AP欧洲历史文艺复兴.doc

Chapter 11 ■ RenaissanceRenaissance SocietyRenaissance = re-birth of classical culture•the birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness• sense of relief after a disastrous 14th century• sense of self assertion & celebration of the human spirit / potential1. Artistic achievementRenaissance can be dated as 1350-1550, and broken down into three distinet phases:• Phase 1: 1350-1400: declining population, rediscovery of classicalknowledge• Phase 2: 1400-1500: artistic / literary achievements, populationrecovered, govt, stabilized• Phase 3: 1500-1550: Fr. / Sp. Invasions spread the Renaissanee to allof EuropeEnvironment:• Italian cities never totally disappeared as the had in the rest of Europe1 ・ Late Middle Ages Italian cities represented 25% of the population2. By 1500 7/10 of the largest cities were Italian3. Developed into City-States, cities function as centers of political and ecclesiastical power• Countryside developed around the city• Rural Society: Landownership / sharecropping distinguished the socialstructure (80% subsistenee farmers)• Urban Society: divided by occupation1 ・ Monopolies were standard (guilds)• Economic change in the early Renaissanee1. Black Death2. Over production, aggregate demand declined, prices declined, labor supply decli ned, wages in creased• standard of living increased for the poor• wealthy con sumption pattern became increasi ngly conspicuous (lack of motivation for investment, heightened sense of mortality)• Consumption of luxuries placed a higher value on skilled craftsmen (creativity)Family Unit:• Primary economic unit, as well as a grouping of relatives1 ・ Marriage was a political / economic transaction• Patronage, dowry and status were primary considerations1. Men married in their thirties (social dysfunction), women in late tee ns2. Married women lived in a constant state of pregnancy (family interests)• Wealthy hired help, poor experienced high mortality rates1 ・ Life for the poor improved (but was still fairly terrible)2. Health increased - due to increased grain supply relative to population and new foods3. Starvation remained rare ・ died from disease before you could starveRenaissance Art• Art represe nted a combination of individual tale nt and predomi natesocial ideals1. Leading edge of society2. Technical inn ovations ・ perspective & three dimensionality• Driven by societal demands• Civic architecture - govt.• Portrait painting - reflected the importanee of individuals (prestige)1. Elite patronized the arts (investment & prestige) and the skill craftsmen (practical) whob produced itRenaissance Art can be broken down into three mediums: Architecture, sculpture and painting• Most artists worked in all three mediumsArchitecture:• Designed and built by Renaissanee Artists (great buildings increasedones fame and prestige)Middle Ages: Gothic Architecture, pointed arches, vaulted ceilings, slender spires, large windows, flying buttresses.• Goal was to overwhelm the viewer with the power and might of god.Renaissanee: reincorporation of classical features• Brunelleschi - combined gothic and classical architecture1 ・ Flore nee CathedralSculpture• Donatello: created a flowing sense of reality, especially in the robes andclothes of his subjects1. Judith Slaying Holofernes (1455), dem on strated perspective and is free standingPainting• Massaccio: used light and shading to create perspective, increased thedisplay of human emotion (the human experience became the subject of the painting)1 ・ The Expulsion of Adam and Eve (1425)2. The Holy Trinity (1425)• Piero Della Francesca1. The Resurrection (1463) - displayed technical innovations• Botticelli: famous for classical themes and bright colors1. The Birth of Venus (1478)2. Spring (1478)• Leonardo da Vinci: Great master famous for observation of detail anduse of perspective1 ・ The Last Supper (1495-98)2. La Giocada (Mona Lisa)• Michela ngelo1. Pieta: sculpture of Madonna, new representation2. David: union of classical sculpture and Renaissance style3. Sistine Chapel: overwhelming accomplishment, portrays a narative of the Christian creation myth4. Saint Peters Basilica: Begun by Bramante, finished by Michela ngeloRenaissance IdealsHumanism: reaction to an intellectual world that was centered on the church doctri ne• Secular outlook, NOT NECESSARILY anti-religious1. Emphasis on human achievement• Studied and taught “humanities” 一 liberal arts1 ・ Applied their ideas to spiritual / secular world2. Petarch: “father of Humanism" 一 Cicero3. Bruni: Greek scholar who advaneed Platonic ideals4. Alberti5. Valla: PhilologyHumanists and classical studies• Byzanti ne scholars (fleeing Muslim expansi on) were influential• Developed new standards for studying classical texts and neweducational standards1. Liberal Arts: rhetoric, grammar, moral philosophy, ph。