線無異曲線 13245132045Good XBADCIC (utility=10)Good Y35Utility maximization效用最大化效用最大化 0Good XBECDLIC1IC2IC3Good Y36Sales tax銷售稅銷售稅 0QS2S1TaxDPSeller’s burdenConsumer’s burden37Subsidy補貼補貼 0QS2S1 SubsidyDPSeller’s benefitConsumer’s benefit38Consumer surplus消費者盈餘消費者盈餘 0QTotal exchange value PriceD = MUVPConsumer’s surplus39Economies of scale規模經濟規模經濟 0OutputLRACeconomies of scaleQm$40Diseconomies of scale規模不經濟規模不經濟 0OutputLRACdiseconomies of scaleQm$41Producer surplus生產者的盈餘生產者的盈餘 QSP042Economic rent經濟租經濟租 PriceSDQ1P1Units of a factor0Economic rent43Transfer earning轉移收入轉移收入 PriceSDQ1P1Units of a factor0Transfer earning44All-or-nothing Pricing全量或零售定價全量或零售定價 Q0MUVAll-or-nothing demandAUV1=P1P2PQ1Q245Contractionary monetary policy收縮性貨幣政策收縮性貨幣政策 rM0Ms’MsMd46Expansionary monetary policy擴張性貨幣政策擴張性貨幣政策 rM0Ms’MsMd47Equilibrium in money market貨幣市場的均衡貨幣市場的均衡 rM0MsMd48Paradox of thrift節儉之迷節儉之迷 EE00YYS’SS’SIIYfYfYeYe’YeYe’49Expansionary fiscal policy擴張性財政政策擴張性財政政策 E0YYfYeY-line45°E’E50Contractionary fiscal policy收縮性財政政策收縮性財政政策 E0YYfYeY-line45°E’E51Deflationary gap緊縮缺口緊縮缺口E0YYfYeY-line45°EGRDG52Inflationary Gap膨脹缺口膨脹缺口 E0YYfYeY-line45°EGFIG53Liquidity trap流動之迷流動之迷 E0YYfLM1ISLM254Crowding-out effect排擠效果排擠效果 r0YYfLMIS2IS1Y2Y1crowding-out effectr2r155LM CurveLM 曲線曲線 r0YLMY2Y1r2r156IS CurveIS 曲線曲線 r0YISY2Y1r2r157Phillips curve菲利蒲士曲線菲利蒲士曲線 0Rate of change of money wage rates (% p.a.)Unemployment (%)58Quota配額配額 Good XWorld market pricePSD0QPtPeQ1Q259Tariff關稅關稅 Good XWorld market pricePSD0PtPeQ1Q2bdceafTQ3Q460Average propensity to consumeYE0aCCYSlopes=APC61Marginal propensity to consume YE0aCSlopes=MPC62Backward bending labor supply向後彎曲勞力供應曲線向後彎曲勞力供應曲線 Income0Wage rateCBACBA0Slope=W3Slope=W2Slope=W1Work24 (hours)LeisureW1W2W3Quantity supplied of labor63J-curveJ曲線曲線 0Time (+)J-curve+-Trade balance64Marginal utility邊際效用邊際效用 Good Y0Good XSlope= Marginal UtilityIC65Reference參考書目參考書目Lam Pun Lee, Advanced Level Microeconomics Third Edition, MacmillanLam Pun Lee, Advanced Level Macroeconomics Third Edition, Macmillan66。