张道真实用英语语法课件Chapter 24.ppt

Chapter 24Word-orderNatural order and inverted orderlA. Natural order Main order: Subject + Predicate a. Most of the declarative sentences use the natural order e.g. We must prevent the pollution of the environment. (S + P + O) We are taking measures to improve our environment. (S + P + O + A) b. A few interrogative sentences use natural order e.g. What caused his illness? How many students are leaving school this year?Natural order and inverted orderc. When some declarative sentences change into interrogative sentences, natural order can also be used to show one’s expectations or surprise, suspicion, etc. e.g. You work here? She is not back yet? You know nothing about it?d. Exclamatory sentences usually use the natural order e.g. What nonsense you talk! How gracefully they danced!Natural order and inverted orderlB. Inverted order a. Main types 1) Full inversion When the whole predicate was moved before the subject, it is called the full inversion. e.g. Down fell half a dozen apples. There comes the bus. 2) Partial inversion When the predicate was only moved partly before the subject, it is called the partial inversion. e.g. How are you doing? Why didn’t you come?Natural order and inverted order b. Most of the interrogative sentences use the inverted order e.g. Are you going home for Christmas? How much do you need? Are we going to meet here or at the airport? It’s a nice day, isn’t it?Common inverted sentenceslA. Inverted sentence patterns a. Introduced by “there” e.g. There’s an outdoor concert tonight in the park. In 1859 there came a war between the two countries. b. Introduced by “there, here, now, then, etc. e.g. There’s the bell. Now comes your turn. c. Introduced by “so, neither, nor” e.g. He’s a teacher and so is his wife. I don’t eat meat and neither does Tom.Common inverted sentenceslB. Inverted order in adverbial clauses a. When “if” is omitted in the adverbial clauses (were, had, should), the clause should use inverted order, i.e. put “were, had, should” before the subject e.g. Weren’t it for their assistance, we wouldn’t be able to do so well. Should Mary call, say that I’ll be back in an hour. Were I Tom, I would refuse. b. Inverted order in some adverbial clauses of concession e.g. Clever though he was, he couldn’t conceal his eagerness for praise. Try as I would, I couldn’t make her change her mind. Common inverted sentenceslC. Some inverted sentences introduced by adverbs or adverbial a. When some negative words are put at the beginning of the sentences, the partial inverted order should be used. e.g. Never would he know what she had suffered. Little does he care whether we live or die. Scarcely was she out of sight when he came. b. When such adverbs as often, well, bitterly, gladly, brightly, etc. put at the beginning of the sentence, the partial inverted order should also be used. e.g. Often would she weep when alone. Well do I remember the days when we were at school together.The Use of Inverted SentencesnA. Full inversion a. 当副词当副词here, there, in, out, up ,down, away, back, now, then, ahead 等等位于句首位于句首,当谓语动词是当谓语动词是be, come, go, follow, run等表示位置移动的动词，而且主语又是名词时等表示位置移动的动词，而且主语又是名词时,需需要把谓语动词放主语之前，即要把谓语动词放主语之前，即全部倒装全部倒装。

e.g. There comes the rest of the party. Then comes the day of his examination. Here comes a bus. * 此类倒装不用进行时态；此类倒装不用进行时态；若主语是代词时若主语是代词时，不用倒装不用倒装 e.g. Here he goes.The Use of Inverted Sentences b. 充当充当地点状语的介词短语放句首地点状语的介词短语放句首，用，用全部倒装全部倒装 e.g. In a lecture hall of a university sits a professor. c. 表示愿望的感叹句表示愿望的感叹句 e.g. May our country become rich and strong! Long live world peace!nB. Partial inversion a. 具有否定意义的副词放句首：具有否定意义的副词放句首：not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, little, scarely, few… e.g. Never have I seen such a performance. Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. The Use of Inverted Sentencesb. 含有否定意义的连词放句首含有否定意义的连词放句首:not only…but also.., neither…nor.., no sooner…than.., scarely…than.., hardly…when.., not until... e.g. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. *当当Not until引出主从复合句，引出主从复合句，主句倒装主句倒装，，从句不倒装从句不倒装。

not only, no sooner, hardly, scarely要倒要倒,but (also), than, when后面的句子不倒后面的句子不倒. Neither…nor…两部分都倒装两部分都倒装如果如果置于句首的置于句首的Not only…but also仅连接两个并列词语仅连接两个并列词语，，不可不可用用倒装结构倒装结构 e.g. Not only did he work faster, but also he worked better. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. Not only you but also I am fond of music.The Use of Inverted Sentencesc. 含有否定意义的介词放句首：含有否定意义的介词放句首：by no means, in no time, in no case, on no account, under no circumstances... e.g. On no account must we give up this attempt. Under no circumstances must we relax our vigilance. At no point south of the river did the enemy advance more than a mile.d. Only + adverbial 放在句首，用部分倒装放在句首，用部分倒装 e.g. Only in this way can our honour be saved!e. 表示上文的状况也适合另外一人或事半功倍有下列：表示上文的状况也适合另外一人或事半功倍有下列： 肯定肯定:so+助动词助动词(动动/情态情态)+主语主语 *主语与上文一致主语与上文一致 否定否定:neither(nor)+助动助动(动动/情态情态)+主语主语 The Use of Inverted Sentences e.g. “I’ve been to New York.” “So have I.” “I haven’t seen that film.” “Neither (nor) have I.”f. so ..that.., such ..that..的句子结构中，的句子结构中，若若so, such 和与其和与其所修饰的词置于句首，实行所修饰的词置于句首，实行部分倒装部分倒装。

e.g. So sudden was the attack (that) we had no time to escape. Such was his strength that he could bend iron bars.g. 若若if 引导的虚拟条件句中有引导的虚拟条件句中有were, had, should 时时，， 可可将将if省略，把省略，把were, had , should 放主语之前放主语之前 The Use of Inverted Sentences e.g. Had we got there earlier, we would have caught the train. Had he known that, he would have told you.nC. as 作作“尽管／虽然尽管／虽然”，引导让步状语从句，由，引导让步状语从句，由于语法需要，把于语法需要，把表语／状语／动词提于句首表语／状语／动词提于句首．．e.g. Try as he might, he couldn’t open the box. Talented as he is, he is not yet ready to turn professional.The position of objectnA. The common position a. After the predicate e.g. They are touring Europe. He wrote his first novel at 17. b. When the object is modified by interrogative words, the object is usually put before the subject e.g. Who are you talking to? What she said impressed me deeply. c. When there are two objects, the indirect object is usually put before the direct object e.g. Show us your papers. She sent me a birthday card.The position of objectnB. The conditions of object forward a. When the object is emphasized, sometimes it should be put forward e.g. This I hope you’ll keep in mind. These two letters I’d like to send by ordinary mail, and this one by registered mail. b. When some object clauses are emphasized, they can also be inverted. e.g. What he has once heard, he never forgets. That she is a good girl I know.The position of objectnC. Other conditions a. When the object is too long, the adverbial is usually put before the object to balance the structure e.g. These programmes do much to bring home to people the serious risks of smoking. She announced at the meeting that she was going to resign. b. Sometimes the complement can put before the object e.g. Many people consider impossible what really is possible. c. The position of phrase verbs “transitive verb + adverb” e.g. Put on your coat. Put it (your coat) on. Write down your names here. Write everything (it) down here.The position of attributenA. The common position a. The attribute is usually put before the modified word e.g. financial problems peaceful construction developing countries living conditions The situation here is highly explosive. I met your sister on my way home. b. The following attributes are usually put after the modified word 1) Attributive clauses e.g. The noise he made woke everybody up. She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself.The position of attribute 2) Prepositional phrase e.g. She looked to be a young woman of twenty. He was hired to illustrate a book on the birds of the world. 3) Participial phrases and infinitive phrases e.g. People waiting for the bus often shelter in my doorway. They need a garden to play in. 4) Other phrases e.g. Soldiers normally timid don’t fight well. She has done a play, at once educational and witty.The position of attributen B. The situations of cutting off attribute and the modified word a. Sometimes the attribute is cut off from its modified word e.g. What do you have to say in this regard? I saw something in the paper which might interest you. b. When a noun has two attributes, one of them has to be departed. e.g. This is the book I bought about space flight. Have you got any novels by Tolstoy in English translation?The position of attributenC. The order of attribute (P570) a. Several attributes all, both + articles / pronouns + attribute + noun e.g. all the Chinese students both their former room mates an interesting detective story b. Some attributes can be put before the articles e.g. such a nice person so short a time half an hour quite the fashionThe position of attribute c. Several adjectives articles + quality + size, age, etc. + color + nation, etc. + noun e.g. a young Korean dancer all the beautiful small green jade figures a calm blue sea our numerous splendid tourist attractionsThe position of adverbialnA. The common position a. Usually put after the predicate e.g. They work energetically. She went straight home. b. If there is an object, the adverbial should be put after the object e.g. She welcomed us warmly. He denied the accusation hotly. c. Adverbial can be put before the past participle in the passive structure e.g. He was rightly punished. The boy was seriously injured.The position of adverbial d. When there are several adverbials of time or place, the smaller one is usually put before the bigger one. e.g. He was born at 9:30 on Thursday May 5th 1998. She lives at 109 Cork Street, Monrovia, California.nB. The situation of putting adverbial at the beginning a. For emphasis e.g. In union there is strength. On his return from Europe, he set to work in earnest. b. Interrogative adverbs and adverbials containing interrogative words are put at the beginning of the sentenceThe position of adverbial e.g. How did you enjoy your Spring Festival? For what purpose did you invite me to come here? c. Sentence adverbial is usually put at the beginning of the sentence e.g. Quite honesty, she isn’t the sort of person we’re looking for. In conclusion, I’d like to say how much I’ve enjoyed staying here. d. Adverbial having a close relationship with the context should be put at the beginning e.g. It doesn’t seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think it’s rather beautiful. The traffic was very heavy and as a result I arrived late.The position of adverbialnC. Adverbial between subject and predicate a. Adverbial parenthesized between subject and predicate or before the main verb or predicative e.g. She quickly finished the letter. Lester immediately approved of this. I’ve only recently begun to learn French. b. Adverbial formed by phrases or word groups e.g. This, in brief, is the official view of the trade unions. Tom, horrified at what he had done, could not say anything.The position of adverbialnD. The position of adverbial clauses a. Most of the adverbial clauses are put after the main clause e.g. Lanny was worried because he hadn’t had any letter from Diana. We’ll go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools. b. Sometimes can be put before the main clause e.g. As she sang, tears ran down her cheeks. Whether we go or whether we stay, the result is the same. c. In some cases, the adverbial causes can be parenthesized between the subject and predicate e.g. Such things, whether you like it or not, do happen from time to time. Assignment•Review chapter 24•Preview chapter 25•Exercises。