英语诗歌精讲.ppt

The Road Not Taken Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that, the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I marked the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I, I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. p254未选择的路 顾子欣译 黄色的树林里分出两条路, 可惜我不能同时去涉足, 我在那路口久久伫立, 我向着一条路极目望去, 直到它消失在丛林深处. 但我选择了另外一条路, 它荒草凄凄，十分幽寂, 显得更诱人、更美丽, 虽然在这两条小路上, 都很少留下旅人的足迹.虽然那天清晨落叶满地，两条路都未经脚印污染。

呵，留下一条路改日再见！但我知道路径绵延无尽头，恐怕我难以再返回也许多少年后在某个地方，我将轻声叹息把往事回顾：一片树林里分出两条路，而我选择了人迹更少的一条，从而决定了我一生的道路The Framework of the Poem Stanza One- Describes Situations Stanza Two- Decides to Take Less-travelled Road Stanza Three- Continues Description of Road Stanza Four-Recalls the Road Taken and Not Taken Imagery and symbolism 诗中大量使用了视觉意象： diverged road岔路; yellow wood; undergrowth; grassy road等 “意象”是诗歌的灵魂，是诗歌独特的表达方式，它能唤起读者的暗示于诗歌中的感情色彩，使读者能沿着意象所指引的方向进入诗的意境本诗中的这些意象使读者联想到“the choices in life; the middle age; the mysteries or frustration挫折”. “路”是本诗中最重要的意象，这一意象在中西方文化中都经常被用来比喻“人生”。

本诗正是运用了这种“意象隐喻象征”的写作手法表达了对人生的看法 We can infer from the poem that life is like a journey filled with twists and turns迂回曲折. One has to consider a lot before making a wise decision. Though the diverged roads seem identical, they actually lead to different directions, which symbolize different fate.Poetry . Rhythm . Meter . Foot . Rhyme . Rhyme SchemeElementsofPoetryI.Rhythm 节奏 The arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables into a pattern. E.g. P186 Rhythm can be produced by the recurrence of unstressed and stressed syllables and pauses.II.Meter （格） 1.concept:the pattern of rhythm in a poem is called meter. 2.types: “-” stands for unstressed syllable and “” represents stressed syllable. 4 basic meters in English poetry: See textbook p1871Iambus：抑扬格（轻重格）是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。

Asfair/artthou/mybon/nielass,Sodeep/inluve/amI:AndI/willluve/theestill,/mydear,Tilla/theseas/gangdry: RobertBurns(1759-1796):MyLuveIslikeaRed,RedRose注:art=areluve=lovebonnie=beautifula=allgang=go上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为： （）2Anapaestfoot:抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成 Likeachild/fromthewomb,Likeaghost/fromthetomb,Iarise/andunbuild/itagain. 三音步抑抑扬格3Trochee：扬抑格（重轻格）每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成 Tyger!/Tyger!/burning/brightInthe/forests/ofthe/night-WilliamBlake:TheTyger 上例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为：4Dactylicfoot:扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。

Touchhernot/scornfully,Thinkofher/mournfully.-ThomasHood两音步扬抑抑格注：在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律III.Foot（音步） 1.Concept:aunitofpoeticmeterofstressedandunstressedsyllableiscalledafoot. 英诗中重读与非重读音节的特殊性组合叫作音步一个音步的音节数量可能为两个或三个音节，但不能少于两个或多于三个音节，而且其中只有一个必须重读分析英诗的格律就是将它划分成音步，并区分出是何种音步以及计算音步的数量 2.Types: p188 Monometer: onefoot; Pentameter: fivefeet Dimeter: twofeet; Hexameter: sixfeet Trimeter: threefeet; Heptameter: sevenfeet Tetrameter: fourfeet; Octameter: eightfeetDistinctionbetween“foot”and“meter” Footshouldnottobeconfusedwithmeter,thoughthenamesforfeetendwith“-meter”. Meterisbasedonsyllables,indicatinghowstressedandunstressedsyllablesarearranged.Footisappliedwithasingleline,indicatinghowmanymetersareemployedinthatline.Note:Meter+foot=metricalrhythm/versification(格律)BackIV.rhyme（押韵） concept:therepetitionofthestressedvowelsoundandallsucceedingsounds e.g.Home,Foam;chair,thereV.RhymeScheme（韵式） 1.Concept:Thearrangementofrhymesinapoemorstanza.P177 2.Types:1endrhyme（尾韵）1）联韵：“aabb”型2）交叉韵：abab型3）同韵：2.头韵(alliteration)andAssonance(谐元韵)3内韵Types: 1endrhyme（尾韵）occursattheendofaline. 1）联韵：“aabb”型。

Ishotanarrowintotheair,a Itfelltoearth,Iknewnotwherea For,softlyitflew,thesightb Couldnotfollowitinitsflight.bHenryWadsworthLongfellow:TheArrowandtheSong2）交叉韵：abab型 Sunsetandeveningstar,a Andoneclearcallforme!b Andmaytherebenomoaningofthebar,a WhenIputouttosea,b-AlfredTennyson(1809-1892):CrossingtheBar3）同韵：有的诗押韵，一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚 如下例就共用i:p为韵脚 Thewoodsarelovely,darkanddeep,ButIhavepromisestokeep,AndmilestogobeforeIsleep,AndmilestogobeforeIsleep. RobertFrost(1874-1963):StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening2.头韵(alliteration)：Consonantsoundsrepeatedatthebeginningsofwords是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。

下例中运用f、b与s头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象 Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,Thefurrowfollowedfree,WewerethefirstthateverburstIntothatsilentsea. T.S.Coleridge:RimeoftheAncientMarinerAssonance 谐元韵 Repeatedvowelsoundsinalineorlinesofpoetry. (Oftencreatesnearrhyme.) LakeFateBaseFade (Allsharethelong“a”sound.)3内韵：指词与词之间原音的重复形成的内部押韵 下面一节诗中i及i重复照应，呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛 Spring,thesweetspring,istheyearspleasantking;Thenbloomseachthing,thenmaidsdanceinaring,Colddathnotsting,theprettybirdsdosing:Cuckoo,jug-jug,。