
河流的地质作用ppt培训课件.ppt
55页7.3 Geological Processes of a Stream,河流,,人类文明的发源地,地球上四大文明古国,都形成于大河流域: 中国、古埃及、古巴比伦、古印度,长江、黄河,,孕育了中华文明,尼罗河,,孕育古埃及文明,美索不达米亚,即两河流域 (幼发拉底河、底格里斯河流域),,,世界文明最早的起源地,印度河,,孕育古印度文明,The four ancient civilization countries and the sketch map of position,The sketch map of plane position on the two-river drainage basin,The Nile Delta,,The Yellow River(07-3),,黄河兰州段裸露出大面积浅滩由于当年黄河中上游降水稀少,加之工农业用水增多,使黄河兰州段河面变窄,水位下降,水深仅2米,使以往浸在水中的大片滩涂露出来1. The Brief Account of a Stream 2. Stream Erosion 3. Stream Transport 4. Stream Deposition and Alluvium,Key terms: hydrologic cycle(水循环) concave bank(凹岸) convex bank(凸岸) erosion basis(侵蚀基准面) base level (基准面) local(ultimate) base level地方(终极)基准面,stream erosion (河流侵蚀) stream transport(河流搬运) stream deposition(河流沉积) alluvium(冲积物) downcutting (下切) graded profile(均衡剖面),1. The Brief Account of a Stream (1)河流的一般特征 (2)河流形成的影响因素1)气候因素:降水、气温、蒸发2)下垫面因素:地形、地质、土壤、植被,,Hydrologic Cycle,,The distribution of water in the Earth,The schematic diagram of hydrologic cycle in nature,降雨径流形成过程.swf,The Hydrologic CycleNothing that is can pause or stay---The moon will wax(圆),the moon will wane(缺),The mist and cloud will turn to rain,The rain to mist and cloud again,Tomorrow be today.---Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,Hydrologic cycle: energy provided by the sun and by gravity causes water to move from reservoir to reservoir through time -----this never-ending passage.Residence time :the average length of time that a water molecule stays in a particular reservoir.,The recharge of a stream,Excess surface water comes from rain, melting ice or snow, and groundwater springs.Where the ground is flat, the water accumulates in puddles or swamps, but on sloping ground, it flows downslope, collecting in natural troughs called streams.,A brook(溪流),The shape elements of the river valley 河床- riverbed 谷底-the bottom of river valley 谷坡-the slope of river valley,The shape features of the river valley (a)upper reaches part (b)middle reaches part(c)lower reaches part 1—riverbed ;2—flood land ;3—stream terrace 4—the oxbow lake ;5—delta,2. Stream Erosion 河流的侵蚀作用:河流以自身动能并以其搬运固体物质破坏河床的作用。
(1)侵蚀作用方式1)水力作用(scouring )2)磨蚀作用(abrasion)3)溶蚀作用(corrosion),(2)侵蚀作用的方向——向下侵蚀和向旁侵蚀1)向下侵蚀 又称下切,即水流垂直地面向下的侵蚀,其结果是加深河床或沟床下切侵蚀: 沿程侵蚀向源侵蚀,,Waterfall like hoase tail,A little waterfall,The little waterfall in Wulingshan,雾灵山小壶口瀑布,由燕山运动产生断层后流水冲刷而成,落差35m,状似壶嘴而得名The Changbai waterfall (68m),The lake in Changbai Mountain,火山口湖南北长4850米,东西宽3350米,湖面海拔2155米长白山脉北东向,北有西伯利亚季风南流,南有日本海洋性气流在同时相向的沿山坡爬升中,相遇成雨,供给天池水The bottom of Changbai waterfall,The turbulent running water,The turbulent running water,The Changbai warm spring,The Dadieshui Waterfall in Yunnan 大叠水瀑布被誉为“珠江第一瀑”,位于石林县西南端。
其近90 m高,70m宽,跌落的水流形成巨大的水雾和震耳欲聋的吼声,给人以强烈的心灵震撼和视觉冲击 大叠水瀑布是断块差异升降的结果,一条断裂从这里通过,使北面相对上升南面相对下降The Dadieshui waterfall in Yunnan,Rapids in a creek A waterfall in Brazil,河流下蚀的原因主要有四: ▲(1)存在侵蚀基准面;(主要因素)(2)水流有垂直向下运动,坡度越陡,下蚀能力越强;(3)河底滚动的砂砾摩擦河床,使河底加深很快;(4)锅穴作用,即流水中急速旋转的涡流引起河流侵蚀基准面(The erosion basis of a stream):即河流向下侵蚀的极限每条河流下切侵蚀的最大深度并不是无止境的,往往受某一基面控制,河流下切到接近这一平面后即失去侵蚀能力,不再向下侵蚀,这一平面即是河流侵蚀基准面地方侵蚀基准面(local base level):控制上游河段下切的面如岩坎、湖面或支流汇入主流的汇口处等 终极侵蚀基准面(ultimate base level ):控制一条河流下切最深的一个高度的平面如海平面,(a)A lake acts as a local base level.The longitudinal profile of the stream upstream of the lake lies above the profile for a graded stream.Eventually,headward erosion of the stream below the lake will cause the lake to drain. (b)A resistant rock ledge will erode and the waterfall will migrate upstream untill the stream achieves grade.Sea level is the ultimate base level for a drainage network.,(a)If downcutting by a stream happens faster than mass wasting alongside the stream,as is typical when streams erode through strong rock, a slot(槽状) canyon(峡谷) forms; (b)If mass wasting takes place as fast as downcutting occurs, a V-shaped valley develops. (c) In regions where the stream downcuts through alternating hard and soft layers, a stair-step canyon forms.,2)向旁侵蚀 :又称旁蚀,即河水冲刷河床两侧谷坡,使河床左右迁徙,谷坡后坡、河床谷底宽。
河流向旁侵蚀原因是: 弯道离心力和地球偏转力的作用,The experiment map of meander forming,The running water movement of a stream,The concave bank(凹岸) and the convex bank(凸岸),(a)Map of Cross Section ;(b) Plane map Formation of cycle flow at the curved position,The Relation between Centrifugal Force,the Earth’s Deflection Force with Erosion Sideward,,水流横向环流的类型(a)单向环流; (b)底部汇合型环流 (c)底部辐散型环流;(d)复合型环流,The meander development caused by erosion sideward,3. Stream Transport (1)河流的搬运方式河流的搬运作用:河流水流在流动过程中携带大量泥沙和推动河底砾石移动的作用 河流搬运方式有四种:1) 推运→推移质 (traction)2) 跃运→跃移质(saltation)3) 悬运→悬移质(suspended load)4) 溶运→溶移质(dissolved load),,bed load,,traction transport,saltation transport,suspended transport,dissolved transport,The way of transport,(2)河流的搬运能力和搬运量河流能够搬运多大粒径碎屑的能力称河流的搬运能力。
它决定于流速河流能够搬运碎屑物质的最大量称为搬运量它取决于流速和流量4. Stream Deposition and Alluvium 河流的沉积作用:流水挟带的泥沙,由于河床坡度减小、流速变慢、水量减少、泥沙增多等因素影响,引起搬运能力减弱1)沉积作用发生的原因1) 河流的不同部位流速发生变化l 河道由狭窄突变为开阔的地段l 河流弯道的凸岸l 支流入主流处,河流入海、入湖处l 河流的中下游坡度减小,由于流速明显降低引起沉积2)河流流量随气候或季节变化,。
