商务英语阅读(上册)unit9课件.ppt

Unit NineTeaching Objectivesv了解环境和贸易的关系v了解贸易自由化对环境的影响v了解世贸、欧盟等国际组织对环境和贸易的相关规定Teaching EmphasesvcomplywithvpreliminaryvmandatepreliminaryvsustainablevdecreaseContentvText vFast Reading IvFast Reading II TEXT Environment,Trade,and InvestmentPre-reading questions1.What do you know about environment,trade and investment?2.Can you give some examples to illustrate their relationships?UPPREV.NEXTEnvironment,trade,and investment are fundamentally linked as the environment provides many basic inputs of economic activity forests,fisheries,metals,minerals as well as the energy used to process those materials.Trade and investment,in turn,are affected by environmental concerns,as producers and investors must comply with environmental regulations and markets must address the consumer demand for greener goods.Aside from these physical and economic connections,there are legal institutions governing trade,investment and the environment.Institutions such as the World Trade Organization and regional and bilateral trade agreements include trade and investment rules.Multilateral Environmental Agreements,regional agreements,and national and sub-national regulations encompass environmental law.Lets take the United Stats as an example to see how the legal institutions work.The United States is a member of the WTO,which incorporated and extended the GATT in 2019 and sets trade rules for goods for over 130 participating countries.Similarly,the WTO sets rules for trade in services,including environmental services,with the General Agreement on Trade in Services,or GATS.The WTO Preamble affirms the guiding principle of sustainable development:“Relations in the field of trade and economic endeavor should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living.seeking both to protect and preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so”.Countries can enter into Free Trade Agreements(FTAs)whether or not they are WTO members.These agreements with one other country(bilateral),or with several other countries(multilateral),contain obligations governing tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade.In cases where both countries are WTO members,they often undertake obligations that go beyond those undertaken in the WTO.These bilateral and multilateral agreements are reviewed for consistency with WTO rules by the WTO Committee on Regional Trade Agreements.Agreements are also reviewed by the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment(CTE).The purpose of the CTE is to bring environmental and sustainable development issues into the mainstream of the WTOs work,and part of its mandate is to identify the relationship between trade measures and environmental measures in order to promote sustainable development.At the 4th WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha,Qatar,the role of the CTE was strengthened as member countries succeeded in securing a package of environmental elements that demonstrates the WTOs commitment to sustainable development and to simultaneously advancing trade,environment,and development interests.The Doha mandates will allow U.S.negotiators to pursue an affirmative agenda focusing on reducing various environmentally harmful subsidies,improving market access for environmental goods and services,encouraging capacity building for developing members,and promoting environmental reviews of trade agreements.In addition,the CTE will enhance cooperation between the Secretariats of the WTO and Multilateral Environmental Agreements,and further explore the relationship between the agreements.As participation in the WTO was just beginning,the United States became a party to the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA),a multilateral preferential trading and investment arrangement with Canada and Mexico,in 1994.The NAFTA package includes the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation(NAAEC)side agreement.In 2019,the U.S.Government charted further progress in incorporating environmental concerns into U.S.trade policy.The U.S.-Jordan Free Trade Agreement is the first free trade accord to include enforceable environmental obligations in the body of the agreement.The WTO,the NAFTA,and other FTAs also include dispute settlement provisions that permit member governments to challenge measures by members that they believe violate trade rules.In addition to being party to the WTO,NAFTA,and the U.S.-Jordan FTA,the United States also entered into a bilateral agreement with Israel in 1985,an Agreement on Trade in Agricultural Products with Israel in 2019,and an agreement with Vietnam in 2019,and is engaged in negotiations and preliminary discussions for other trade and investment agreements.The United States is also a party to over 30 Bilateral Investment Treaties(BITs)that govern the treatment of foreign investors and their investments in the United States,as well as the treatment of U.S.investments and investors in other countries.As global commerce expands and national economies become more interdependent,international trade institutions and。