ToniMorrison托尼莫里斯.ppt

Part I. BiographyPart II. Major Works and Awards Part IV. A Brief Analysis of Beloved Part III. Writing FeaturesPart I. Biograph of Toni MorrisonToni Morrison (1931— )1931194919531955195719581964197019701973197319771977198719871993199319961996Toni Morrison’s Time TableToni Morrison•born February 18, 1931 in Lorain, Ohio•grandfather was born a slave •her family lost their land and were forced to work in the mines and mills of the industrialized NorthLorain, Ohio1949--1955•attended Howard University in 1949•received a B.A. (Bachelor of Arts) In English from Howard in 1953•earned a Master of Arts degree from Cornell University in 1955• became an English instructor at Texas Southern University after graduation in 1955.• returned to Howard to teach English in 1957.• became a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority.1955--1957• got married in 1958• got divorced in 1964 and moved to New York, working as an editor.• began her writing career.1964-a turning point of Morrison• became an English instructor at Texas Southern University after graduation in 1955.• returned to Howard to teach English in 1957.• became a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority.1955--1957• • The Bluest Eye (1970) The Bluest Eye (1970) The Bluest Eye (1970) The Bluest Eye (1970)• •SulaSulaSulaSula (1974) (1974) (1974) (1974) • • Song of Solomon Song of Solomon Song of Solomon Song of Solomon (1977) (1977) (1977) (1977) • • Tar Baby Tar Baby Tar Baby Tar Baby (1981) (1981) (1981) (1981) • • Beloved Beloved Beloved Beloved (1987) (1987) (1987) (1987) • • Jazz Jazz Jazz Jazz (1992) (1992) (1992) (1992) • • Paradise Paradise Paradise Paradise (1999) (1999) (1999) (1999) • • Love Love Love Love (2003) (2003) (2003) (2003) • • A Mercy A Mercy A Mercy A Mercy (2008) (2008) (2008) (2008) Writing Career• In 1993, Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. ——“Toni Morrison, who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic inport, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality.”1993• The National Endowment for the Humanities selected Morrison for the Jefferson Lecture.• “Time, it seems, has no future.”• be honored with the 1996 National Book Foundation’s Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.1996• In 1984, she was appointed to an Albert Schweitzer chair.• From 1989—2006, she held the Rober F.Goheen Chair at Princeton University.• In June 2005, she was awarded as an honorary Doctor of Letters degree.Later LifePart II. Major Works and AwardsNovels•19701970 The Bluest Eye The Bluest Eye 《最蓝的眼睛》《最蓝的眼睛》 •19731973 SulaSula 《秀拉》　《秀拉》　•19771977 Song of SolomonSong of Solomon 《所罗门之歌》《所罗门之歌》 •19811981 Tar BabyTar Baby 《柏油孩子《柏油孩子》、《黑宝贝》》、《黑宝贝》 　　　　•19881988 BelovedBeloved《《 宠儿》宠儿》 •19921992 Jazz Jazz 《爵士乐》《爵士乐》 　　　　•19991999 ParadiseParadise《天堂》《天堂》、《乐园》、《乐园》　　•19931993 Love Love 《爱》　《爱》　•20082008 A MercyA Mercy《恩惠》《恩惠》 Non-fictions •Remember : The Journey to School Integration •The Black Book•Birth of a Nation'hood •What Moves at the Margin •Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power :Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality •Play in the Dark : Whiteness and the Literary ImaginationChildren's literature•The Book of Mean People (2002)•The Big Box (1999)Plays•Dreaming of Emmett (1986)Libretto(歌剧脚本歌剧脚本)•Margaret Garner (first performed May 2005)Other worksThe Bluest Eye ——A novel based on elements of Morrison’s own experience, contrasts two black families: the dysfunctional(不正常的) breedloves and the healthy, loving McTeers. Sula Sula portrays two black women who choose different paths in life.Song of Solomon•Flight as a Means of Escape•Abandoned Women•The Alienating Effects of RacismTar Baby —— A novel about contentions and conflicts based on learned biases and prejudices. These biases exist on a race level, gender level, and a class level. Beloved Morrison‘s best novel and won her the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction（ 普利策小说奖）.Awards• 1977 National Book Critics Circle Award for Song of Solomon • 1977 American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters Award • 1987-88 Robert F. Kennedy Book Award• 1988 American Book Award for Beloved • 1988 Anisfield-Wolf Book Award in Race Relations for Beloved • 1988 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for Beloved •1989 MLA Commonwealth Award in Literature•1993 Nobel Prize for Literature •1993 Commander of the Arts and Letters, Paris •1994 Condorcet Medal, Paris •1994 Pearl Buck Award Awards•1994 Rhegium Julii Prize for Literature •1996 Jefferson Lecture •1996 National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters •2000 National Humanities Medal UUA:Frederic G. Melcher Book AwardAwardsPart III. Writing features by 唐光丽1. Powerful fictional style 2. Provocative themes 3. Sophisticated narrative techniques 4. Poetic styleWriting features1.Powerful fictional style In beloved, Paul D, fellow slave from Kentucky comes to live with them. She eventually takes over the household, feeding on Sethe's memories and explanations to gain strength. Beloved nearly destroyed her mother until the community of former slave women who have ostracized Sethe and Denver since the murder join together to exorcise Beloved at last. Writing features2. Provocative themesA. Strong feeling of feminist consciousness and nationalism. eg, the bluest eye Sula BelovedB. Describe mainly the impression of black women who are oppressed by race and gender. eg, the protagonist of beloved Sethe Writing features In her novel the bluest eye and Sula, Morrison expesses his strong feeling of feminist consciousness and nationalism; meanwhile, its also reveal the distort character of black people, for example, Pecola in the bluest eye surmised that the reason she was abused at home and ridiculed at school was her black skin, which was equated with ugliness. She imagined that everything would be all right if she had blue eyes and blond hair.Writing featuresC. Integrate the past and present life of African Aericans to show the distort of colonial system, racial discrimination and dissimination of black people’s life. D. appeal to find the lost culture and rebulid the nationalism.Writing features In sula,she is the pariah of her hometown With the discovery at the age of 12 that she and her friend Nel Wright "were neither white nor male, and that all freedom and triumph was forbidden to them, life evolved into an unlimited experiment. Not bound by any social codes, Sula was first thought to be unusual, then outrageous, and eventually evil Writing features In song of solomon, Morrison expresses her nationalism .The Milkman's Macon odyssey became a kind of cultural epic for all African-American people; it mapped in symbolic fashion the heritage of a people, from a mythic African past, through a heritage obscured by slavery, to a present built upon questioned values. Part IV. A Brief Analysis of Beloved•Background•Characters and Plot•Writing features•Themes•Reflection•用杀死自己亲生婴儿 来拯救孩子的“疯狂” 的黑人母亲•变成鬼魂不断侵扰 亲人的黑人婴儿•致人疯狂的美国 种族主义的梦魇1.Archetype: the true story of Margaret Garner, a fugtive slave, from The Black Book （ 《黑人之书》 ）.2.History: Beloved straddles (游离) the line between fiction and history; from an experience of a single family, she creates a powerful commentary on the psychological and historical legacy of slavery.3.Style: affected by such modernist masters as Faulkner or Joyce. 1.Sethe(塞丝塞丝) — the protagonist of Beloved, a proud and independent woman who is extremely devoted to her children and attempts to murder them in an act of motherly love and protection. 2.Denver(丹芙丹芙) — Sethe’s youngest child, the dynamic character in the novel. She overcomes her fear of the world and starts to fight for independence and self-possession . 3. Paul D (保罗保罗.D)— A former slave from Sweet Home who survived the horrors of slavery and has evolved into a resourceful, contemplative man. He challenges Sethe to try to make a future with him. 4. Baby Suggs (贝比贝比.萨格斯）萨格斯）— Sethe's mother-in-law. Baby becomes a preacher after Halle buys her freedom, and she provides a stabilizing force for Sethe and Denver. 5.Beloved(宠儿宠儿) — Sethe's third child and oldest daughter who was killed at the age of two. Her restless spirit haunts the family first as a ghost and then as a flesh-and-blood woman. Beginning: 1848, Sweet Home “Sweet Home”Sethe, Halle Suggs, Paul D, Paul A, Paul F,SixoMr. Garner & Mrs. Garner“Schoolteacher ” Treat his slaves humanelyTreat slaves as animals 1. Development : 1855“Sweet Home”Run away Cincinnati(辛辛那提辛辛那提)Sethe, Halle Suggs, Paul D, Paul A, Sixo Climax: 1855, 28 days after Seth settled in 124 Bluestone Road, Cincinnati.Take Sethe backschoolteacherSetheKill her babyClimax: 1864, presence of Beloved’s ghost Climax: 1873, a young woman Beloved appears  Climax: 1873-1874, life with Beloved  Ending: 1875 Beloved disappearsDenver is preparing to go to collegePaul D returns toSethe Sethe recoversbut stays in bed for her days 1. Symbolism and meterphor 2. Gothic: setting, supernatural, character 3. Post-modernism: Stream of consciousness，， interior monologue 4. Narritive techniques: multiple points of view, manipulation of narrative time, and flashback 5. Esthetic language: poetic and musical 6. Artistic Characteristics: traditional African culture1.1.首先，首先，““宠儿宠儿””是瑟思用锯锯断喉咙、可是瑟思用锯锯断喉咙、可能已经会爬的那个能已经会爬的那个女儿的幽灵女儿的幽灵。

2.2.其次，其次，““宠儿宠儿””是死在贩运非洲黑人的海是死在贩运非洲黑人的海上中间通道上的一个幽灵，是所有死于种上中间通道上的一个幽灵，是所有死于种族主义酿造的灾难中的族主义酿造的灾难中的黑人的化身黑人的化身，具有，具有超越个体命运的普遍意义超越个体命运的普遍意义 ““他们没有与我沾亲带故，但依然是我的骨肉亲人；他们没有与我沾亲带故，但依然是我的骨肉亲人；他们没有享受娇宠溺爱，但依然是我的爱子宠儿他们没有享受娇宠溺爱，但依然是我的爱子宠儿————《《圣经圣经··罗马书罗马书》》Who is Beloved?3.3.第三，第三，““宠儿宠儿””代表了黑人现实中仍就在代表了黑人现实中仍就在遭受的不平等的苦难，是过去苦难的延伸遭受的不平等的苦难，是过去苦难的延伸 宠儿是每个人的宠儿，是每个黑人心目中宠儿是每个人的宠儿，是每个黑人心目中那段惨痛的那段惨痛的历史记忆历史记忆•用杀死自己亲生婴儿 来拯救孩子的“疯狂” 的黑人母亲•变成鬼魂不断侵扰 亲人的黑人婴儿•致人疯狂的美国 种族主义的梦魇 莫里森摒弃了传统的单一叙述视角，代莫里森摒弃了传统的单一叙述视角，代之以多重叙述视角。

小说中如瑟丝杀婴、之以多重叙述视角小说中如瑟丝杀婴、丹芙出生这样重要的事件不是由一个人或丹芙出生这样重要的事件不是由一个人或一个声音一次性讲述，而是由多人多次讲一个声音一次性讲述，而是由多人多次讲述每个人虽然讲的是同一事件，但都不述每个人虽然讲的是同一事件，但都不是完整故事，而是从不同层面为故事提供是完整故事，而是从不同层面为故事提供和积累了互为补充的信息和积累了互为补充的信息 Multiple points of view (多重叙述视角）多重叙述视角） 赛丝和保罗赛丝和保罗·D·D结合时共同忆起黑尔与结合时共同忆起黑尔与塞丝在玉米地里的新婚及压坏的玉米用作塞丝在玉米地里的新婚及压坏的玉米用作会餐的段落：会餐的段落：““扒下紧裹的叶鞘，撕扯的扒下紧裹的叶鞘，撕扯的声音总让她觉得它很疼第一层一扒下来，声音总让她觉得它很疼第一层一扒下来，其余的就屈服了，玉米穗向他横陈羞涩的其余的就屈服了，玉米穗向他横陈羞涩的排排苞粒，终于一览无余花丝多么松散排排苞粒，终于一览无余花丝多么松散多么美妙、松散、自由多么美妙、松散、自由 ” 官能通感中，官能通感中，感情使想象得以发挥，而想象的语言又激感情使想象得以发挥，而想象的语言又激发了感情。

发了感情 赛丝和保罗赛丝和保罗·D·D结合时共同忆起黑尔与结合时共同忆起黑尔与塞丝在玉米地里的新婚及压坏的玉米用作塞丝在玉米地里的新婚及压坏的玉米用作会餐的段落：会餐的段落：““扒下紧裹的叶鞘，撕扯的扒下紧裹的叶鞘，撕扯的声音总让她觉得它很疼第一层一扒下来，声音总让她觉得它很疼第一层一扒下来，其余的就屈服了，玉米穗向他横陈羞涩的其余的就屈服了，玉米穗向他横陈羞涩的排排苞粒，终于一览无余花丝多么松散排排苞粒，终于一览无余花丝多么松散多么美妙、松散、自由多么美妙、松散、自由 ” 官能通感中，官能通感中，感情使想象得以发挥，而想象的语言又激感情使想象得以发挥，而想象的语言又激发了感情发了感情 Traditional African culture · · 非洲人的时间观非洲人的时间观 在非洲黑人的观念中在非洲黑人的观念中, ,时间由时间由““现在现在””向向““过过去去””方向运动方向运动, ,而不是投向而不是投向““未来未来””对他们来对他们来说说, ,时间只有被经历过的才是有意义的时间只有被经历过的才是有意义的, ,才是真实才是真实的的. . 莫里森在讲述莫里森在讲述《《宠儿宠儿》》这一故事时打破了生这一故事时打破了生与死、人与鬼的界限与死、人与鬼的界限《《宠儿宠儿》》里时间错置，叙述里时间错置，叙述离题，对过去的挖掘断断续续，稍有可能，就停离题，对过去的挖掘断断续续，稍有可能，就停顿下来。

小说克服了重重阻力，在对过去的回忆、顿下来小说克服了重重阻力，在对过去的回忆、忘却、压抑、挖掘、拒绝、显现中向前推进忘却、压抑、挖掘、拒绝、显现中向前推进  Morrison清晰地意识到了自己肩上的责清晰地意识到了自己肩上的责任：以现代艺术和人性的光芒实现对诸如任：以现代艺术和人性的光芒实现对诸如黑人妇女这样的双重（多重）弱势群体的黑人妇女这样的双重（多重）弱势群体的观照与关怀，为他（她）们和他（她）们观照与关怀，为他（她）们和他（她）们的心灵作史她坚持自称的心灵作史她坚持自称“黑人女作家黑人女作家”，因为，因为“身为身为黑人黑人和和女性女性，我能进入到那，我能进入到那些非黑人、非女性者所不能进入的情感与些非黑人、非女性者所不能进入的情感与感受的广阔领感受的广阔领域域”  1. Feminism Feminism activityWomen’s writingDifferent worksDifferent charactersBackground information:•1)Darwinism •2)Maxism•3)prolaim of Nietzsche (尼采)•4)theory of relativity•5)Freudanism Feminism activityStages:•1)第一代女权主义 ( 19世纪下半叶至20世纪初) • ---教育和立法上应当平等，在经济上与男性平等 •2)现代女权主义( 20世纪初至60年代) •---物质上的地位 ,性的解放•3)后现代女权主义 ( 20世纪60年代至今) •---超出女性范围的哲学思考，社会主义和性自由的色彩更浓厚 Feminism activity女 性（1840-1880）女 权（1880-1920）女 人（1920-） 女性写作Morrison’s work•不再停留在控诉美国社会对黑人的种族歧视与压迫，而是从独特的角度描写女性经验，在抨击种族歧视的同时揭露性别歧视，或者主要反映黑人妇女争取妇女平等权利的斗争 •In her work Toni Morrison has explored the experience and roles of black women in a racist and male dominated society. In the center of her complex and multilayered（多层的） narratives is the unique cultural inheritance of African-Americans. About Beloved Tell us what it is to be a woman so that we may know what it is to be a man. What moves at the margin. What it is to have no home in this place. To be set adrift（漂浮） from the one you knew. What it is to live at the edge of towns that cannot bear your company. （Nobel Lecture, 1993 ） Sethe—the twisted character .The love for Beloved : 1.“要么是爱，要么不是。

淡的爱根本就不是爱”, "trying to put my babies where they would be safe” ---爱的疯狂 2. the spoiling to Beloved ---爱的畸形,爱的愧疚 社会对女性的戕害女性畸形的反抗与悲惨的挣扎The awakening(1899)Golden notebook(1962)The color purple(1982)Beloved(1987)爱情与欲望的觉醒爱情与欲望的觉醒导致疯狂的绝望与毁灭导致疯狂的绝望与毁灭混乱多变的时代下混乱多变的时代下失重灵魂的探索与追求失重灵魂的探索与追求压迫与反抗的交织压迫与反抗的交织唤醒真正的信仰与自由唤醒真正的信仰与自由历史与现实的交错历史与现实的交错缔造民族文化悲壮史诗缔造民族文化悲壮史诗女权主义作品The AwakeningBeloved强大的社会文化传统强大的社会文化传统面前，女性的困惑与无奈，以及面前，女性的困惑与无奈，以及难以承受的压抑人性的精神磨难难以承受的压抑人性的精神磨难 意识觉醒后的意识觉醒后的绝望与毁灭绝望与毁灭种族主义的现实暴力和种族主义的现实暴力和历史创伤导致人格的分裂历史创伤导致人格的分裂和全民族的记忆缺失和全民族的记忆缺失无法摆脱的无法摆脱的创伤与折磨创伤与折磨女性作品对比•The awakening(《觉醒》)---Edna(埃德娜)平淡无奇平淡无奇压抑孤寂压抑孤寂裸体自杀裸体自杀 只为涅槃重生只为涅槃重生肉体解放肉体解放 催生深沉思索催生深沉思索 邂逅爱情邂逅爱情挑战权威挑战权威女性角色对比 “Leonce, go to bed, I meant to stay out here. I don’t intend to. Don’t speak to me like that again; I shall not answer you ”心理和社会意识的心理和社会意识的 觉醒赋于挑战权威的力量觉醒赋于挑战权威的力量 •The awakening(《觉醒》)---Edna(埃德娜)平淡无奇平淡无奇压抑孤寂压抑孤寂裸体自杀裸体自杀 只为涅槃重生只为涅槃重生肉体解放肉体解放 催生深沉思索催生深沉思索 邂逅爱情邂逅爱情挑战权威挑战权威女性角色对比•She cast the unpleasant, pricking garment from her, and for the first time in her life she stood naked in the open air, at the mercy of the sun, the breeze that beat upon her, and the waves that invited her.•How strange and awful it seemed to stand naked under the sky! How delicious! She felt like some new-born creature, opening its eyes in a familiar world that it had never known.•She didn’t look back now, but went on and on, thinking of the blue-grass meadow that she had traversed when a little child ,believing that it had no beginning and end.•“过去的日子就像在做梦一般但愿可以沉睡不醒，醒来却发现啊，也好，或许醒来终究是比较好的，即使受苦，也总比一生都被幻象所蒙蔽来得好” （ 临死前的宣言临死前的宣言）觉醒的最终意义：宁可醒来觉醒的最终意义：宁可醒来后付出生命的代价也不愿再懵懂地生活下去后付出生命的代价也不愿再懵懂地生活下去 •Beloved (《宠儿》)— Sethe (塞丝) 塞丝”—非洲文化中的男性神，一般人身，一半鸟身。

刚强毅力和自由的代表，希望与自由的化身 女性角色对比Edna VS Sethebackgrounddestinythe theme2. Racialism 她的笔触超越了愤怒，也不再“控诉”，而是以一种斩钉截铁的痛切陈述一个黑奴黑奴（或解放了的黑奴）在世界上的根本处境：“任何一个白人，都能因为他脑子里突然闪过的一个什么念头，而夺走你的整个自我不止是奴役、杀戮或者残害你不止是奴役、杀戮或者残害你，还要玷污你还要玷污你玷污得如此彻底，让你都不可能再喜欢你自让你都不可能再喜欢你自己己玷污得如此彻底，能让你忘了自己是谁忘了自己是谁，而且再也不能回想起来 Racialism Amnisia to historyConnotation of BelovedNational amnisia•“小说中的人物不愿回忆，我不愿回忆，黑人不愿回忆，白人不愿回忆，我是说，这是全民族的全民族的记忆缺失症记忆缺失症” •“我们生活的美国是一个过去总是被抹去、将来一个过去总是被抹去、将来总是清白无辜的地方总是清白无辜的地方，其间尽管移民们来来往往，但是美国历史总是清清爽爽的过去不在场、或过去不在场、或者被浪漫化者被浪漫化。

这个文化不鼓励评述过去的真相，更不会接受关于过去的真相与30年前相比，现现在记忆处于更加危险的境地在记忆处于更加危险的境地The torment of the history and devastating slaveryFear for the pastAvoid encountering with the pastOverwhelming by the past宠宠儿儿女儿的幽灵女儿的幽灵过去到完整，过去到完整，分裂到完整的桥梁分裂到完整的桥梁惨痛的历史记忆惨痛的历史记忆历史现实中历史现实中的不平等与苦难的不平等与苦难灾难中的黑人化身灾难中的黑人化身灾难中的黑人化身灾难中的黑人化身 宠儿是整个美国白人社会的“他者”，提醒着白人：黑奴制是不容回避的一部分，它的作用已超越了恢复黑人记忆的范畴，也号召黑人应克服自身的狭隘性和局限性，使黑人社区成为黑人名副其实的精神乐园，为解放黑人指明了一条出路 vs传统的反奴隶制作品传统的反奴隶制作品宠儿宠儿进行表层抗议进行表层抗议倡导种族道义倡导种族道义弘扬文化与生命弘扬文化与生命的价值意义的价值意义对历史文化对历史文化的重新整合的重新整合寻求自我历程和寻求自我历程和重构黑人民族意识重构黑人民族意识才能帮助走出阴影，才能帮助走出阴影，成为自由人成为自由人人类立场人类立场•1 1987年一经出版，立刻震惊美国文坛，评论界誉为“美国文学史上的里程碑”。

•1988年，获美国普利策图书奖•1993年，作者莫里森获诺贝尔文学奖•1998年，《宠儿》被搬上银幕，由著名电视主持人奥普拉·温芙蕾饰演塞斯。