构词法之转换法.doc

ConversionConversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech. These words are new only in a grammatical sense. This word formation is also known as functional shift as there are changes only in function but not in morphological structure.Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. And the most productive conversion is between nouns and verbs. Conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the lexical item involved but with the change the range of meaning it originally carried also change.eg. paper a) material in thin sheets made from wood or clothb) a newspaper,c) a piece of writing for specialists,d) wallpaper when turned into a transitive verb, it is related only to d) : She papered the room green.1. Conversion to noun1）verb to nounAlmost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns, which are semantically related to the original verbs in various ways.A. state of mind or sensationdoubt the state of doubtingwant what is wanteddesire, love, hate, smell, tasteB. event or activitysearch the activity of searchinglaugh the act of laughingattempt, hit, release, swimC. result of the actioncatch what is caughtfind what is foundreject, buy, answer, betD. doer of the actionhelp one who helpscheat one who cheatsbore, coach, flirt (调情，卖俏), stand-in(代替)E．Tool or instrument to do the actioncover used to cover somethingwrap used to wrap somethingcure (v.治愈，治疗→n.治愈，治疗；疗法) look→n. to have a looksmoke→n. to have a smokeswim →n. to have a swimtry→n. to have a trywash →n. to have a washwalk →n. to take a walkride →n. to take a rideglance →n. to take a glancerest →n. to take a restshower →n. to take a showercry →n. to give a crystart →n. to give a startlaugh →n. to give a laughmove →n. to make a moveguess →n. to make a guessoffer →n. to make a offerslip →n. to make a slipattempt →n. to make a attempt2) Adjective to nounNot all adjectives which are converted can achieve a full noun status. Some are completely converted, thus known as full conversion (完全转换), others are only partially converted, hence partial conversion （部分转换）.A． full conversionA noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an indefinite article or –(e)s to indicate singular or plural number. a white a liberal a native a Republican finals necessaries drinkables valuablesa given a drunk young marrieds newly-wedsB. partial conversionNouns partially converted from adjectives do not posses all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles. And they retain some of the adjective features.the poor the rich the old the young the wounded the poorer the more corruptWords of this group generally refer to a group of the kind, the young = young people, the wounded = wounded soldiers. But there some exceptions:the deceased (departed, accused, deserted, condemned)3) Miscellaneous conversionNouns can also be converted from conjunctions, modals, prepositions, etc.His argument contains too many ifs and buts. 他的话里到处是“如果”和“但是”。

Life is full of ups and downs.生活充满了起伏盛衰If your skin is sensitive to washing powder, rubber gloves are a must.如果你的皮肤对洗衣粉过敏，那么橡胶手套就是必备之物了2．Conversion to verbs1) Noun to verbA. To put in or on Nto pocket the money: to put money into the pocketto can the fruit: to put the fruit into cansto bottle, garage, corner, shelve, land, etc.B. To give N or to provide with Nto shelter the refugees: to give shelter to the refugeesto oil the machine: to provide the machine with oilbutter, fuel, grease (动物脂，油脂)，arm, finance, coatC. To remove N fromto skin the lamb: to remove the skin from the lambto juice the oranges: to remove the juice from the orangescore, peel, feather, gut (内脏→取出…的内脏)D. To do with Nto pump water: to bring water with a pumpto knife the steak: to cut the steak with a knifebrake, fiddle, finger, hammer, shoulder, glueE. To be or act as Nto nurse the baby: to be the nurse for the babyto captain the team: to act as the captain for the teamfather, pilot, referee (裁判员，仲裁人), tutorF. To make or change into Nto cash the check: to change the check into cashto orphan the baby: to make the baby an orphancripple, fool, knight, widowG. To send or go by Nto mail the letter: to send the letter by mailto bicycle: to go by bicyclehelicopter, ship, telegraph, boat, motor2) Adjective to verbThis type of conversion is not so productive.to wet: to make sth. wetto yellow: to become yellowto empty: to make sth. Emptydim, warm, dirty, cool, slow, clear, dry, narrow。