Brown和Levinson的礼貌策略课件.ppt

Brown and Levinson ’sPoliteness Strategy1 1 n nPerhaps the most thorough treatment of the concept of politeness is that of Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson, which was first published in 1978 and then reissued, with a long introduction, in 1987. 2 2n nBrown and Levinson sum up human politeness behaviour in four strategies, which correspond to these examples: bald on record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and off-record-indirect strategy. 3 3Bald on-record The bald on-record strategy does nothing to minimize threats to the hearer's “face”. n nAn emergency: Help! n nTask oriented: Give me those! n nRequest: Put your jacket away. n nAlerting: Turn your lights on! (while driving) 4 4Positive Politeness The positive politeness strategy shows you recognize that your hearer has a desire to be respected. It also confirms that the relationship is friendly and expresses group reciprocity. 5 5StrategiesSt. 1 Notice, attend to HSuggests that S should take notice of aspects of H’s conditions.Suggests that S should take notice of aspects of H’s conditions.Examples:Examples: “ “Goodness you cut your hair! … By the way I came to borrow Goodness you cut your hair! … By the way I came to borrow some sugar.”some sugar.”“ “What a beautiful dress! Where was it bought?”What a beautiful dress! Where was it bought?”“ “We ate too many beans tonight, didn’t we?”We ate too many beans tonight, didn’t we?”St. 2 ExaggerateThis often done with exaggerated intonation, stress, and other aspects of prosodic.Examples:“You are a fantastic cook, the lunch was great!”“How absolutely marvelous/ extraordinary/…..”6 6StrategiesSt. 3 Intensify interest to HS intensify the interest of his own contribution, by “making a good story” and draw H as a participant into the conversation with direct questions and expressions like you know, see what Example: “I come into his room, and what do you think I see? – a huge mess all over the place and right in the middle, a naked….”St. 4 Use in- group identity makersUsing any of the innumerable ways to convey in- group membership: address forms, language or dialect, jargon or slang and ellipses. Examples:“Honey, can you give me the beer?”“Hey brother, what’s going on?”“How about a drink?”7 7StrategiesSt.5 Seek agreementS seeks ways in which it is possible to agree with H. Examples:“I hate this politicians, they know nothing about the small citizen, they earn….”“She had an accident last week.- Oh my good, an accident!”St.6 Avoid disagreementThe desire to agree or appear to agree with H leads also to mechanisms for pretending to agree: white lies and hedge“Have you got friends?-I have friends. So- called friends. I had friends. Let it put me this way. ”“It’s really beautiful in a way.”8 8StrategiesSt. 7 Presuppose/ raise/ assert common groundThe value of S’s spending time and effort on being with H, as a mark of friendship or interest in him, by talking for a while about unrelated topics. Examples:“Isn’t it a beautiful day?” “How are you?”And she says to Jim, ’I love you!’, and he says…St.8 JokeJokes are based on mutual shared background and values and putting H “at ease”. Example:“How about lending me this old heap of junk? “(H’s new cadillac)9 9StrategiesSt. 9 Assert or presuppose S’s knowledge of and concern for H’s wantsAssert or imply knowledge of H’s wants and willingness to fit one’s own wants in with them.Examples:“Look, I know you want me to be good in mathematics, so shouldn’t I do my homework now ?” (instead of cleaning my room)St.10 Offer and promiseExamples:“I’ll try to get it next week!”“I’ll wash the dishes later!”1010StrategiesSt. 11 Be optimisticS assume that H wants for S or for H and S, and will help him to obtain them.Example:“You’ll lend me your apartment-key for the weekend, I hope .”St. 12 Include both S and H in the activityExamples:“Let’s go, girls!”“We will shut the door, ma’am. The wind is coming in.”1111StrategiesSt. 13 Give (or ask) reasonsExamples:“Why don’t we go shopping or to the cinema?”“Why not lend me your jacket for the weekend?”St.14 Assume or assert reciprocityS and H may claimed or urged by giving evidence of reciprocal rightsrights or obligations obtaining between S and H. Example:“Yesterday I ’ve washed the dishes, so today it’s your turn!”1212Negative Politeness The negative politeness strategy also recognizes the hearer's face. But it also recognizes that you are in some way imposing on them. Some other examples would be to say, “I don't want to bother you but...” or “I was wondering if...” 1313Strategy 1: Be conventionally indirectStrategy 1: Be conventionally indirectn nSolved by the compromise of conventional indirectness, the use of phrases and sentences that have contextually unambiguous meanings which are different from their literal meaningn nExamples:Examples:n n“Can you please shut the door?”n n“You couldn´t possibly tell me the time, please?”1414Strategy 2: Question, hedgeStrategy 2: Question, hedgen nIn literature, a “hedge“ is a particle, word or phrase that In literature, a “hedge“ is a particle, word or phrase that modifies the degree of membership of a predicate or noun modifies the degree of membership of a predicate or noun phrase in a setphrase in a setn nIt says of that membership that it is It says of that membership that it is partialpartial,or true only in ,or true only in certain respects, or that it is certain respects, or that it is moremore true and complete than true and complete than perhaps might be expectedperhaps might be expectedn nExamples:Examples:n n“I´m “I´m pretty pretty sure, I´ve seen that movie before.”sure, I´ve seen that movie before.”n n“I “I ratherrather think you shouldn´t do that.” think you shouldn´t do that.”n n“Mary is a “Mary is a truetrue friend.” friend.”n n“A salmon is a “A salmon is a sort sort of fish.”of fish.”n n“You´re “You´re quitequite right” right”1515Strategy 3: Be pessimisticStrategy 3: Be pessimisticn nGives redress to H´s negative face by explicitly Gives redress to H´s negative face by explicitly expressing doubt that the conditions for the expressing doubt that the conditions for the appropriateness of S´s speech act obtain.appropriateness of S´s speech act obtain.n nExamples:Examples:n n“You don´t have any exotic plants, do you by any “You don´t have any exotic plants, do you by any chance?”chance?”n n“I don´t imagine there´d be any chance of...”“I don´t imagine there´d be any chance of...”n n“You couldn´t give me a cigarette, could you?”“You couldn´t give me a cigarette, could you?”1616Strategy 4: Minimize the imposition, RxStrategy 4: Minimize the imposition, Rxn nDefusing the FTA by indicating that Rx, the intrinsic seriousness of the imposition, is not itself greatn nSo indirectly this may pay H deferencen nExamples:n n“Just a moment”n n“Could I have a tiny bit of ...”?n n“I just want to ask if I can borrow a single sheet of paper.”1717Strategy 5: Give deferenceStrategy 5: Give deferencen n2 different possibilities to realize the deference:2 different possibilities to realize the deference:n n1.) S humbles and abases himself1.) S humbles and abases himselfn n2.) S raises H (pays him positive face of a particular 2.) S raises H (pays him positive face of a particular namely that which satisfies H´s want to be treated namely that which satisfies H´s want to be treated superior.) superior.)n nExamples:Examples:n n“We look forward very much to see you again.”“We look forward very much to see you again.”n n“Did you move my luggage?”“Did you move my luggage?” “Yes, sir, I thought perhaps you wouldn´t mind and...” “Yes, sir, I thought perhaps you wouldn´t mind and...”1818Strategy 6: ApologizeStrategy 6: Apologizen nBy apologizing for doing an FTA, the speaker can indicate his reluctance to impinge on H´s negative face => partially redress the impingement => partially redress the impingementn nExamples:Examples:n n“I hope this isn´t going to bother you “I hope this isn´t going to bother you tootoo much:...” much:...”n n“I hate to impose, but...”“I hate to impose, but...”n n“I´m absolutely lost...”“I´m absolutely lost...”n n“Please forgive me if...”“Please forgive me if...”1919Strategy 7: Impersonalize S and HStrategy 7: Impersonalize S and Hn nPhrase the FTA as if the agent were other than S and the Phrase the FTA as if the agent were other than S and the addressee were other than Haddressee were other than Hn nExamples:Examples:n n“ Do this for me”“ Do this for me”n n“It looks to me like”“It looks to me like”n n“It would be appreciated if...”“It would be appreciated if...”n n“One shouldn´t do things like that”“One shouldn´t do things like that”n n“We feel obligated to inform you about...”“We feel obligated to inform you about...”n n“We cannot help you”“We cannot help you”n n“His majesty is not amused”“His majesty is not amused”n n“I was kind of interested in knowing if...”“I was kind of interested in knowing if...”2020Strategy 8: State the FTA as a general ruleStrategy 8: State the FTA as a general rulen nTo dissociate S and H from the particular imposition in the To dissociate S and H from the particular imposition in the FTA (S doesn´t want to impinge H, but is merely forced to by FTA (S doesn´t want to impinge H, but is merely forced to by circumstances), it can be generalized as a social circumstances), it can be generalized as a social rule/regulation/obligationrule/regulation/obligationn nExamples:Examples:n n“Passengers will please refrain from smoking in this room”“Passengers will please refrain from smoking in this room”n n“The commitee requests the President...”“The commitee requests the President...”n n“We don´t sit on tables, we sit on chairs, XY”“We don´t sit on tables, we sit on chairs, XY”2121Strategy 9: NormalizeStrategy 9: Normalizen nThe more you normalize an expression, the more you The more you normalize an expression, the more you dissociate from itdissociate from itn nExamples:Examples:n n“ You performed well on the examinations and that impressed “ You performed well on the examinations and that impressed us favourably.”us favourably.”n n“Your performing well on the examinations was impressive to “Your performing well on the examinations was impressive to us.”us.”n n“Your good performance on the examinations impressed us “Your good performance on the examinations impressed us favourably.”favourably.”2222Strategy 10: Go on record as incurring a debt, Strategy 10: Go on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebting Hor as not indebting Hn nS can redress an FTA by explicitly claiming his indebtedness to H, or by disclaiming any indebtedness of Hn nExamples:n n“I´ll never be able to repay you if..”n n“I could easily do this for you- no problem”2323Off-record indirect Off-record indirect strategies take some of the pressure off of you. You are trying to avoid the direct FTA of asking for a beer. Instead you would rather it be offered to you once your hearer sees that you want one. 2424n nGive hints: It's a bit cold in here. n nBe vague: Perhaps someone should have been more responsible. n nBe sarcastic, or joking: Yeah, he's a real Einstein (rocket scientist, Stephen Hawking, genius and so on)! 2525n n Thank you for your attention!2626。