
放射药理学 核技术在药学领域的应用课件.ppt
36页核技术在药学研究中的应用,,Radionuclide tracing technique,示踪实验:就是给观察对象(某种元素、化合物、细胞、甚至某种寄生虫等)加上“标记(Label)”,引入待研究系统(整体、离体细胞、无细胞系统等),观察该“标记”的去向(部位、数量及时相过程),亦即追踪该“标记”,以了解被标记物的运动转化规律(吸收、分布、排泄、转运、代谢等)绝大多数示踪实验都用核素作标记,所以通常所说的示踪实验往往也就是指核素示踪实验 示踪实验中“标记”的作用 :首先,很多研究对象是系统内原有的成分,它们通常处于动态平衡,含量及分布维持稳态必需另引入一定量的该种物质才能观察其运动转化规律 “标记”的另一作用是使观察的灵敏度和可靠性提高,示踪技术,生物学技术,,受体与配体,基因技术,细胞功能与代谢,受体功能 分布密度,异常抗 原表达,基因异 常表达,显示报 道基因,代谢增高 与减低,细胞活性 与凋亡,,,,,,,,免疫学技术,受体显像 受体放射分析,放射免疫显像,,,,反义显像 基因显像,,,代谢显像 凋亡显像,,,NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION ASSAYS,核酸杂交技术,Types of probes,,Dot blot,Southern Blot,Northern Blot,In situ hybridization,Chromosome in situ hybridization Metaphase or protometaphase chromosomes are probed with labeled DNA . The DNA can be labeled with a fluorochrome (FISH). Tissue in situ hybridization Sliced or whole mounted preparations can be probed with RNA probes to detect mRNA expression,Colony hybridization,分子杂交技术在医学中的应用,(一)遗传性疾病的诊断和产前诊断: 即基因诊断法(Gene Diagnosis) 。
1. 用基因探针直接分析遗传病的基因缺陷: 例如,限制酶Mst识别顺序为CCTGAGG,正常血红蛋白的 A珠蛋白基因中包含这一顺序,经Mst作用后产生115kb和02kb两个片段镰状细胞贫血者因其谷氨酸密码子GAG突变为缬氨酸密码子GTG,失去这个Mst限制酶切点,产生1.35kb的片段,据此可作诊断分子杂交技术应用,2用基因探针间接分析与DNA多态紧密连锁的遗传病: 在人类遗传物质中已经发现有800个区域,它们在各个体间DNA顺序是不相同的,因此经限制酶切割后会形成不同长度的DNA如果将DNA在凝胶中分离,用基因探针就会得到不同的片段模型,这种模型按孟德尔规律遗传,称为限制性片段长度多态性(Restriction FragmentLength Polymorphisms简称RFLP)若一多态区位于缺陷基因附近,很可能随缺陷基因一起遗传所以分析DNA多态性可帮助诊断基因缺陷二)DNA指纹图谱在法医学上的应用: Wyman和White在人体DNA基因库中的随机片段里发现串联重复的小卫星区域人类小卫星DNA中有一个1016个碱基的常见“核心”顺序,用串联重复的核心顺序做成探针,对限制酶消化后的人DNA作Southern印迹分析,可定出这些小卫星DNA的长度。
该长度有高度多态性,表现在个体间有极高的特异性,就是在孪生子之间也能找到显著的差异,因而高度可变小卫星区域所得的限制性内切酶片段又称DNA指纹图谱 “指纹图”具有体细胞和生殖细胞系稳定性,法医甚至可用指纹图对血痕(相当于60ul血液)或精液斑(相当于5ul精液)作出分析,为法医学中的亲子鉴定和个人识别提供了极有用的手段四)致病微生物检测:不能分离培养或很难培养的致病微生物如淋球菌,巨细胞病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、腺病毒、乙型肝炎病毒、乳头瘤病毒和产生肠毒素的大肠杆菌等,可通过分子杂交来鉴定致病微生物杂交还可用于流行病调查 以HBV的DNA作探针与病人血清作打点杂交,可以随时了解病人体内乙型肝炎病毒是否仍在繁殖如与肝组织杂交则可了解病毒基因是否整合 在AIDS病研究中的应用:应用组织切片原位杂交检测组织中是否存在AIDS病毒特有的HIV序列,可以确定感染细胞和组织的范围原位杂交结合免疫细胞化学检测特异性细胞抗原,有助于进一步确定和显示HIV感染细胞的特性Molecular Imaging,分子显像技术,Molecular Imaging,The use of non-invasive imaging technologies on the assays of cellular/molecular events in living organisms. Provide better methods for the study of biological processes as well as the diagnosis and management of diseases.,Molecular Imaging,,ligands,Molecular Imaging,,Types of Waves & Images,,Imaging Markers,,Imaging Markers,,Imaging Markers,,Gene Therapy,,Small Animal ImagingPET-SPECT,,,,,,1 cm,,,What can you expect?,Detailed FunctionalInformation,Where When How much,Imaging Molecular Processes in Living Animals,2) Uptake,3) Imaging,Study of Human Diseases on Animal Models Development of New Probes for diagnosis and new Agents for Therapy Drug Discovery and Pre-Clinical Testing Investigation of Molecular Processes in biology Investigation of Gene Expression mechanisms,Objectives of Small Animal Imaging:,Example of Brain Study:,Rat Brain Metabolism Rat (WISTAR, 197 g) injected with 1,49 mCi of 18F-FDG - Injected in femural vein under anaesthesia.,Detail of Structures in a Rat Brain,PET 18F-FDG,FDG,F-Choline,PET Study of Tumor in Rat Dijon January 2005,Tumor model: MAT-Ly-Lu Prostatic tumor (subcutaneous) Rat weight: 250g Position: prone/left side down, head forward,Study of tumor metabolism in mouse:,,Tumor mass,,Tumor mass,18F-FDG Activity =189.5 Ci Uptake time =30 min.Acquisition time= 34 min.,11C-Choline(胆碱) Activity =139.2 CiNo uptake time Acquisition time= 30 min.,Study of Prostatic Tumor in Mouse Milan, May 2005,Example ofBiodistribution:,,White Mouseinjected with 600 C of F-Thymidine(胸苷),Courtesy: ACOM SpA (MC-Italy),Study of Innovative Radiotracers,Courtesy: ACOM SpA (MC-Italy),First image of64Cu-Asparagin injectedin a mouse with implanted subcutaneoustumor (Sept. 2006),Brain tumor study:,Normal rats (Wistar) were compared with rats with a brain glioma in terms of brain glucose consumption (FDG). The technique is able to identify the size and the position of the tumor in the brain (Pisa, November 2005),Rat with Brain Glioma,Normal Rat,。












