2015职称英语理工A阅读理解、完型填空、新增文章内部讲义冲刺.pdf

2015年职称英语理工类级点睛费料内部讲义2015职称英语理工A阅读理解、完型填空、新增文章冲刺资料目 录阅读理解+ 第三十四篇+ 第三十五篇+ 第三十六篇+ 第三十七篇+ 第三十八篇+ 第三十九篇Batteries Built by VirusesPutting Plants to Work （ 2013 理工 B 真题）Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning"Don't Drink Alone" Gets New MeaningnLife Form Found1 1 on SatunTs Titan （ 2012 真题）Clone Fann+ 第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety （ 2012 新增文章）4-十4-++第四 I •一篇 Too Little for Global Wanning第四十二篇 Renewable Energy Sources第四十三篇Forecasting Methods （ 2013理工A 真题）第四十四篇 Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed第四十五篇Small But Wise （ 2012年真题）+ 第四卜六篇 Ants have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers" （ 2012 新增文章）+ 第四十七篇 Listening to Birdsong+ 第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright （ 2013 教材新增）+ 第四十九篇 U. S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars+ 第五 I , 篇 Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities完型填空：+ 第 十 五 篇 （ 2012 新增）^Liquefaction" Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage+ 第十二篇 （ 2012 新增）Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk* 第卜篇 （ 2012 新增）Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness+ 第卜四篇 Sharks Perfonn a Service for Earths Waters2015年教材新增文章20 15年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5 篇新增文章。

20 15年职称英语教材理工类新增的5 篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工C 和理工B各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工A 、B 和 C 各新增一篇文章完形填空理工类整体都没有新增文章20 15年职称英语教材新增文章的对比目录如下：旧文章新增文章理工C阅读理解第九篇：EgyptFelled by Famine第九篇：AnEssential ScientificProcess补全短文第五篇：TheMagic of Sound第五篇：ARecord-Breaking Rover理工阅读理解第二十二篇：Snowflakes第二十二篇：Real-Wor 1 dRobotsB补全短文第九篇：Heat Is K iller第九篇：LighteningStrikes理工A补全短文第十三篇：Sleeping Giant第十三篇：AffectionateAndroids理工A 复习说明：2015阅读理解带加号，重点要求17篇，第 34-50篇 这里注意下，第 35篇 Putting Plants to Work（ 非 2013新增文章） 是 2013年理工B 的真题,2014年应该不会考到 第 43篇 Forecasting Methods（ 非 2013新增文章） 是 2013年理工A 的真题， 2014应该不会考到。

第 40, ,4 篇为2012新增未考,需要重点注意重点复习带加号文章15篇+ 第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses ( 病毒电池)What do chicken pox, the common cold, the flu, and AIDS have in common? TheyYe all diseasecaused by viruses, tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It\ no wonder1 that whenmost people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of- viruses is what's on people's minds.水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though,.In Cambridge, Massachusetts4, scientistshave discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They arc putting viruses to work,teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries.然而，并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带者。

在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用他们使病毒开始工作，使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer AngelaBelcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) inCambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case ofthe virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and productiontechniques.病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉拉•贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。

安吉拉•贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域在由病毒构成的电池里，科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识Belcher's team includes Paula Hammond, who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-MingChiang, an expert on how to store energy in the fonn of a battery. "We're working on things wetraditionally don't associate with nature/* says Hammond.贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉•哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明 哈蒙德说，“ 我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的Many batteries are already pretty small. You can hold A, C and D batteries6 in your hand. Thecoin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny. However, every year, new electronicdevices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before. As these devicesshrink, ordinary bakeries won't be small enough to fit inside.“F多电池已经很小了。

A 型、C 型和D 型电池都可以握在手里硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小然而，个人音乐播放器和等新型电子设备变得越来越小这些设备变小了，普通电池就无法安装进去了The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. Right now, Belcher's model battery, ametallic disk completely built by viruses, looks like a regular watch battery. But inside, its components arevery small-so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope.理想的电池应当体积小、储能多现在，贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘，看起来就像普通手表电池但里面的部件却非常小——小到用高倍望远镜才能看到How small arc these battery parts? To get some idea of the size, pluck one hair from your head. Placeyour hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair is-pretty thin, right? Although thewidth of each person's hair is a bit different, you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built batteryparts, side to side, across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses7.这些电池部件到底有多小呢？从头上拔一根头发，把它放到白纸上，看看头发的宽度——是不是很细呢？尽管每个人的头发宽度不同，每个头发上可以并列排放大约1 0 个病毒电池部件。

这些为电池能会改变我们对病毒的看法词汇：chicken pox 水痘 collaborator n.合作者, 协作者microorganism n.微生物 pluck v.拔，摘，采metallic adj.金属的注释：l.no wonder：不足为奇的，难怪2.steer clear of：避开，绕开3 .though：意思为“ 然而，可是" 在句中使用时通常放在句末4 .Cambridge, Massachusetts： 马萨诸塞州的剑桥市 木文第三段提到的the Massachusetts Instituteof Technology（ MIT） in Cambridge即指坐落于剑桥市的麻省理工学院麻省理工学院于1861年由著名自然科学家威廉・ 巴罗吉杰斯创立这是美国的一所私立研究型大学， 培养高级科技人才和管理人才，是以理工科为主的、世界一流的综合性大学5 .came up with： 提出6 .A, C and D batteries： A、C、D 均为电池型号7 .These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses：这些微型电池可能会改变我们看待病毒的方式。

作者想表达的意思是：人们一直认为病毒有害无益，现在病毒可用来制作电池，人们对病毒的看法可能会因此而发生变化练习：l .According to the first paragraphs people try toA.kill microorganisms related to chicken pox, the flu, etc.B.keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible.C.stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases.D.cure themselves of virus-related diseases by taking medicines.2 .What is Belcher's team doing at present?A.It is finding ways to get rid of viruses..B.It is mass-producing microbatteries.C.It is making batteries with viruses.D.It is analyzing virus genes.3 .What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word "shrink" appearing in paragraph5?A.Broadcn.B. Spread.C.Extend.D.Expand.4 .Which of the following is true of Belcher's battery mentioned in paragraph 6?A.It is made of metal.B.It is a kind of watch battery.C.It can only be seen with a microscope.D.It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it.5 .How tiny is one battery part?A. Its width is one tenth of a hair.B.It equals the width of a hair.C.It is as thin as a piece of paper.D.Its width is too tiny to measure.答案与题解：l . c 短文第一段的大致意思是，许多疾病都由病毒引起，诸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人们想尽办法躲避病毒。

这是C 所表达的意思A 不是正确选择，因为文章并没有说人们想方设法去杀死病毒B 的后半句的内容（ 病毒肉眼看不见） 和 D 的内容（ 吃药治疗病毒引起的疾病） 文中没有提到2 .C 短文的第二段明确提供了答案3 .D 根据上下文，shrink在此的意思是“ 收缩” ，即“ 缩小” 所以，它的反义词是expand（ 增大，扩张） C 不是正确选择，因为extend的意思是become longer,即“ 延伸” 或“ 加长" A 的意思是“ 加宽“ ，也不是答案B 的意思是“ 伸展，展开" ，在一定的上下文里也可以做shrink的反义词，但在第五段这个语境里，B 不是最佳选择4 .D 第六段第二句中提到的metallic disk是指“ 金属圆盘” ，它是微型电池的外形，其内部是山病毒构成的电池部件 微型电池不是由金属组成的， 所以A 不是答案 本段提到， 这种电池looks likea regular watch battery,与手表里电池外形相似，但并不等同手表电池，所以B 也不是正确选择文章只是说电池的部件（ 但并没有说整个电池） 小到只能用显微镜才能看到， 所以C 也不是正确的选择。

D 才是第△段所要表达的主要内容，因此是答案5 .A 短文最后一段的第四句（ "you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts, sideto side, across one hair”） 提供了本题的答案返回+ 第三十五篇Putting Plants to Work （ 植物 效 能 2013理工B 真题）Using the power of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildingswith solar panels for decades. But plants are the real experts : They've been using sunlight as an energysource fbr billions of years.太阳能的使用已经不足为奇几十年前，人们就开始使用太阳能计算器，制造太阳能电热板镶嵌的建筑但是植物当属应用太阳能的专家：十亿年来，植物一直把阳光作为能源资源。

Ceils in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, andwater into1 sugars and starches, stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is calledphotosynthesis. Unfortunately, unless you're a plant, it's difficult and expensive to convert sunlight intostorable energy. That's why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it.绿叶植物细胞的工作就像微型加工厂一样，将阳光，二氧化碳和水转化为糖和淀粉，并且同时储存植物本身所需的能量这种转换过程叫做光合作用可惜你不是一株植物，必须困难的并且花上大价钱将阳光转换为稳定的能源。

因此，科学家们正在对植株进行准确细致的研究Some scientists are trying to get plants, or biological cells that act like plants, to work as miniaturephotosynthetic power stations. For example, Mafia Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratoryin Golden, Colo.2, is working with green algae3. She's trying to trick them into producing hydrogen4instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the researchers can get the algae workingefficiently, the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel Cells in cars or to generateelectricity.•些科学家正试图像植物的作用过程一样，将植物，或生物的细胞活动看做微型光合发电站。

例如，玛丽亚•奇若蒂在美国科罗拉多州的国家可再生能源实验室里对绿藻进行研究她正想方设法的通过植物的产生氢来取代光合作用产生的糖一旦研究人员了解藻类如何有效率的进行工作，由此产生的氢气可用于燃料电池动力汽车和发电The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. Duringphotosynthesis, plants normally make sugars or starches. HBut under certain conditions, a lot of algae areable to use the sunlight energy not to store starch, but to make hydrogen. H Ghirardi says. For example,algae will produce hydrogen in an air free environment. Ifs the oxygen in the air that prevents algae frommaking hydrogen most of the time.在实验室里，藻类生长通过狭窄的颈玻璃瓶生产氢气的环境下。

在光合作用下，植物通常产生糖类或淀粉奇若蒂说：“ 但在一定条件下，有很多藻类能够利用II光能源产生氢气而不是储存淀粉 例如，藻类会在空气存在环境下产生氢气这是因为空气中的氧气，氧阻止绿藻制造氢Working in an air free environment, however, is difficult. It's not a practical way to produce cheapenergy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate fromthe environment that the algae grow in, they will make hydrogen instead of sugars, even when air ispresent.藻类在空气中虽然可以工作，但是充满困难这种方式不能切实可行的生产廉价的能源但是奇若蒂和她的同事们已经发现，即使在目前的空气条件下，他们从藻类生长的环境中，除去所渭的硫酸化学品，能够产生氢来代替糖。

Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algae's cells work very slowly, and not muchhydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogenefficiently from algae. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells* activity and produce largerquantities of hydrogen.只可惜消除硫酸盐不仅使藻类细胞的工作速度减慢，而且大大减少了氢的数量尽管如此，研究人员认为，对于实现有效率的利用藻类产生氢这一目标，他们已经迈出了第一步随着工作量的加大，他们可以加速细胞的活动，从而产生大量的氢气The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The organisms are cheapto get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere: "You can grow them in a reactor, ina pond. You can grow them in the ocean. There's a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms. n研究人员们希望，总有一天藻类会成为很容易使用的燃料来源。

藻类这种生物极易存活，他们可以在几乎任何地方成长奇若蒂说, ：“ 你可以将它放在一反应堆或是池塘里，也可以在海洋中找到它们，人们可以灵活的使用藻类的用途广泛词汇：panel n .嵌板，发热板，仪 器 板 miniature adj. 口巧. 微型的carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 algae n . 水藻，海藻starch n .淀 粉 sulfate n .硫酸盐，硫酸酯photosynthesis n .光合作用注释：1. convert.., into...: 将. . . 转换为. . . .2. Colo.: Colorado,（ 美国科罗拉多州） 的缩写形式3 . Green algae:绿藻4 .trick them into producing hydrogen:想方设法使它们产生氢trick作为动词，有“ 欺骗、哄骗” 的意思，但是在这里的意思是“ 设法” 或“ 采取措施工练习:1. What does the writer say about plants concerning solar energy?A) Plants are *the real experts in producing solar energy.B) Plants have been used to produce solar energy.C) Plants have been using solar energy for billions of years.D) Plants have been a source of solar energy.2. Why do some scientists study how plants convert sunlight carbon dioxide, and water intosugars and starches?A) Because they want algae to produce sugars and starches.B) Because they want green plants to become a new source of energy.C) Because they want to turn plant sugars to a new form of energy.D) Because they want to make photosynthesis more efficient.3. According to the fifth paragraph, under what conditions are algae able to use solar energy tomake hydrogen?A) When there is a lot of oxygen in the air.B) When there is no oxygen in the air.C) When photosynthesis is taking place.D) When enough starch is stored.4. Researchers have met with difficulties when trying to make algae produce hydrogenefficiently. Which one of the following is one such difficulty?A) It is not possible to remove sulfate from the environment.B) It is not possible to work in an airfree environment to produce hydrogen.C) It is not easy to make sugars instead of hydrogen.D) It is too slow for algae to produce hydrogen when the sulfate is removed.5. What is NOT true of algae?A) They are easy to grow.B) They can be a very good fuel source.C) They are cheap to cat.D) They can be used in many ways.答案与题解：l.C 根据文章第一段最后一句的意思，c 是正确选择：植物从来就利用阳光作为能源。

2 .B 文章的第三段说，科学家企图将植物或植物类生物细胞作为微型光合能源供应站来研究，并举例说，他们正在用绿藻进行实验，若成功，绿藻所产生的林将可用来为汽车的燃料电池充电所以答案是B3.B 文章第四段告诉我们： …algae will produce hydrogen in an air free environment.没有空气的情况肯定就没有氧气了该段最后一句又说，是氧阻止绿藻制造氢4.D选项A、 B 都不是正确答案， 因为短文的第六段告诉我们， remove sulfate和 work in an air freeenvironment都是可能的，但问题是两者都有弊端，使氢的制造不那么容易D 所述内容就是困难之一：绿藻细胞因为没有了 sulfate而减缓工作速度，因此产生不了多少氢5 .C 根据短文最后一段的描述，绿藻可以在任何地方生长，它们是很容易使用的燃料能源，而且用途广泛，所以，A、B、C 都是正确的描述，不是答案C 是答案，因为“The organisms are cheapto get and to feed”中的feed是" 养殖” 的意思, 不能解释为“ 吃返回+ 第三十六篇Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning ( 听觉仪器提供早期山崩预警)A device that provides early warning of a landslide by monitoring vibrations in soil is being tested byUK researchers. The device could save thousands of lives each year by warning when an area should beevacuated, the scientists say. Such natural disasters are common in countries that experience sudden,heavy rainfall, and can also be triggered by earthquakes and even water erosion.英国研究者们正在测试一种仪器，它可以通过监测土壤振动提供早期山崩预告。

科学家们说，这种仪器通过警报某处有险情需要撤离，每年可以拯救成千上万的生命经历过骤降大雨，地震甚至土壤侵蚀的国家，山崩这样的自然灾害是很常见的Landslides start when a few particles of soil or rock within a slope start to move, but the early stagescan be hard to spot. Following this initial movement, ^slopes can become unstable in a matter of hours orminutes," says Nell Dixon at Southborough University1, UK. He says a warning system that monitors thismovement "might be enough to evacuate a block of flats or clear a road, and save lives. n当同一个山坡上的一些土壤或石块开始移动时，山崩就开始了，但早期很难发现。

接着这个初始运动，“ 山坡在数分钟或数小时内变得不稳定，“ 英国拉夫堡大学尼尔•迪克森说他说，一个监控这种运动的警报系统“ 足以疏散一个街区的人或清出一条马路，拯救生命The most common way to monitor a slope for signs of an imminent landslide is to watch for changesin its shape. Surveyors can do this by measuring aside directly, or sensors sunk into boreholes or fixedabove ground can be used to monitor the shape of a slope. Slopes can. however, change shape withouttriggering a landslide, so either method is prone to causing false alarms. Now Dixon's team has developeda device that listens for the vibrations* caused when particles begin moving within a slope.监视迫近的山崩，最常见的办法就是观察这座山形状的变化。

研究者们可以直接测量，也可以在钻孔中或者地表面上探测山坡形状的变化可是，山坡改变形状也未必就导致山崩所以任何一种方法都可能导致误警现在，迪克森的团队已发明了一种仪器，它在一个山坡内的颗粒开始移动时可以接收到振动The device takes the form of a steel pipe dropped into a borehole in a slope. The borehole is filled inwith gravel around the pipe to help transmit high-frequency vibrations generated by particles within theslope. These vibrations pass up the tube and are picked up by a sensor on the surface. Software analysesthe vibration signal to determine whether a landslide may be imminent.这个仪器是钢管形状，探人山坡上的一个钻孔中。

钻孔中仪器的四周填满沙砾，有助于传导山坡内颗粒产生的高频振动波振动波顺着钢管上传，被地表传感器接收通过软件分析振动信号，判断是否马上要发生山崩The device is currently being tested in a 6-metre-tall artificial clay embankment in Newcastle2, UK.Early results suggest it should provide fewer false positives than existing systems. Once it has beencarefully and thoroughly tested, the device could be used to create a complete early-warning system fordangerous Slopes.目前这种仪器正在英国纽卡斯尔一座6 米高人造石灰大坝中接受测试先期结果显示它比现有的仪器提供较少的判断误差一旦这种仪器通过了认真彻底的检测，它将成为一个完善的山崩早期预警系统" Locations with a significant risk of landslides could definitely benefit from a machine like this,"says Adam Poulter, an expert at the British Red Cross. "As long as it doesn't cost too much, n But, Poulteradds that an early-warning system may not be enough on its own. nYou need to have the humancommunication,H he says. nMaking systems that get warnings to those who need them can be difficult. n“ 受山崩严重威胁的地区一•定会从这样的仪器中得益， " 英国红十字会的专家艾登•保特说， “ 只要它不是太贵。

但是，保特又说一个早期预警系统本身并不足以防灾，“ 你需要建立人际交流，”他说，“ 使系统发射的预警送达到需要的人群是不容易的事41. What does "Such natural disasters** in the first paragraph refer to?A Sudden, heavy rainfall.B Earthquakes.C Water erosion.D Landslides.42. Which of the following statements is true of landslides?A The initial movement is hard to spot.B They start with a movement of a few particles of soil or rock.C They can be destructive in a matter of hours or minutes.D All of the above.43. Why do researchers develop a new device to monitor signs of landsides?A Because the new device can measure the site directly.B Because the new device can be sunk into boreholes or fixed above ground.C Because the common methods can cause false alarms.D Because the common methods are useless.44. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the device, according to Paragraph 4?A It is filled in with gravel.B It consists of a steel pipe.C It is dropped into a borehole filled in with gravel.D It is connected to a sensor on the surface.45. According to the context, what does the word "positives” in the fifth paragraph mean?A Positive electric charges.B Evidences.C Warnings.D Predictions.答案与题解：l . D 短文第一段的第一句告诉我们，英国研究人员正在测试一种仪器， 这种仪器可以通过监测土攘的振动来预警山崩。

该段的后一句说，这种灾难经常在一些遭受自然灾害的国家发生，这些自然灾害包括 sudden heavy rainfall earthquakes 以及 water erosion（＞ 所以 D 是正确选择2. DA、B、C 的内容都可在第二段中找到所 以 D 是正确答案3 . C 第三段的第一和第二句告诉我们，I囱为普通的监测山崩方法是对山披形状变化的观察，有两种观察方式： 第三句说，因为山坡形状的变化不一定导致山崩， 所以两种方法都会有虚假的预警因此， C 是正确答案4. A B、 C、 D 所述内容都可在第四段中找到The borehole is filled in with gravel around the pipe.在被凿出的洞里填充沙砾，围在钢管四周不是在钢管里填充沙砾所 以 A 是错误的说法，是正确的选择5. B positives在此用作名词，意思是：被证实的因素或特点，可以理解为证据返回+ 第三十七篇"Do^t Drink Alone" Gets New Meaning （ 不要在就餐时间以外饮酒有了新含义）In what may be bad news for bars and pubs, an European research group has found that peopledrinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than dothose taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of1,500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3,500 adults who had never had cancer.一定程度上， 这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌症的机率比就餐时饮酒更高。

Luigino Dal Maso和他的同事们研究了取自四项癌症研究的1,500个病例的饮酒习惯模式和另外3,500个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals whodowned a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancerin the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals.Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal cancer.“Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites traced too smoking or drinking by study volunteers,Dal Maso says. The discouraging news his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn't eliminate cancerrisk at any of the sites.在研究者分析了饮酒的总量后，他们发现和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比，在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人面临至少50380% 的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危险。

在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患喉癌的可能性增加至少20%o “ 被研究者的情况说明大约95%患以上四种癌症的原因就是抽烟或饮酒"DalMas他的研究小组提供的报告令人沮丧的消息是就餐时饮酒不会消除患以上任何一种癌症的危险For their new analysis, the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based onhow many drinks they reported having in an average week. The lowest-intake group included people whoaveraged up to 20 drinks a week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcoholweekly for an average of eight or more per day. Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadilywith consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared withpeople in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at leastdoubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx. If people in these consumption groups tooksome of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their riskfbr oral cavity and esophageal cancers.为了进行新的分析，欧洲科学家根据每星期平均饮酒量将被研究者分为4 组。

饮酒量最少的一组包括每周平均饮酒量达20杯的人，饮酒量最高的一组每周饮酒至少56杯，平均每天8 杯以上患口腔癌和喉癌的危险随着饮酒量而稳定上升，即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人例如，和低饮酒量的人相比，每周饮酒21〜 34杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌症的危险增加了 一 倍 如果这几组中的人在就餐时间以外饮酒，那些属于高饮酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的危险至少增加3 倍People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oralcancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared withthose who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk thehigh-intake, with-meals-only group was only triple that in the low-intake consumers who drank withmeals.和每周只在就餐时平均饮酒至多20杯的人相比，高饮酒量组的人在就餐时间饮酒患口腔癌的危险是低饮酒量组的10倍，咽癌是其7 倍，食道癌16倍。

相反，酒精高摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人患喉癌的危险是酒精低摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人的3 倍"Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer." Dal Maso says. Hesuspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbingalcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all studyparticipants traces to the tissue's lower exposure to alcohol.“ 酒精能使组织发炎，一段时间后，炎症可引发癌症"Dal Mas他认为食物降低了患癌症的危险，或是通过覆盖在消化道组织上或是通过将酒精从那些组织上擦除他推测所有被研究者患喉癌的机率比其他癌症低很多的原因是组织被酒精侵害到的部分少。

1. Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with peopleA. who drink alcohol outside of meals.B. who drink alcohol at meals.C. who never drink alcohol.D. who drink alcohol at bars and pubs.2. Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking withmeals”？A. It has a lower risk of cancer than drinking without food.B. It may also be a cause of cancer.C. It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.D. It does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?A. 3 drinks.B. 8 drinks.C. 20 drinks.D. 50 drinks.4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage?A. Oral cancerB. Laryngeal cancer （ 喉癌）C. Pharyngeal cancerD. Esophageal cancer5. According to the last paragraph, tissuefs lower exposure to alcoholA. explains why inflammation triggers cancer.B. accounts fbr why food can coat digestive-tract tissues.C. is the reason why food can scrub alcohol off tissues.D. reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.返回+ 第三十八篇"Life Form Found1' on Saturn's Titan （ 2012真题）（ 土卫六上发现了生命迹象）Scientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturn's moon2. The discovery of a sortof life was announced after researchers at the US space agency, NASA3, analyzed data from spacecraftCassini4,which pointed to, the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturn's biggest moon.科学家们说， 在土卫六上发现了外星生命迹象并宣布了这一发现。

美国国家航空航天局（ NASA）的研究者们对卡西尼号探测器所传回来的数据进行了分析，数据表明，土星卫星中最大的一颗卫星有以甲烷为基础的生命的存在迹象Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are "breathing" in Titan*sdense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.据报道，科学家们已经找到了在土卫六高浓度氢气大气层里“ 呼吸” 的原始外星生命的线索They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titan's planet-like surface covered withmethane lakes and rivers. This, they say, points to the existence of someHbugs"5 consuming the hydrogenat the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth.他们认为，氢气在到达布满甲烷河流湖泊的土卫六类似行星一样的表层前就已经被吸收了。

这就证明在这个不及半个地球大小的卫星表面有某种微生物在依靠氢气生存"We suggested hydrogen consumption because it's the obvious gas fbr life to consume on Titan,similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth, "says NASA scientist Chris McKay."If these signs doturn out to be a sign of life, it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of lifeindependent from water-based life on Earth.n美国国家航空航天局的科学家Chris Mckay说，“ 我们提出有氢气的消耗，是由于它是土卫六上生命赖以生存的显而易见的气体，就像我们地球上用氧气呼吸一样如果这些迹象最终证明是生命的迹象，它会加倍令人兴奋，因为它会代表完全不同于地球上水基生命的第二种生命。

To date, scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere, though there areliquid-water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product.On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6（ minus 290 degrees Farenheit） , a methane basedorganism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium fbr living processes, but not wateritself. Water is frozen solid on Titan's surface and much too cold to support life as we know it.时至今日，尽管地球上的依赖液体水的微生物在甲烷里生长良好或把它作为废物排出，科学家在任何地方都没有探测到这种生命的形式。

在土卫六上，绝对温度达到9 0 度（ 相当于摄氏・273・ 15度） ，依赖于甲烷的微生物不得不用某种液体物质作为生存的介质，这种液体不是水，水在土卫六上会冻成冰块，不能融化我们知道，冰块太冷不能维持生命Scientists had expected the Sun,s interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coatingof acetylene on Titan's surface. But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.科学家们原指望太阳与大气层中的化学物质相互作用会在土卫六上产生一层乙快但卡西尼号在它的表面没有探测到乙快The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titan*s surface can very well have a non-biologicalexplanation, said Mark Allen, a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team.Mark Allen是美国宇航局土卫六项目组的主要负责人，他说道，既然在土卫六的表面没有探测到乙快，那就充分说明上面没有生物。

"Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after allnon-biological explanations are addressed, "Allen said. HWe have a lot of work to do to rule out8 possiblenon-biological explanations. It is more likely that a chemical process, without biology, can explain theseresults.nAllen说：“ 科学界的保守主义者们建议，要做出土卫六上有生物的结论，首先必须对土卫六上所有没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们任重道远极为可能的是，一种化学过程而非生物学能解释这些结果词汇：Saturn ^sastan/ n. 土星 methane/'mi:0ein/ n . 甲烷，沼气Titan/'taitsn/ n. 土卫六 acetylene/9fsetili:n/ n . 乙焕alien/'eiljon/n.外星人；a d j.外星球的；相异的conservatism/ksn^ :vatizom/ n . 保守主义， 守旧注释：1 .hints of alien life：夕卜星生命迹象。

2 .the Saturn's moon：指土卫六（ Titan）土卫六又称泰坦星，是土星卫星中最大的一颗3 .NASA： 美国国家航空航天局的缩写， 全称是： National Aeronautics and Space Administration«4 .spacecraftCassini：卡西尼号探测器，以出生于意大利的法国天文学家卡西尼的名字命名，其任务是环绕土星飞行，对土星及其大气、光环、卫星和磁场进行深入考察1997年 1 0 月 1 5 日，重六吨的“ 卡西尼” 号星际探测器被发射飞往土星的轨道这是上世纪发射的最后一艘行星际探测的大飞船 卡西尼” 号用了将近七年时间，在 2004年 7 月 1 日飞达土星轨道5 .bugs：微生物非正式口语表达，所以使用了引号6 .Kelvin：可翻译成“ 绝对温度" Kelvin Scale , 绝对温标, 开氏温标, 是由Kelvin勋爵于19世纪中叶发明的温度计量方法，其零度相当于摄氏一 273. 15” C , 被认为是宇宙中最低温度这种温度计量方法多为科学家使用7 .principal investigator：研究项目负责人8 .rule out：排除.的可能性练习：1 .What have scientists found about Saturn?A They have found a new moon orbiting Saturn.B They have found methane-based life on Saturn.C They have found methane-based life on Titan.D They have found earthlike life on a Saturn's moon.2. What do scientists say about Titan?A There arc life clues there.B There is acetylene there.C Water on Titan exists in the form of ice.D Rivers and lakes there contain life formls.3. To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life.（ paragraph 5） What doesnthis form oflife** refer to?A Water-based life.B Methane-based life.C Liquid-water-based microorganisms.D Gas-based life.4. What can be inferred from what Allen said?A Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan.B Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan.C Scientists all suggest that a biological explanation is reasonable.D Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a possible explanation.5. Which of the following can replace the title of this passage?A Earthlike Living Beings Found on Titan.B Finding of One More Moon of Saturn.C Titan,a New Satellite Found.D A different Life Form, a Possibility.答案与题解：l . C 短文的第一段提供了答案。

该段告诉读者，科学家在土星的卫星土卫六（Titan ）上发现了生命的迹象，这些生命的存在是以甲烷为基础的2 .A 根据第二段“Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings arebreathing1 in Titanfs dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.,\ 说明土卫六（ Titan）有生命迹象因此A 是答案3 . B this form of life指的是土卫六（Titan ）上以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，即该文讨论的主题4 .A 科学家至今对土卫六是否存在生物有不同的观点和解释A llen说要做出土卫六上有生物的结论，首先必须对Titan上没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们还须付出努力所以只有A 是正确选择5 .D 该短文的主题是，科学家在土卫六（Titan ）上发现了一种与地球生物不同的生命形式的迹象，即以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，但科学家还未能最后验证这一发现第四段中的一个句子能够揭示该短文的主题：“If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would bedoubly excitingbecause it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.”返回+ 第三十九篇Clone Farm （ 克隆农场）Factory farming could soon enter a new era of mass production. Companies in the US are developingthe technology needed to "clone" chickens on a massive scale'. Once a chicken with desirable traits hasbeen bred or genetically engineered2, tens of thousands of eggs, which will hatch into identical copies3,could roll off the production lines every hour. Billions of clones could be produced each year to supplychicken farms with birds that all grow at the same rate, have the same amount of meat and taste the same.工' 也化农场很快会进入•个大产量的新领域。

美国的公司正在开发一项需要大规模克隆小鸡的技术一旦一个具有所期望特性的小鸡被孵化出来或被基因改造，每小时成千上万的鸡蛋会孵出如出一辙的小鸡滚下生产线 每年上百万的克隆小鸡能被孵化出来， 从而为鸡场提供以相同比例生长，重量相同并且味道相同的小鸡This, at least, is the vision of the US*s National Institute of Science and Technology, which has givenOrigen Therapeutics of Burlingame, California, and Embrex of North Carolina $4.7 million to help fundresearch4. The prospect has alarmed animal welfare groups, who fear it could increase the suffering offarm birds.这至少是美国国家科技院的梦想，科技院给OnrigenTherapeuticsofBurlinggame,California,以及EmbrexoiNorthCaroling470万基金以资助研究。

这个预想为担忧增加鸡场小鸡痛苦的动物福利组织拉响了警报That's unlikely to put off6 the poultry industry, however, which wants disease-resistant birds that growfaster on less food. ^Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there,nsays Mike Fitzgerald of Origen. To meet this demand, Origen aims to "create an animal that is effectively aclone"， he says. Normal cloning doesn*t work in birds because eggs can't be removed and implanted.Instead, the company is trying to bulk-grow6, embryonic stem cells7 taken from fertilized eggs as soon astheyYe laid. "The trick is to culture" the cells without them starting to distinguish, so they remainpluripotent/* says Fitzgerald.那好像并没有让使家禽养殖业气馁，然而，他们想使抗痛小鸡吃得更少，长得更快，“ 养殖者希望减少投入但仍获得相同的产量，"MikeFitzgeraldofOrigen说，为了达到这个要求，Origen致力于“ 制造一个有效克隆体的小鸡，” 他说，正常的克隆技术对鸟类无效，因为卵不能被移动或移植。

然而, 公司正试图大量繁殖刚产下的受精卵中提取的胚胎的干细胞技巧是在细胞开始显示其差别前对其进行培育，这样它们还保持多能性''Fitzgerald说Using a long-established technique, these donor cells will then be injected into the embryo of afreshly laid, fertilized recipient egg9, forming a chick that is a "chimera”. Strictly speaking a chimera isn't aclone, because it contains cells from both donor and recipient. But Fitzgerald says it will be enough isay,95 percent of a chicken*s body develops from donor cells. "In the poultry world, it doesn't matter if it's not100 percent," he says.运用早己形成的技术，这些干细胞会被注入刚孵出的，- 受精的，要接受细胞植入的鸡蛋的胚胎中，形成一个嵌合体的小鸡。

严格地说，嵌合体的小鸡不是克隆鸡，因为它既有植入的细胞又有本身的细胞但 Fitzgerald说，如果小鸡身体的95%是由被植入的细胞发展而来的就足够了 在家禽界，不 是 100%也没关系Another challenge for Origen is to scale up10 production. To do this, it has teamed up with11 Embrex,which produces machines that can inject vaccines into up to 50,000 eggs12 an hour. Embrex is now tryingto modify the machines to locate the embryo and inject the cells into precisely the right spot withoutkilling it.Origen面临的另一个挑战是提高生产量为了做到这点，他 和 Embrex合作研制了一个可将疫苗注入50000个鸡蛋中的仪器 Embrex正试图改造那个仪器， 从而使胚胎和注射的细胞落在准确的位置而不杀死它。

In future, Origen imagines freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken1". If orders come infor a particular strain, millions of eggs could be produced in months or even weeks. At present,maintaining all the varieties the market might call for is too expensive for breeders, and takes years tobreed enough chickens to produce the billions of eggs that farmers need.在将来，Origen设想将不同品种小鸡的干细胞冷冻，如果定单要某一种小鸡，成百万的卵能在几个月甚至几个星期被生产出来，目前，维持市场可能需要的各种小鸡对养殖者来说太昂贵了，那要花数年的时间培育足够多的小鸡以生产出农民需要的上百万鸡蛋词汇：clone/klaun/n.&v.克隆, 无性繁殖 implant /im I pla:nt/ v.植入；移植 embryonic / I embri Imnk/ adj.胚胎的 fertilise /!f3:tilaiz/ v.使受精注释：1. on a massive scale:大规模2. genetically engineered：经过基因改造。

genetical engineering：遗传工程3. hatch into identical copies：孵出如出一辙的（ 小）鸡4. to help fund research： 资助研究fund用作动词，research是它的宾语5. put off：意 为 “discourage” （ 使. . 气馁） 6. bulk-grow： 大量繁殖7. stem cell：干细胞8. culture：动词，意思是：培育9. a freshly laid, fertilized recipient egg:新产下的；已受精的；要接受细胞植入的鸡蛋10. scale up： 提高，按比例增加11. team up with：与 合作12. up to 50,000 eggs：多达 5 万只鸡蛋13. different strains of chicken：不同品种的鸡练习：1. Which statement is the best description of the new era of factory farming according to thefirst paragraph?A. Eggs are all genetically engineered.B. Thousands of eggs are produced every hour.C. Cloned chickens are bulk-produced with the same growth rate, weight and taste.D. Identical eggs can be hatched on the production lines.2. Which institution has offered $4.7 million to fund the research?A. The US's National Institute of Science and Technology.B. Origen therapeutics of Burlingame, California.C. Embrex of North Carolina.D. Animal welfare groups.3. In the third paragraph, by saying “Producers would like the same meat quantity but to usereduced inputs to get there." Mike Fitzgerald means that he wishesA. chickens, quality could be maintained but with less investment.B) chickens* taste could be improved but at less costs.C) chickens* growth rate could be quickened but with less inputs.D) chickens could grow to the same weight but with less feed.4. Which of the following statements about Origen and Embrex is correct according to the fifthparagraph?A) Origen and Embrex will jointly invent machines to increase production.B) Origen wants to purchase an efficient donor cells injecting machine.C) Origen has joined hands with Embrex in producing cell-iiijecting machines.D) Origen is the leading company in producing embryo-locating machines.5. The technology of freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken can do all the followingEXCEPT thatA) farmers can order certain strains of chicken only.B) Origen can supply all the strains of chicken the market might need.C) chicken farmers order certain strains of chicken fbr economic reasons.D) chicken farmers can be supplied with whatever strain they need.答案与题解：l . c 第一段最后一句提供了直接的答案。

2. A 第二段共提到三个研究机构和一个民间组织The US's National Institute of Science andTechnology 为研究提供了 经费, 被资助的研究机构是 Origen Therapeutics of Burlingame, California 禾口 Embrex of North Carolina.因此，A 是答案3 . D 原句的意思有两点是关键的，即每只鸡提供的肉量不变， 但饲料( inputs)要 减 少 只有D符合原意4. C 该段第二个句子中which引导的从句表明，是 Embrex生产疫苗注射装置， 而不是两家研究单位共同研制Embrex在此基础上将装置改造为细胞注射装置所以， 只有C 最接近原意5. A 最后一段的大意是，如果能冷冻所有品种的鸡的干细胞，那么，无论需要什么品种的鸡或多少数量，都不是问题但是，目前储备所有品种是非常昂贵的B、C、 D 从几方面表达了这层意思因此，只有A 是答案返回+ 第四十篇Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety (2012新增文章) ( 教数学，教焦虑)In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at theUniversity of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between whatfemale teachers think and what female students leam:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her ownmath skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.在最新一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家Sian Beilock和 Susan Levine发现， 女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系： 如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能认为男孩子数学比女孩学得更好。

"If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowballeffect on their math achievement3 , said Levine. In other words, girls may end up learning math anxietyfrom their teachers4. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at maththan girls are, then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.” 如果一直由对数学有焦虑的女教师教授数学，就会对她们的数学成绩产生雪球效应" ，Levine说换言之，女孩子们最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑该研究表明，如果女孩子们在一个认为男孩比女孩数学好的环境中成长，那么她们的数学可能会不如在更自信的状态下学得好。

Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult tolearn - and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult fbr everyoneo Researchers use the word“anxiety” to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.如同学生，教师也会觉得某些学科难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的“ 焦虑” ：不 自在或担心The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence how herfemale students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls, 52 boys and 17 first- and second-gradeteachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginningand end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.此研究发现，教师对数学的焦虑能够传染给她的女学生们。

该研究的研究对象包括65个女孩，52个男孩和17位在中西部教一二年级的教师学生们在学年的开始和结束时都进行数学测试，研究者们比较得分The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstarhad to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious aboutmath,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as whenreading a sales receipt5. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, forexample,was probably anxious about math.研究者们测试学生是否认为数学明星一定会是男孩。

然后研究者们测试教师，试图找出哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当碰到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，如果•位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她很可能对数学存在焦虑Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On average, girls with math-anxious teachersscored lower on the end-of^the-year math tests than other girls in the study didPlus, on the test showingwhether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would bebetter at math — and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.平均来说，教师的焦虑不会影响到男孩子。

但是，一般说来，如果教女孩子的教师有数学焦虑症，那么女孩子们在学年结束时测试得分比其他的女孩要低另外，在关于是否认为数学明星应该是男孩的测试中，有 20个女孩认为男孩数学比女孩好，这 20个女孩的老师都是女性，旦都患有数学焦虑症"This is an interesting study, but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need ofreplication with a larger sample6," said David Geary, a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 inColumbia.来自密苏里大学的心理学家David Geary说” 这是一个有趣的研究，但是这只是初步结果，需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证“ 词汇：snowball /'snaub :1/雪球；滚雪球式增长的事 replication/replTkei sn/ n .重复，复现superstar/fsju:p9sta:/ n . 超级明星练习：1. University of Chicago：芝加哥大学。

位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大学，创建于1891年2. keep getting math-anxious female teachers： 一直由对数学有焦虑感的女教师教授数学此处getting是 having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的对数学没有自信的心理状态另见第三段最后一句对anxiety的解释3. snowball effect on their math achievement：在数学成就上的雪球效应其含义是：在数学上越来越没有信心4. end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑Endup doing something：最终会做某市5. sales receipt：销售清单6. in need of replication with a larger sample：需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证replication在量化实证研究中的意思是“ 重 复 （ 实验）7. the University of Missouri：密苏里大学位于密苏里州，是美国一所公立研究型大学，创建于 1839年。

练习：1. What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the firstparagraph?A Girls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math.B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.C Female teachers* math skills have influence over girl students* math skills.D Female teachers* confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.2. What is implied in the third paragraph?A Math teachers,like math learners,do not like the subject due to its difficulty.B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers' confidence in teaching the subject.C Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math.D Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.3. According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they feltA nervous memorizing the numbers of a sales receipt.B helpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt.C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.D hopeless filling in the numbers of a sales report.4. The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findingsA prove a strong link between female teachers* math anxiety and their female students* mathachievements.B show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than female students.C provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females.D discover a strong link between teachers1 math anxiety and their students* math achievements.5. David Geary thinks thatA the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process.B the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.C the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful.D the study is well based and produces significant results.答案与题解：l .D 该段告诉我们女教师的想法(what female teachers think) 和女学生的学习(what femalestudents learn)之间有很大的关联度，也就是说，女教师如果对自己的数学技能没有自信，她的女学生很可能相信男孩子会在数学方面超过女孩子。

2 .B 第三段的大意是，数学对任何人来说都可能有难度(The subject of math can be particularlydifficult for everyone),如同学生，教师也会觉得数学难学利难教，这就是研究者所言的焦虑所以，可以推断，作者是要告诉我们，教师会因为数学这门学科的难度而对教授该课程不自信其他选项都不是该段所要表杵的内容3 .C 第五段第三句"To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked theteachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt”指出 了答案memorizing the numbers；意为" 记住数字" ；saving the numbers 意为" 保存数字" ；filling in thenumbers意为“ 陆续编入数字” ，而且文中没有提到a sales report；它们均不是答案4 .A 短文的第六段是对前•段所述调查数据结果的讨论，即，男学生较少受对数学有焦虑感的教师影响，而那些数学成绩较低的女牛. 都有对数学有焦虑感的教师(girls with math-anxious teachersscored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests),而同，所有认为男牛. 数学肯定比女生强的女生，其数学教师都是有数学焦虑感的女教师( all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had mathanxiety. ) 。

D 所以不是正确的选择， 因为只提到teachers和 students,而不是female teachers和 femalestudents o5 .B 根 据 David Geary的说法，实验结果还是初步的(preliminary),需要更大的样本对其进行重复验证( in need of replication with a larger sample)他没有认为该实验的过程不可靠，所以A 不是正确选项；他认为实验样本不够大，所以D 也不是正确选项返回+ 第 四 篇 Too Little for Global Warming ( 全球变暧" 缺油" )Oil and gas will run out1 too fast for doomsday global warming scenarios2 to materialize, according toa controversial new analysis presented this week at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. The authors warnthat all the fuel will be burnt before there is enough carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to realize predictionsof melting ice caps and searing temperatures. Defending their predictions, scientists from theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change3 say they considered a range of estimates of oil and gasreserves, and point out that coal-burning could easily make up4 the shortfall. But all agree that burning coalwould be even worse fbr the planet.根据本周在瑞典乌普萨拉大学新发表的一个具有争议性的分析，石油和天然气会在全球变暖这一世界末日的场景到来之前耗尽。

作者警告说，在使大气中含有足够的二氧化碳造成冰冠融化和温度升高等场景出现之前，石化燃料会先消耗殆尽来自政府间气候变化专门委员会( IPC C )的专家为自己的预测变化说, 他们是根据一系列的石油及天然气存量来预测， 并指出燃煤可减轻填补不足的差额不过所有人都同意燃煤将会对地球造成更糟的影响The IPCC's predictions of global meltdown pushed forward5 the 1997 Kyoto6 Protocol, an agreementobliging signatory nations to cut CO2 emissions. The IPCC considered a range of future scenarios, fromunlimited burning of fossil-fuels to a fast transition towards greener energy sources. But geologists AndersSivertsson, Kjell Aleklett and Colin Campbell of Uppsala University say there is not enough oil and gasleft even the most conservative of the 40 IPCC scenarios to come to pass , .IPCC的全球冰雪融化预测推动了 1997年京都协议书的签订，签署国同意将缩减二氧化碳的总排放量。

IPC C预测了 •系列包含从无节制的使用石化燃料至快速过度到较环保能源所将产生的未来场景但是乌普萨拉大学的地质学家Anders Sivertsson, Kjell Aleklett和 Colin Campbell表示，即使是IPCC最保守的40 个预测场景，也没有足够的石油和天然气存量使其成真Although estimates of oil and gas reserves vary widely, the researchers are part of a growing group ofexperts who believe that oil supplies will peak as soon as 2010, and gas soon after. Their analysis suggeststhat oil and gas reserves combined about to the equivalent of about 3,500 billion barrels of oil considerablyless than the 5,000 billion barrels estimated in the most optimistic model envisaged by the IPCC. Even theaverage forecast of about 8,000 billion barrels is more than twice the Swedish estimate of the world'sremaining reserves.尽管乌普萨拉大学对石油和天然气存量的估算差别很大，但越来越多的研究者认为2010年将是石油供应的高峰期，紧接着就是天然气。

他们的分析表明石油和天然气的存储总量在35, 000亿桶左右而 IPCC最乐观的估算是50, 000亿桶左右对世界石油和天然气存量的平均预测是8,000亿桶，这甚至是瑞典人估算值的两倍Nebojsa Nakicenovic, an energy economist at the University of Vienna, Austria who headed the80-strong IPCC team that produced the forecasts, says the panePs work still stands8. He says they factoredin9 a much broader and internationally accepted range of oil and gas estimates than the “conservative”Swedes.NebojsaNakicenovic是奥地利维也纳大学的能源专家和经济学家他领导了多达80人的IPCC研究小组并做出了上述预测他说，IPCC对世界燃料的存量估计仍然站得住脚他认为和保守的瑞典人相比，IPCC的估算考虑到一些范围更广的、国际认定的燃料存在。

Even if oil and gas run out, “there's a huge amount of coal underground that could be exploited”, hesays that burning coal could make the IPCC scenarios come true, but points out that such a switch wouldbe disastrous. Coal is dirtier than oil and gas and produces more CO2 fbr each unit of energy, as well asreleasing large amounts of particulates. He says the latest analysis is a “shot across the bows 10" fbr policymakers.即使石油和天然气消耗殆尽，“ 还有大量的地下煤可以开采，” 他说，煤的燃烧能使IPCC的预言成为现实但他指出，这一转换会 灾难性的后果煤比石油和天然气脏，每一能量单位的使用会产生更多的二氧化碳，并释放出大量的微粒。

他说最近的研究给政策制定者们泼了盆冷水练习题：1. What do the authors of the new analysis presented at the University of Uppsala intend to say?A. the burning of coal will accelerate the arrival of Earth's doomsday.B. The oil reserves are big enough to materialize the doomsday scenariosC. Melting ice caps and searing temperatures exist only in science fictionD. Oil and gas will run out so fast that Earth's doomsday will never materialize.2. Nations that signed the Kyoto Protocol agree toA. pay attention to global meltdownB. cut CO2 emissionsC. use more green energyD. stop using fossil fuels3. What are the estimates of the world's oil and gas reserves?A. 4,000 billion barrels by the average forecastB. 8,000 billion barrels estimated by the SwedesC. 3,500 barrels envisaged by IPCCD. 3,500 billion by a growing number of scientists4. Which of the following about Nebojsa Nakicenovic is true?A. he thinks fossil fuels are as dirty as oil and gasB. he thinks green fuels will replace oil and gas eventuallyC. he thinks IPCC's view on the world's reserves is too optimisticD. he thinks thal IPCC's estimates are more optimistic than the Swedes5. Which of the following is the near explanation of Nakicenovic、assertion that ”・ ・ such aswitch would be disastrous..?A. The IPCC scenarios would come true because burning coal will emit larger amounts of CO2”B. A switch to burning coal would produce disastrous environmental problemsC. Oil and gas to replace coal as fuel would speed up the process of global warmingD. A switch from the IPCC scenarios to the policymakers' ones would be disastrous注释：1. run out:被用完2. doomsday global warming scenarios:全球变暧这一世界求末的场景。

scenarios:指“ 预料或期望的一系列事件的模式“ ，在戏剧中指“ 一场，一景” 3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change（ IPCC） :政府间气候变化专门委员会4. make up:弥补5. push forward:抓紧进行，推进6. Kyoto:京 都 （ 日本本州中西部一峻市） Kyoto Protocol:京都议定书（ 京都议定书是《 联合国气候变化框架公约》的约定俗成的称呼京都议定书规定，到 2010年，所有发达国家排放的二氧化碳等六种温室气体的数量，要 比 1990年 减 少 52%o ）7. come to pass: happen, occur （ 发使）8. the panefs work still stands委员会的工作结果（ 即对世界燃料的存量估算） 仍然站得住脚9. factor in:包括， 把. . . 计算在内, 如 :They factored sick days and vacations in when they preparedthe work schedule.当他们准备工作时间表时，他们把病假和假期都包括在内。

10. shot across the bows:泼冷水, 使. .打消计划和念头返回+ 第四十二篇Renewable Energy Sources （ 可再生能源）Today petroleum provides around 40% of the world's energy needs, mostly fuelling automobiles.Coal is still used, mostly in pover stations, to cover one-quarter of our energy needs, but it is the leastefficient, unhealthiest and most environmentally damaging fossil fuel. Natural gas reserves could plugsome of the gap from oil, but reserves of that will not last into the 22nd century either. Most expertspredict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years. We could fast reach an energy crisis. Weneed to rapidly develop sustainable solutions to fuel our future. Less-polluting renewable energy sourcesoffer a more practical long-term energy solution. They may benefit the world's poor too. "Renewable”refers to the fact that these resources are not used faster than they can be replaced.现今，汽汕满足了世界上约百分之四十的能源需要，大多用来为汽车提供燃料。

煤仍被使用，主要是在发电站，以解决我们四分之一的能源需求但煤却是最无效率，最不健康，最不环保的矿物燃料天然气的储量可填补部分石油短缺但这些储量也不能维持到2 2 世纪许多专家预计，我们很容易在5 0 年内耗尽可采掘的燃料储备我们将很快遇到能源危机我们需要立即发展可持续的方案来为未来提供能源污染少的可再生能源为我们提供了一个更现实的长期解决方案这些能源也会对世界上的穷人有益" 可再生' ' 是指这些能源被使用的速度低于其被更新的速度Hydroelectric power is now the most common form of renewable energy, supplying around 20% ofworld electricity. China's three gorges Dam, which has just been completed, is the largest ever. At fivetimes the size of the US's Hoover Dam, its 26 turbines will generate the equivalent energy of 18 coal-firedpower stations. It will satisfy 3% of China's entire electricity demand.2000多年前，中国人和罗马人使用风车。

但第一个水电大坝是1870年建于英国现在的水力发电已是最常见的可再生能源，占世界电力总量的20%中国刚建成的三峡大坝是最大的•个发电站 它是美国胡佛发电站的5 倍大 它的26台涡轮机可产生相当于18个烧煤的发电站所发的电量它将满足中国电力总需求的3% 令人吃惊的是，有人说，水电站排放大量温室气体In 2003, the first commercial power station to harness tidal currents in the open sea opened in Norway.It is designed like windmill, but others take the form of turbines.2003年，第一个利用大海上的潮汐能发电的商业电站在挪威建成它的设计好像一个风车，但其他方面则采用了涡轮的形式As prices fall, wind power has become the fastest growing type of electricity generation -quadrupling worldwide between 1999 and 2005. Modern wind farms consist of turbines that generateelectricity. Though it will be more expensive, there is more than enough wind to provide the world's entireenergy needs. Wind farms come in onshore and offshore forms. They can often end up at spots of naturalbeauty, and are often unpopular with residents. And turbines are not totally benign - they can interfere withradar and leave a significant ecological footprint, altering climate and lilling sea birds. Migrating birdsmay have more luck avoiding them. Scotland is building europe's largest wind fann, which wil power200,000 homes. The UK's goal is to generate onefifth of power from renewable sources, mainly wind, by2020. But this may cause problems, because wind is unreliable.由于费用降低， 风力发电已成为了发展最迅速的一种发电方式——1999年到2005年翻了两番。

现代风力农场由发电的涡轮机组成尽管成本更高，却会有源源不断的风力来满足全世界的所有能量需求风力农场分向岸和向海两种形式它们常常会出现在美丽的环境中，并常常人烟稀少涡轮机也并非百无一害的它们可干扰雷达信号，并在生态环境中留下痕迹，改变气候，杀死海鸟迁徙的鸟类可以更幸运地避开它们苏格兰正在建造欧洲最大的风力农场，可 为 2 0 万户家庭提供电力英国的目标是截至2020年达到五分之一的电力来自可再生能源，主要指风能，但这样做也有问题，因为风是不可靠的练习题：1. What are the energy resources that are not renewable according to the article?A Petroleum and coal.B Natural gas.C Wind and water.DA and B.2. China's Three Gorges DamA is the first hydroelectric dam in the world.B is of the same size of the US*s Hoover Dam.C is the largest of all the hydroelectric dams in the world.D supplies around 20% of the world electricity.3. Which is the country with thefirst commercial power station that makes use of ocean currentsproduced by tides?A China.B Norway.C England.D America.4. Which of the following statements is true of wind power?A There is plenty of wind to provide the world's entire energy needs.B It is the most rapidly growing type of electricity production.C It may not be reliable.D All of the above.5. According to the article, resources such as windA are sustainable but not replaceable.B are renewable so sustainable ( 可持续的).C are sustainable so renewable.D are irreplaceable.答案与题解：1. D 文章的第一段提到石油(petroleum )煤(coal)和天然气(natural gas)三种矿物燃料(fossilfu el),并且说这些可采掘到的燃料将在5 0 年的时间里用完，所以需要开发再生能源，文章后几段提到了水资源和风能这两种renewable resources。

根据这一理解D 是正确选项2. C A 是错误选项. 因为第二段第二句说世界上第一个水利大坝建在英国①是错误的选项，因为该段第五句指出三峡大坝比美国的Hoover大坝大五倍； 该段第三句说水力发电为世界提供20%的电能，所 以 D 也是错误的选项该段第四句则明确告诉我们C 是答案3. B 文章第三段说2003年挪威首次运营利用潮汐进行发电的商业电站所 以 B 是正确选项4 . D 文章的第四段提到了 A、B、C 的内容，所 以 D 是正确选项5. B 这个问题的理解依赖对整篇文章内容的理解文章的第一段的后一句说： refers to the factthat "Renewable^these resources are not used faster than they can be replaced.其意思是： 再生能源消耗的速度很慢，以至于不会被替代所以这种能源是sustainableo返回+ 第四十三篇Forecasting Methods ( 天气预报的方法- -2013理工A 真题)There are several different methods that can be used to create a forecast. The method forecasterchooses depends upon the experience of the forecaster, the amount of information available to theforecaster, the level of difficulty that the forecast situation presents, and the degree of accuracy orconfidence needed in the forecast.天气预报可用几种不同的方式来制作。

一个天气预报员采用什么方法来制作天气预报是山其经验决定的，预报员可利用的信息的数量，预报情况的困难程度，预报中需要的准确度和置信度The first of these methods is the persistence method； the simplest way of producing a forecast. Thepersistence method assumes that the conditions at the time of the forecast will not change. For example, ifit is sunny and 87 degree today, the persistence method predicts that it will be sunny and 87 degreetomorrow. If two inches of rain fell today, the persistence method would predict two inches of rain fortomorrow. However, if weather conditions change significantly from day to day, the persistence methodusually breaks down and is not the best forecasting method to use.每一种方法是持续性的方法。

这是制作天气预报最简单的方法 持续性方法假设在天气预报时，条件是不会发生变化的例如，如果今天是晴，8 7 度，持续性方法会预测明天也会是晴，8 7 度如果今天的降雨量是2 英寸，持续性方法会预测明天也会是2 英寸然而，如果天气状况一天天地显著变化，持续性方法常会出错，所以这不是制作天气预报的最佳方法The trends method involves detennining the speed and direction of movement for fronts, high andlow pressure centers, and areas of clouds and precipitation. Using this information, the forecaster canpredict where he or she expects those features to be at some future time. For example, if a storm system is1,000 miles west of your location and moving to the east at 250 miles per day, suing the trends method youwould predict it to arrive in your area in 4 days. The trends method works well when systems continue tomove at the same speed in the same direction for a long period of time, if they slow down, speed up,change intensity, or change direction, the trends forecast will probably not work as well.趋势性方法包括测定锋运动的速度和方向，高、 低压的中心和多云、降水地区。

利用这些信息，预报员能预测将来的某个时间什么地区会出现同样特征的天气状况例如，如果一个风暴在你居住地以西100英里且以每天250英里的速度向东移近运用趋势性方法，你能预测这个风暴在4 天以后将到达你所在的地区 当某一大气现象长时期以同一速度向同一方向运动时、趋势性方法很有效如果它们减速、加速变化或方向转变，这种制作天气预报的方法可能会不准确The climatology method is another simple way of producing a forecast. This method involvesaveraging weather statistics accumulated over man years to make the forecast. For example, if you wereusing the climatology method to predict the weather fbr new York City on July 4th, you would go throughall the weather data that has been recorded fbr every July 4th and take an average. The climatology methodonly works well when the weather pattern is similar to that expected fbr the chosen time of year, if thepattern is quite unusual fbr the given time of year, the climatology method will often fail.气候学方法是另一种制作天气预报的简单方法。

这种方法通过计算多年来积累的天气状况值的平均数来制作天气预报例如，如果你用气候学方法来预测7 月 4 I I纽约的天气状况，你会浏览每年 7 月 4 日纽约的天气数据记录，然后计算其平均值气候学方法只有当天气状况与所选时间的预期天气状况相似时才有效， 若天气状况和所取时间的天气状况非常不同， 运用气候学方法常会失败The analog method is a slightly more complicated method of producing a forecast. It involvesexamining today*s forecast scenario and remembering a day in the past when the weather scenario lookedvery similar (an analog). The forecaster would predict that the weather in this forecast will behave thesame as it did in the past. The analog method is difficult to use because it is virtually impossible to find apredict analog. Various weather features rarely align themselves in the same locations they were in theprevious time. Even small differences between the current time and the analog can lead to very differentresults.相似物方法是有点儿复杂的制作天气预报的方法。

它包括测量今天的天气状况和回想过去和今天天气状况相似的一天，预报员会预测现在的天气将发生和过去那天同样的变化相似物方法很难被应用，因为事实上不可能找到所期望的同样的天气状况各种不同的天气特征极少同时出现在与前次出现时一样的地点即使现在的天气状况与其过去的相似物有一点小差别都能造成不同的结果练习题：31 What factor is NOT mentioned in choosing a forecasting method?A Imagination of the forecaster.B Necessary amount of information.C Practical knowledge of the forecaster.D Degree of difficulty involved in forecasting.32 Persistence method will work well.A if weather conditions change greatly from day to dayB if weather conditions do not change muchC on sunny daysD on rainy days33 The limitation of the trends method is the same as the persistence method in thatA it makes predications about weatherB it makes predications about precipitationC the weather features need to be well definedD the weather features need to be constant fbr a long period of time34 Which method may involve historical weather data?A The trends method.B The analog method.C Both climatology method and analog method.D The trends method and the persistence method.35 It will be impossible to make weather forecast using the analog me t hod,A when the current weather scenario differs from the analogB when the current weather scenario is the same as the analogC when the analog is over ten years oldD when the analog is a simple repetition of the current weather scenario答案与题解：1. A 第•段第二句说明了选择预报方法应考虑的一些因素，其中包括B、C 和 D 中提到的所能获得的信息、预报者的实际经验和特定天气状况给预报造成的困难程度。

A 是正确的选项，因为文中未提到天气预报员的想象力2. B 答案可在第二段第二句中直接找到，其后是具体例子，用于说明persistence method只有在天气状况基本不变的情况下才能有效使用3. D 第三段的后两句提供了答案另外，该题的理解还须结合对第二段的理解4 . C 第四段的第二句告诉我们，the climatology method需要取多年积累起来的气象数据的平均值第三句提供了具体例子第五段的第二句和第三句说明， analog method也需要比较和对比历史上某•天的气象状况5.A 最后一段的第五句和第六句提供了答案返回+ 第四十四篇 Defending the Theory of Evolution1 Still Seems Needed ( 捍卫进化论仍必要)Judith S. Weis, a biology professor who serves as2 president of the American Institute of BiologicalSciences (AIBS) is leading a nationwide effort to "defend,, the theory of evolution. Weis leads the effortin the face of what the institute views as opposition and indifference from school boards and governmententities3.美国生物科学研究所主席JudithS. Weis正发动全国的力量来“ 捍卫” 进化论。

研究所 看到了来自学校董事会和政府部门的反对和冷漠， 尽管如此，Weis仍带领大家为捍卫进化论而努力The Institute believes that the teaching of evolution in America is being diminished by the teaching ofcreationism as well as by an overall lack of teaching Darwin's4 theory in high school. "There's nothing thatrequires schools to teach evolution. Sometimes teachers in high schools just leave it out5.However, fromthe point of view of biologists, evolution is the central theory of biology upon which everything is based,”said Weis. ^Unfortunately, teaching evolution has become a political issue in many parts of the country andAIBS, as a representative of biologists, wanted to be a major force speaking out in favor of its teaching/16研究八f 认为美国的进化论教育由于神创论教育和高中完全缺少达尔文理论的讲授而减少。

没有命令要求学校教授进化论高中老师有肘就忽略了它然而，从生物学家的角度 来看，进化论是生物学的中心理论，是万物存在的基础，” Weis说 不幸的是，在美国许多地方和美国生物科学院，讲授进化论成了一个政治事件，作为生物学家的代表，我想为进化论教育而疾呼Weis said the institute is working together with the American Geological Institute and the NationalAssociation of Biology Teachers and its 80-plus member organizations7 to address8 the political andlegislative threats to teaching evolution. In states challenging its teaching, the institute responds by sendingletters to school boards and state legislatures, by providing testimony at public meetings and by notifyingmembers and affiliated organizations. AIBS, with more than 80 member societies and 250,000 members,has established an e-mail system enabling scientists and teachers in each state, and member societies, tokeep each other informed about threats to the teaching of evolution.Weis说生物学院正和美国的地质研究所和国家生物教师联合会及其80多个成员组 织合作来对抗来自政治上和法律上的关于教授进化论的威胁。

在国内，面对进化论教育的挑战，生物科学院寄信给学校董事会和国家立法机关，在公众会议上展示证据，通知其成员及联合组织生物科学院拥有8 0 多个成员社团和250000个成员，它建立了一个电子邮件系统使各州的科学家和成员社团能相互联合，告知进化论教育面临的威胁Darwin's theory of evolution holds that living things change and adapt to their environment and thatpresent-day species (including human beings) are descended from earlier species through modification bynatural selection. The theory has been accepted by scientists for nearly 100 years, Weis said, and has beenrefined, extended and strengthened over the years by findings in paleontology and developmental biology.达尔文的进化论主张生物变化以适应它们的环境，并且现有物种( 包括人类) 是由早 期物种经过自然选择的改造遗传下来的。

这个理论已经被科学家接受了近100年，W eis说， 并且由于古生物学的发现和生物学的发展而被完善、拓展、加强Discoveries in genetics, molecular biology9 and genomics — all of which provide significant benefitsfbr human health — would not be possible without the underlying 10 knowledge of evolution. And, Weisadds, "modern molecular biology and genomics have increased our understanding of how evolutionworks.H Nonetheless, evolution remains a politically, if not scientifically, controversial issue.基因、分子生物学和整组遗传因子方面的发现——这些都对人类健康大有好处——如果离开进化论是不可能实现的而且，Weis补充说，“ 现代分子生物学和基因学加深了我们对进化论的认识。

然而，进化论仍是政治性而非科学性的争议问题Weis said that this year alone, seven states have had either local or statewide efforts to water downl 1the teaching of evolution, or "balance1 1 it with the teaching of creationism _ * a religious belief thatdifferent species were created separately by a higher power, such as God. "Rarely does anyone now use theword 'creationism,, because that's too obvious," Weis said. nThe current terminology is intelligent design.W eis说仅今天，七个州的地方性或全州性地减少了进化论教育或使其处于和神创论教育同等的地位神创论是指从宗教上相信物种是由一•种更高级的力量，例如上帝分别创造。

“ 极少有人使用， 神创论' 这个词，因为它太明显了，“ Weis说：“ 目前使用的术语是， 天才的设计' '词汇：creationism/krFeijenizam/n.神仓 1J 论 legislature/ledgisleiqa/n.立法机关 affiliated organization附属机构refine/nfain/v.精炼，提纯7改进paleontology 八 paeliDnTDladgi/n.古生物学 genetics /djfnetiks/ n.遗传 genomics M31 I rmmiks/n.基因学 terminology / I t3:mi I nt)Ied3i/n.术语注释：1 the theory of evolution：进化论2. serve as：担任3. Weis leads the effort in the face of what the institute views as opposition and indifference fromschool boards and government entities.： 研究所看到了来自学校董事会疝政府部门 的反对和冷漠管如此，Weis仍然带领大家为- 卫进化论而努力。

in the face of：意为“despite the opposition ( 不管，不顾) entity： 实体如，business entity：企业单位，营业单位4. Darwin：达 尔 文 ( 1809— 1882卜英国博物学家，进化论创始人5. leave it out：忽略，遗漏6. speak out in favor of its teaching：为进化论教育而疾呼speak out：大胆地说，大声地说in favor of： in support o f 支持；赞同7. 80- plus member organizations： 80 多个成员组织plus:超过的，略大的，如：All the children here are lOplus.这些孩子年龄都在 10 岁或者 10 岁以上 Her mark was B pluSo她分数是B+8. address：意为 “to deal with“ ( 处理，解决, 对付) 如： to address the issue of terrorist attack：对付恐怖袭击的问题9. molecular biology：分子生物学10. underlying：意痴 “basic; fundamental” ( 基础的；基本的) 。

11. water down：冲淡, 掺水，打折扣练习：1. According to the first paragraph, which of the following statements about the theory ofevolution is true?A) Government entities support AIBS's effort to defend the theory of evolution.B) School boards oppose AIBS's eftbrt to defend the theory of evolution.C) AIBS and school boards advocate the teaching of the theory of evolution.D) The theory of evolution and that of creationism co-exist peacefully in schools.2. Which one of the following is NOT the reason for an overall lack of teaching Darwin'stheory?A) Teaching of creationism diminishes teaching of evolution.B) Teachers are not required to teach Darwin's theory.C) Teachers often leave out the teaching of evolution.D) Darwin's theory is denied as the central theory of biology.3. AIBS is composed ofA) more than 80 societies and 250,000 members.B) 250,000 biologists.C) 80 member organizations.D) more than 250,000 members and 80 member societies.4 . According to Weis in the 5th paragraph, the theory of evolutionA) is fundamental to the development of modem genetics, molecular biology and genomics.B) is a political issue.C) is based on genetics, molecular biology and genomics.D) has increased our understanding of human health.5 .Why do people replace the term creationism with the term intelligent design nowadays^A) Because ^intelligent design** represents the modified theory of evolution.B) Because they believe God created different species.C) Because the term creationism is unscientific.D) Because the term creationism is too direct.答案与题解：l . B 选项A 与原意不符。

C 和 D 第一段没有涉及只有B 是正确的答案2. D 根据文章第二段的内容，除了 D 以外，A、B、C 明显都是学校缺少达尔文进化论教育的原因3. A 第三段的最后一个句子提供了答案4. A 该段第一句告诉我们，没有进化论作为基础知识不可能有遗传学、分子生物学和基因学上的发现所以A 是正确选项5. D 人们使用“intelligent design”不仅因为这个词语更带有科学性，而且 因 为 creationism带有过于明显的宗教色彩thafs too obvious即表达了这层意思返回+ 第四十五篇Small But Wise (2012年真题)On December 14, NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space. The telescope is calledWISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan. Don*t let its small size fool you: WISE has a powerfuldigital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects2 in the known universe, includingasteroids, faint stars, blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born."Pm very excited because we're going to be seeing parts of the universe that we haven't seen before/said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project.Since arriving in space, the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth, held by gravity in a polarorbit4 ( this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5 ). Its camera is pointedoutward, away from the Earth, and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes.After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky.The pictures taken by WISE won't be like everyday digital photographs, however. WISE stands fornWide-field Infrared Survey Explorer As its name suggests, the WISE camera takes pictures of featuresthat give off, infrared radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels as a wave. Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light7 thatbecomes visible in a rainbow, is an example of radiation. When an ordinary digital camera takes a pictureof a tree, for example, it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree. When thesewaves enter the camera through the lens, they're processed by the camera, which then puts the imagetogether.Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras don'tsee them, and neither do the eyes of human beings. Although invisible to the eye, longer infrared radiationcan be detected as warmth by the skin.That's a key idea to why MSE will be able to see things other telescopes can't. Not everything in theuniverse shows up in visible light. Asteroids, for example, are giant rocks that float through space------butthey absorb must of the light that reaches them. They don*t reflect light, so they're difficult to see. But theydo give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them.During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.Brown dwarfs^ are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISE's pictures. Theseobjects are " failed** stars------which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the same kind ofreactions that power stars such as the sun. Instead, brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down. They're sodim that they're almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spectrum they glow.词汇：trashcan / *trse kasn /n.垃圾箱infrared / nfr0T d/adj.红外线asteroid / 'aestsj d /n.〃 、 彳 亍 星dwarf/ dw rf/n.矮星注释：1. NASA( 美国国家航空航天局) 是缩写词，全程是 National Aeronautics and Space Administration.2. the wildest objects:任何你能想象得到的天梯。

w ild有“ 未被人驯养的共荒唐的” “ 离奇的” 意思3. faint stars, blazing galaxies:指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体4. polar 0rbit: 极地轨道指轨道平面与赤道面夹角为900的人造地球卫星轨道人造卫星运行时能到达南北极区上空，即卫星能飞经全球范围的上空需要在全球范围内进行观测和应用的气象卫星、导航卫星、地球资源卫星等都采用这种轨道5. lap:一圈 原指竞赛场的一圈或游泳池的一个来I口 I,如： She overtook the other runners on the lastlap她最后一圈超过了其他参赛者6. infrared radiation：红夕卜线辐射7. spectrum of light:光谱，即，光辐射的波长分布区域8. Brown dwarfs:褐矮星褐矮星非常暗淡，很难发现它们，要确定它们的大小就更加困难9. jump start:启动练习：1. What is so special about WISE?A. It is small in size but carries a large camera.B. It is as small as a trashcan.C. Its digital camera can help astronomers co see the unknown space.D. Never before has a telescope carried a digital camera in space.2. Which is NOT the synonym for the word "snap" in the third paragraph?A. make.B. shoot.C. take.D. photograph.3. The camera on WISEA. is no different from an ordinary camera.B. does not see infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does.C. catches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not.D. reflects light that human eyes can see.4. Which of the following is NOT correct about "asteroids* according to paragraph 7?A. Asteroids float through space giving off visible light.B. Asteroids do not reflect light that reaches them.C. It is difficult to take asteroids' pictures by ordinary cameras.D. The WISE telescope can take pictures of asteroids.5. What is implied in the last paragraph?A. Brown dwarfs give ofF visible light.B. Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation.C. Brown dwarfs are power stars like the sun.D. Brown dwarfs are impossible to see with the WISE telescope.答案与题解：l.c 短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。

WISE的特殊之处就在于， 虽然体积小， 但他的数码相机能拍到任何天体，所以能够帮助天文学家观测到宇宙空间中(in the known universe) 的未知天文现象其他选项都不是短文表达的意思2. A snap是个多义词，可以解释为“ 拍照” ，更为确切的意思是“ 拍 快 照 这 里 shoot, take和photograph都是snap的同义词.3. C 短文第六段和第四段提供了答案人类的肉眼和普通相机看到的光是visible lights,看不见红外线辐射( infrared radiation),而 WISE的相机能够看到4. A 短文第七段第二句说并非所有的宇宙中的物体都会发出可见光，比如asteroids,所以A 是正确选项其他选项的内容都可以在该段中找到5. B 最后一段的第一句说， 褐矮星能出现在WISE照片中， 根据上下文对WISE望远镜的描述,只有WISE望远镜才能拍到红外线射线，所以B 是正确选择返回+ 第四十六篇 Ants have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers" (2012 新增文章) 蚂蚁作为“ 生态系统工程师' ' 对环境影响巨大Research by the University of Exeter 1 has revealed that ants have a big impact on their localenvironment as a result of their activity as "ecosystem engineers0 and predators. The study, published inthe Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.埃克斯特大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为“ 生态系统工程师” 和食肉动物的行为对当地的环境影响巨大。

该研究发表在动物生态杂志上，它表明蚂蚁对当地的环境有两大显著的影响Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building2 activity and by collecting food they affect the levelof nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, fromdecomposers to species much higher up the food chain.第一，通过筑巢而挪动土壤或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平这可间接影响当地从腐生物到食物链高层的许多动物种群的数量Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked byvast numbers of ant workers.第二，它们捕食的动物种类很多，包括那些被大量工蚁攻击的大猎物。

Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:"Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. TheyYe also very territorial and veryaggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have astrong influence on their surrounding area."Dirk Sanders是该大学生态和保护中心所做的此项研究的作者， 他说「蚂蚁是高效的食肉动物，而且能大量繁殖它们具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保卫自己的领地所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境影响巨大"In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What wefound is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity ofother animal groups4. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence onthe grassland food web J Sanders said.“ 在该研究中，我们第一次对蚂蚁带来的影响程度及微妙程度进行研究。

所得到的发现是：尽管是食肉动物，蚂蚁的出现能促使其他动物族群在数量和品种上的增长并对当地的环境起到切实重要的作用，对大草原的食物链影响巨大Sanders说The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations anddensities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe,including in the UK. It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density ofother animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densitiesants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.该研究在德国进行，它对花园黑蚂蚁和一般的红蚂蚁在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影响力进行研究。

黑蚂蚁和红蚂蚁在整个欧洲包括英国都能找到研究发现，一个地区的蚂蚁密度小，而其他动物尤其是食草动物和腐生物的数量和种类会增多如果蚂蚁的密度大，就不可能产生同样的影响，或者产生相反的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵消蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said: nWhat we find is that the impact of ants on soilnutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect — thereby counteracting the positive influence viaecosystem engineering.nDr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他说：“ 我们的发现是：如果蚂蚁的数量少，其对土壤的营养水平的影响会对动物族群产生积极的效果。

如果蚂蚁的数量增加，其捕食的影响会达到最大化，因此会抵消蚂蚁通过生态工程给环境带来的积极影响Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of theanimal biomass5 but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity6 is incredibly highand these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness.However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to theecosystem?. Ants are important in below ground processes8 through the alteration of the physical andchemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.蚂蚁是生态系统的重要组成部分，不仅因为它占有很大部分的生物量，而且因为其作为生态系统工程师的角色。

蚂蚁具有难以想象的多样性，但极易受人类的影响，这就使它的多样性有显著的减少然而，科学家还不消楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用蚂蚁通过变动物理的和化学的环境，通过对植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影响而对生态环境起至关重要的作用词汇：predator /' predata/ n . 食肉动物nutrient/*nju:triant/n .营养物；a d j.营养的d e c o m p o s e r / , d i n . 腐生物；分解体prey/prei/ v . 捕食；n . 被捕食的动物subtlety/ 's tlti/ n ,微妙，精妙herbivore/fh :biv :/n . 食草动物注释：l. the University of Exeter ：埃克斯特大学1851年建校，位于英国西南部重要商业中心埃克斯特市，是英国著名的传统大学之一2. nest building ：筑巢3. territorial ：领地的在此用来形容蚂蚁的本性，即具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力保卫自己的领地4. an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups ：其他动物群体在数量和品种上的增长。

5. biomass ：物质名词，山bio和 m ass两部分组成，意为“ 生物量” “ 生物质6. biodiversity ：物质名词，由bio和 diversity两部分组成，意为“ 生物多样性7. the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem ：蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用8. below ground processes ： 土壤下面的( 工作) 过程，即影响生态环境的过程练习：1 .Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?A Because they build their own nests.B Because they collect food.C Because their activity affects the environment.D Because they are predators.2. As predators, antsA prey on small as well as large animals.B collect nutritious food from the soilC collect food as decomposers.D prey on species much higher up the food chain.3. Dir Sanders1 study centered on how antsA can manage to thrive in huge numbers.B defend their resources and territory against other predators.C attack those invading animals for survival.D produce such a big impact on the environment.4. What does paragraph 6 tell us?A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.C Ants* predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.D At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area.5. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live?B How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem?C How do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem?D How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment?答案与题解：l . c 短文的第一段提供了答案。

A 不是正确答案，因为并不是因为蚂蚁会筑巢才被誉为生态系统工程师，而是因为它们筑巢和获取食物的方式改变了土壤的营养水平，为整个食物链提供了很好的生态环境( 见第二段) 2 .A 答案能够从短文的第三段直接找到该段告诉我们，蚂蚁的掠食范围很广，甚至包括比它们体积更大的动物(larger animals) o prey在这里的意思是“ 捕猎，捕食” ，作为动词，后面跟介词 on 或 uporio3 .D Dirk Sanders 说：“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and thesubtleties of it.” ( 第五段) 所以，D 是正确选择句中the subtleties of i t 的意思是：蚂蚁对环境影响的精妙之处4 .B 短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，蚂蚁数量小(alow density of an ts)的话，能使其他动物的品种和数量增加( increased the diversity and density of other anim als),从而给环境带来积极影响；第三句说，如果蚂蚁的数量大( At higher densities),就不可能产生同样的影响， 或者是相反的影响，这表明， 蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵销蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。

第七段Dr Frank van Veen表达了大体相同的内容5 .C 最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案第二句告诉我们，蚂蚁极易受人类的影响(theseorganisms are highly responsive to human im pact),第三句告诉我们， 科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用( ”it is not clear how such disturbance damages themaintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.”) 返回+ 第 四 十 七 篇 Listening to Birdsong ( 倾听鸟鸣)A male zebra finch chirps away to himself. Suddenly he notices a female bird, nearby: He realizes hehas an audience and immediately changes his song. Can the female tell the difference in his performance?According to a new study, the female zebra finch knows. And she prefers the special trills he creates whenhe sings to her. A male zebra finch changes his song when singing to a female in ways that people canbarely detect. But the female finch can tell the difference.一只雄性斑胸草雀对着自己吱喳而鸣。

突然间，他注意到不远处有一只雌性斑胸草雀他意识到自己有了一位听众并立即改变了自己的声调那只雌性斑胸草雀能发现他的不同吗? 根据一项新的研究结果显示，答案是可以的并且那只雌性斑胸草雀更喜欢当雄性斑胸草雀为她歌唱时所制造的特殊颤音人类很难发觉雄性斑胸草雀对着雌性斑胸草雀鸣叫时所做出的改变，但是雌性胸斑草雀可以发现其中的不同Scientists had noticed slight variations in the songs of male zebra finches based on whether they weresinging alone or whether there was a female ( and potential mate) nearby. With an audience, the males spedup the pace of their songs and controlled the notes they used.科学家们根据雄性斑胸草雀是否在独自歌唱或者根据其周围是否有一只雌性斑胸草雀( 潜在配偶) 在场，发现了他们歌声中的略微不同当有听众在场的时候，雄性斑胸草雀就会加快他们呜叫的速度并且控制其所用的鸣音。

For this Study, researchers Sarah C. Woolley and Allison Doupe at the University of California, SanFrancisco decided to focus attention on the listening females, which have not been well studied in the past.为了此项研究，加州大学旧金山分校的两位研究员：萨拉・C•伍利和艾莉森•杜普决定关注倾听者—雌性斑胸草雀，而雌性斑胸草雀在过去并没有被仔细研究过In the study, Woolley and Doupe set up a long cage with a sound speaker at each end. One broadcastthe sound of a male zebra finch singing to himself, like someone singing in the shower. The other speakerbroadcast a male performing for a female audience, as if he was giving a concert.在研究中，伍利和杜普建了一个很长的笼子，笼子两边分别装有一个扬声器。

其中一边播放的是雄性斑胸草雀对着自己演唱时所发出的鸣叫声，好似一个人在洗澡时所唱的歌另一边播放的则是雄性斑胸草雀向另一只雌性观众表演时的所发出的鸡叫声，仿佛他是在举行一场音乐会Female birds were placed between the two speakers. Some of the birds had mates, others didn't. Thefemales shifted around a bit, and then most of them hopped over to sit beside just one speaker. All the birdsthat made a clear choice liked songs meant for a female audience, even if the/d never met the male.雌鸟被放置在两个扬声器之间 这些雌鸟中有的已经有了配偶， 有的还没有 她们徘徊了一会，便大多飞向并暂栖在了其中的•个扬声器旁边所有的鸟都选择了为了雌鸟而发出的表演性鸣叫声，即使她们从未见过那只发音的雄性胸斑草雀Mated females also had a chance to listen to two different performance songs, one from an unknownmale, and one from their mate. They spent more time listening, to the concert version of their mates' songs.This suggests that after a while, females learn to recognize— and prefer—the songs of their mates.有了配偶的雌性胸斑草雀还可以听到两个不同的表演性鸣叫声，其中一个来自未知的雄鸟，另一个则来自她们的配偶。

她们花了更多的时间倾听自己配偶的歌声而这表明雌鸟在经过一段时间后可以识别出并且更加喜爱自己配偶的歌声Scientists then studied the brains of the females. They found certain areas of the brain perked up whenthe birds listened to the concert songs. These brain areas may be involved in recognizing and evaluatingthe songs, and storing the memories of them.科学家们继而研究了雌鸟的脑部他们发现当雌鸟听到表演性鸣叫声的时候，这些鸟的脑部的特定区域会变得活跃起来而这些区域可能同识别、评价和储存歌声有关This research deals with what's called directed communication, when the communicator, or sender,focuses the message for a specific audience. One example is the way moms speak to their babies. Mothersaround the world use the same sort of high-pitched sing-song chatter, and the babies respond best to thosesounds. Songbirds are one of the only other species known to learn their communication, in this case theirsongs.这项研究所关注的就是所谓的“ 指向性交流即当传播者或信息发送者所发送的信息就是为了特定的观众。

其中一个例子就是母亲向婴儿说话的方式全世界的母亲都采用同样一种方式：高声调的歌咏式的喋喋不休婴儿对这种声音的反应最好而鸣鸟是其他已知物种中唯一可以获知这种指向性交流的物种，而在这种情况下，则是他们的歌声词汇：finch n . 雀科鸣鸟perk v .使振作，使活跃chirp v.( 鸟) 鸣mom n . 妈妈( 等于英国英语mum)trill n.(鸟的) 喈音; 颤音chatter v.& n喋喋不休，唠叨注释：1. zebra finch:斑胸草雀2. chirp aw ay:吱喳而鸣away 有 continuously 和 steadily 的意思3. perk up : 活跃起来, 振作精神4. high-pitched:活跃起来，振作精神练习：1. What does the first paragraph say about zebra finches?A)Male zebra finches like to sing to female zebra finches.B)Male zebra finches sing louder than female zebra finches.C)Male zebra finches change their songs in female zebra finches' presence.D)Male zebra finches like to listen to female zebra finches sing.2. What did the researchers fred in their study of female zebra finches?A)Female finches liked songs male finches sang for them.B)Female finches only liked songs male finches sang for their mates.C)Female finches liked to listen to songs from both speakers.D)Female finches chose the best male singers as their mates.3. What is meant by "concert songs** in the seventh paragraph?A)Songs sung by zebra finches at a concert.B)Songs sung by male finches for female finches.C)Songs sung by female finches for male finches.D)Songs sung by male finches to many female finches.4. What is NOT true of directed communication?A)The sender of a message has a specific audience.B)Male zebra finches sing to female finches.C)Mothers talk to their babies,D)Male zebra finches sing to themselves.5. Which of the following can best reflect the theme of the passage?.A)Chirping away.B)Birdsongs as communication.C)Zebra finches and their life.D)Enjoying birdsongs.答案与题解：i . c 文章第一段的第二句告诉我们， 雄性斑胸草雀只要注意到有雌性斑胸草雀听他唱歌便会改变声调。

其他选项均不是该段所表达的意思2. A 选 项 B、C、D 都不是答案，因为文章的第五段说，有配偶的雌性胸草雀更喜欢她们配偶的歌声，而没有配偶的喜欢的听雄性斑胸草雀为雌性斑胸草雀的歌3. B 第四段提到…a male performing fbr a female audience, as if he was giving a concert.所以，第七段中的concert songs即指雄性斑胸草雀为雌性斑胸草雀的歌4. D 文章的最后一段解释了什么是 directed communication,B |J > when the communicator, or sender,focuses the message for a specific audience.该段又举了母亲对婴儿说话的例子，说明这与雄性斑胸卓雀为雌性斑胸草雀的歌同属directed communication05. B 文章所涉及的研究旨在发现雄性斑胸草雀歌声是否会在不同的情况下发生变化，其结果是，它们在为雌性斑胸草雀唱歌时，会改变声调和速度这就是说，它们的歌声实际上是一种交流方式所以应选择B返回+ 第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright ( 2013 教材新峭 > 研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that themajority of us don't question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond fromGW*s Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, have discovered that human walking upright, may haveoriginated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high- quality resources. The team ofresearchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-daychimpanzees as they competed for food resources, in an effort to understand what ecological settingswould lead a large ape —— one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common withliving chimpanzees - to walk on two legs.我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。

这样的活动看似太简单，大多数人没有疑问但是一个国际研究者( 包括乔治•华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院的Richmond博士) 团队已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百万年以前适应搬运稀有的、高质量的资源这些来自美国、英国、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了当代黑猩猩争抢食物时的行为特征，试图对什么样的生态环境竟然导致 大 猿 (一种我们与现存的黑猩猩一样的600万年前的祖先) 直立行走作出解释These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestorsmight have begun walking on two legs, said Dr. Richmond.The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four insituations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to carry muchmore at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time, intense bursts of bipedal activity may have ledto anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food orother resources was strong.“ 这些黑猩猩居住的生态环境和我们最早的祖先开始直立行走时是相同的，“ Richmond博士说。

研究结果显示，当黑猩猩需要独占一种资源时、 它们就从四肢行走转换为直立行走山于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西久而久之，双足活动的强烈爆发可能导致了解剖学上的变化，因此这种变化也就成为自然选择的主题，在那种情况下，对食物或其他资源的争夺是十分激烈的Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the team inKyoto University's " outdoor laboratory “ in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. Researchers allowed thewild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut - the oil palm nut, whichis naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not. The chimpanzees' behavior was monitored inthree situations:(a) when only oil palm nuts were available,(b)when a small number of coula nuts wereavailable, and(c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource.有两项研究是在几内亚完成的。

第项研究是在京都大学博苏森林的一块天然空地——“ 室外实验室” 进行的研究者们允许森林里的黑猩猩能得到两种不同的坚果，一种叫油棕稠坚果，自然界随处可见，一种叫可乐果，自然环境中不常见人们监控黑猩猩在下列三种情形下的行为：(a)只有油棕相坚果；(b)只有少量的可乐果，大多数是油棕桐坚果; (c)大多数是可乐果，少数是油棕槽坚果When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more atone time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palmnuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competedfor them more intensely.当稀有的可乐果数量很少时，黑猩猩一次就会拿得多。

同样，当大部分是可乐果时，黑猩猩对油棕桐坚果根本视而不见黑猩猩认为可乐果才是珍贵的资源，并为得到可乐果激烈竞争In such high-competition settings, the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving ontwo legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them tocarry more of this precious resource, but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they couldin one go by using everything available even their mouths.处于这种激烈竞争的环境中，黑猩猩直立行走的频率增加了四倍很显然，双足行走可以使它们拿走更多的稀有资源，而且，为了尽可能地一口气多拿，它们积极利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。

The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-month study ofBossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictableResources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, andonce again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.第二项研究是在牛津布鲁克斯大学的Kimberley Hockings进行的 该研究历时14个月， 主题是博苏的黑猩猩抢劫粮食，场景是它们不得不为稀有和不可预知的资源竞争在这项研究中，黑猩猩35%的活动是直立行走。

而这一次研究再一次证实了黑猩猩的直立行走与它们试图一次搬走尽可能多的东西有关词汇：scarce adj.缺乏的，不足的；稀有的chimpanzee n.黑猩猩ape n.无尾猿；类人猿bipedal ad j.二足的anatomical adj魂吊剖的coula nuts( coula也可写作cola或 kola)可乐果注释：1. GW's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences:乔治•华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学 院乔治, 华盛顿大学( George Washington University)的英文简称为G W ,是美国顶尖的私立大学之一，于1821年建校，位于美国首都华盛顿2. ecological settings:生态环境3. bipedal activity：双足活动4. anatomical chaiige:解剖学上的变化5. Kyoto University： 京都大学，是继东京大学之后成立的I I本第二所国立大学，于 1897年建校京都大学主要校区位于日本历史名城京都市6. Bossou:博苏, 几内亚的一个地名博苏森林生活着黑猩猩群落。

7. oil palm n u t:油棕相坚果8. increased by a factor of fbur:增加了四倍9. in one go: 一口气10. Oxford Brookes University:牛津布鲁克斯大学，创立于1865年，是英国最具特色的综合性大 学 之 -o 牛津布鲁克斯大学位于世界学术名城——牛津这里学风浓郁、精英荟萃，历来为求学圣地练习：1. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs?A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.B Chimpanzee's behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs.C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources.D Our ancestors1 ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees.2. Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of findingA when humans began walking on two legs.B what made our ancestors walk upright.C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors.D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources.3. Kyoto, University's study discovered that chimpanzees.A regarded both types of nut as priced resources.B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts.C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.D ignored both types of nut altogether.4. Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto University's experiment?A Because they imitated the human way of walking just fbr fun.B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them.C Because they wanted to get to die nut-rich forest faster by walking that way.D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5. What can we infer from the reading passage?A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were.B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors.C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages.D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.答案与题解：L A 第一段第一句和第二句说明，大多数人对人类直立行走习以为常， 并不质疑这种习惯。

而 A的内容正好与此相反，所以是答案其他选项所述内容均可从第一段和第二段推断出2 .B 文章报道，科学家通过实验证实黑猩猩直立行走是为了解放前肢，让前肢搬运对其生命至关重要的资源，从而推断出人类祖先也经历了从四足到二足的进化过程科学家想通过对黑猩猩的实验解释人类直立行走的成因所 以B是答案，A、C、D选项不是科学家进行研究的目的3. C第五段明白无误地描述了黑猩猩全然不顾油棕楠I坚 果（ ignored the oil palm nuts altogether） ,集中精力抢运可乐果所 以C是答案，B、C、D的内容不符合文章原意4. D黑猩猩用后肢直立行走， 搬运资源的效率提高了四倍 选 项D符合原意， 是答案 选 项A、B、C的内容文章中没有提到，所以不是答案5 . D 了解了通篇文章的意思，就会选择选项D人类直立行走是受生态环境所迫，是人类生存的一种手段，直立行走是自然选择的结果选 项A和C的内容文章中没有涉及文章中有选项B的内容，但它不是文章的主旨返回+ 第 四 卜 九 篇U. S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars （ 美国科学家确认火星上有水）NASA1 scientists said that Mars was covered once by vast lakes, flowing rivers and a variety of otherwet environments that had the potential to support life.美国国家航空航天局的科学家们称火星曾被巨大的湖泊、流动的河流以及其他潮湿的自然环境所覆盖，而这些都使其有了维持生命的可能。

Laboratory tests aboard NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander2 have identified water in a soil sample; thelander's robotic arm delivered the sample Wednesday to an instrument that identifies vapors produced bythe heating of samples.在美国国家航空航天局的“ 凤凰” 号火星登陆器的实验室所做的试验中，已经在一份土壤样本中鉴别出了水登录器的机器臂在星期三的时候把样本传送给了一个仪器，此仪器可以鉴别出通过样本加热而产生的水蒸气"Wc have water," said William Boynton of the University of Arizona, lead scientist for the Thermaland Evolved-Gas Analyzer3, or TEGA. "This is the first time Martian water has been touched and tasted."“ 我们找到了水“ ，热力与先进气体分析仪（ 也 称TEGA）的主要科学家、亚利桑那大学的威廉•博尔顿说道，“ 这是我们第一次接触和品尝到火星上的水。

The robotic arm is a critical part of the Phoenix Mars mission. It is needed to trench" into the icylayers of northern polar Mars and deliver samples to instruments that will analyze what Mars is made of,what its water is like, and whether it is or has ever been a possible habitat for life.登录器的机器手臂是“ 凤凰” 火星计划重要的组成部分它需要破开火星北极的冰冻地表，深入到土壤伸出铲取样本，并将样本传送给仪器，使其可以分析火星的构成，火星上的水的形态和火星是否适合或曾经适合人类居住The soil sample came from a trench approximately 2 inches deep. When the robotic arm first reachedthat depth, it hit a hard layer of frozen soil. Two attempts to deliver samples of icy soil on days when freshmaterial was exposed were foiled when the samples became stuck inside the scoop. Most of the material inWednesday's sample had been exposed to the air for two days, letting some of the water in the samplevaporize away and making the soil easier to handle.土壤标本来自于一个大概2寸深的沟渠。

当机器臂第次达到这个沟的时候，它触到了 •层硬的冻土当新鲜的冻土暴露在空气中的时候，机器臂曾经两次尝试对冻土样本进行传送，但样本同铲斗粘在了 一 起 ，使这两次尝试都以失败告终星期三所采集的大部分样本已经暴露在空气两天，这使样本中的一些水分得以蒸发，从而使土壤更易处理"Mars is giving us some surprises/ said Phoenix principal investigator Peter Smith of the Universityof Arizona. "We're excited because surprises are where discoveries come from. One surprise is how thesoil is behaving. The ice-rich layers stick to the scoop when poised in the sun above the deck, differentfrom what we expected, from all the Mars simulation testing we've done so far.H“ 火星正在给我们一些惊喜， " “ 风凰' ' 计划的主要调查员、亚利桑那大学的彼得•史密斯说道， “ 我们很激动是因为发现源于惊喜。

其中一个惊喜就是土壤的表现当富冰层被悬挂于甲板上方的太阳底下的时候，它会和铲斗粘在一起，这是我们从未预期到的，也不同于我们迄今为止所做过的任何火星模拟实验Since landing on May 25, Phoenix has been studying soil with a chemistry lab, TEGA, a microscope,a conductivity probe and cameras. The science team is trying to determine whether the water ice everthaws enough to be available for biology and if carbon-containing chemicals and other raw materials forlife are present.自5月2 5日登陆以来，凤凰号就利用一个化学实验室、热力与先进气体分析仪、一个显微镜，一根传导性探针和相机来研究火星土壤这只科学团队尝试确定火星上的水冰是否曾经大量融化，从而能支持生物存在同时，它还将寻找火星土中是否有以碳为基础的有机化合物，这些化合物是形成生命的“ 原材料The mission is examining the sky as well as the ground. A Canadian instrument is using a laser beamto study dust and clouds overhead.这次任务同时对天空和地表进行研究，加拿大所制造的仪器所发射的激光可以帮助研究头上方的尘埃和云层。

"It's a 30-watt light bulb giving us a laser show on Mars," said Victoria Hipkin of the Canadian SpaceAgency.“ 这是一个3 0 瓦的灯泡，它在火星上给了我们一场激光秀 加拿大航天局的维多利亚•西普金说道A full-circle, color panorama of Phoenix's surroundings also has been completed by the spacecraft.航天器还成功采集了“ 凤凰” 号着陆的周围地区的彩色全景图"The details and patterns we see in the ground show an ice-dominated terrain as far as the eye cansee J said Mark Lemmon of Texas A & M University, lead scientist for Phoenix*s Surface Stereo Imager4camera. "They help us plan measurements we're making within reach of the robotic arm and interpret thosemeasurements on a wider scale. M“ 我们获得的地表图案显示，火星基本上是一片以冰为主的地区。

“ 凤凰” 号负责地表立体成像首席科学家、德 州 A&M 大学的马克•莱蒙说，“ 立体成像技术可以帮助我们在机器臂所及范围之内的进行测量，同时帮助我们在更广的规模上解释这些测量结果词汇：foil v .挫败，使成泡影conductivity n .传导陡，导电胜scoop n .铲 斗 thaw v .融化，融解vaporize v .使蒸发，使 汽 化 panorama n .全貌，全景图注释：1 .NASA： National Aeronautics and Space Administration( 美国国家航空航天局) 的缩写NASA 总部设在华盛顿哥伦比亚特区，是美国政府系统中的航空航天科研机构，负责组织利协调美国航空航天的研究工作并提供咨询2 .Phoenix Mars Lander：凤凰号火星登陆器 其使命是探测火星地表下的冰层，分析冰层是否曾经融化产生液态水，并计划检测火星土壤是否含有生命存活的有机物3 .Thermal and Evolved- Gas Analyzer：热力与先进气体分析仪4 .Stereo Imager：立体图像练习：1. What was discovered by NASA*s Phoenix Mars Lander on Mars?A)Vast lakes.B)Flowing rivers.C)Watcr in a soil sample.D)Living things.2. Why did the first two attempts to deliver samples fail?A)The sample vaporized away.B)Fresh material was exposed to the air.C)The samples got stuck inside the scoop.D)The robotic arm hit a hard rock.3. Which one of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer?A)Scicnlists have been trying to break the ice-rich layers of soil on Mars.B)Scientists have been surprised by how the soil on Mars behaves.C)Scientists have been trying to fend out if there is life supporting material on Mars.D)Scientists have been trying to know if water ice will melt.4. Where are the scientists involved in the research from?A)They are from America.B)They are from Canada.C)They are from both America and Canada.D)They are from neither America nor Canada.5. Which of the following do you think is the best description of Phoenix's Surface StereoImager Camera, according to your understanding of the passage?A)It imitates human vision and is able to capture three-dimensional images.B)It imitates human voice and is able to record slight sounds while taking photos.C)It takes clear photos that show every detail of the object.D)It is this particular type of camera that can take wide angle pictures.答案与题解：1 .C 短文的第一段告诉我们，NASA科学家曾经说过，火星上有广阔的湖泊，流动的河流，以及可能有支撑生命的潮湿环境。

但这些只是科学家的假设，不是NASA'S Phoenix Mars Lander的发现，所以只有C 是正确选择2 .C 短文第五段的第三句提供了答案3 . A 第六段的第三句所述内容说明B 是作者想要表达的意思， 第七段的最后一句所述内容说明C 和 D 也是作者想要表达的意思文章里没有A 所表述的内容4 .C 短文的第八和第九段提到了加拿大宇航局的科学家为凤凰号的火星探索提供了激光设备5 . A 短文最后一段的第一句：A full—circle, color panorama of Phoenix'S surroundings also hasbeen completed…告诉我们，使用这种照相机可以拍摄全景照片panorama：全景，全景摄影返回+ 第五十篇 Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities （ 增加交通行人死亡）Cell phones are a danger on the road in more ways than one. Two new studies show that talking onthe phone while traveling, whether youYe driving or on foot, is increasing both pedestrian deaths and thoseof drivers and passengers, and recommend crackdowns on cell1 use by both pedestrians and drivers o在路上有多种多样的危险。

两个新的研究表明， 不管开车还是步行时打， 都会增加行人、司机和乘客死亡的危险，所以该研究建议严厉限制行人和司机使用The new studies, lead-authored by Rutgers University, Newark, Economics Professor Peter D. Loeb2,relate the impact of cell phones on accident fatalities to the number of cell phones in use, showing that thecurrent increase in deaths resulting from cell phone use follows a period when cell phones actually helpedto reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities. However, this reduction in fatalities disappeared once thenumbers of phones in use reached a "critical mass" of 100 million, the study found.这是一项第一作者为罗格斯大学纽瓦克分校的经济学教授Peter D. Loeb的新研究成果， 它把的意外Ic 命的影响和大量使用数量联系起表明目前山于所引起的死亡数目有所增加，而在此之间的一段时间里，事实上能够帮助降低行人和交通致命率。

但研究发现，当使用人数达到1亿这个临界数量时，降低交通致命率的作用就消失了These studies looked at cell phone use and motor vehicle accidents from 1975 through 2002, andfactored in4 a number of variables, including vehicle speed, alcohol consumption, seat belt use, and milesdriven. The studies found the cell phone-fatality correlation to be true even when including factors such asspeed, alcohol consumption, and seat belt use.这些研究涉及到从1975年到2002年间的使用和机动车辆事故之间的关系， 也涉及包括 车速、酒精消耗、安全带的使用和行驶的里数等其他方面这些研究表明甚至当考虑比如速度、 酒精消耗和安全带的使用这些因素时，二者之间的关联也是真实存在的。

Loeb and his co-author determined that, at the current time, cell phone use has a "significant adverseeffect on pedestrian safety" and that “cell phones and their usage above a critical threshold5 adds to motorvehicle fatalities." In the late 1980s and part of the 1990s, before the numbers of phones exploded, cellphone use actually had a nlife-saving effect” in pedestrian and traffic accidents, Loeb notes. nCell-phoneusers' were able to quickly call fbr medical assistance when involved in an accident. This quick medicalresponse actually reduced the number of traffic deaths fbr a time/* Loeb hypothesizes.在目前， Loeb和他的合者决定的使用“ 在行人安全上有严重的反作用” 并且“ 的使用数量已经超过了临界数量也增加了机动车辆的致命性。

在 20世纪80年代末和90年 代 的 • 段时间，在使用数量达到大爆炸之前，的使用确实在交通事故中起到过“ 保护生命的作用” 当发生交通意外时，使用者能够快速地打寻求医疗帮助，这种快速的医学求救反应确实能在一定时间内减少一定数量的事故死亡” ，Loeb假设However, this was not the case when cells were first used in the mid-1980s, when they caused anlife-taking effect" among pedestrians, drivers and passengers in vehicles. In those early days, when therewere fewer than a million phones, fatalities increased, says Loeb, because drivers and pedestrians probablywere still adjusting to the novelty of using them, and there weren't enough cell phones in use to make adifference in summoning help following an accident, he explains.但是， 在 20世纪80年代当开始被使用时并不是这样， 在那时在行人、司机和乘客间造成了 “ 致命的效果。

’ ' 在早些日子里，那时有不到一百万部，致命率增加了，Loeb说， 因为司机和行人或许在那时还在适应怎样使用它们，还没有足够的能够在事故中呼叫帮助， 他解释说The "life-saving efTect" occurred as the volume of phones grew into the early 1990s, and increasingnumbers of cells were used to call 911 following accidents, leading to a drop in fatalities, explains Loeb.But this life-saving effect was canceled out6 once the numbers of phones reached a "critical mass" of about100 million and the "life-taking effect" - increased accidents and fatalities outweighed the benefits of quickaccess to 911 services, according to Loeb.这“ 保护生命的效果' ' 是在20世纪90年代当大数量的被使用的时候出现的， 越来越多的在事故之后拨打“911” . 求助，这就降低了致命率，Loeb解释说。

但是一旦的使 用 量 超过大约一亿的“ 临界数量' ’ 时， 这种保护生命的效果就被抵消了，而且这种“ 致命的效果” ——增加了事故和死亡——超过了能快速呼叫“911”服务的好处，根据Loeb所说Loeb and his co-authors used econometric models to analyze data from a number of government andprivate studies. He and his co-authors recommend that governments consider more aggressive policies toreduce cell phone use by both drivers and pedestrians, to reduce the number of fatalities.Loeb和他的合著者们使用计量经济模式来分析从许多政府和私人研究中得来的数据他和他的合著者们都推荐政府采取强制性措施来减少司机和行人的使用数量，来减少死亡事件的发生词汇：crackdown n.制裁，严惩 outweigh v.超过 fhtality n.死亡者econometric adj.计量经济的 hypothesize v.假设，假定注释：1. cell： cell phone 的缩写。

2. The new studies, lead-authored by Rutgers University, Newark, Economics Professor Peter D.L o eb …第 一 作 者 为 罗 格 斯 大 学 纽 瓦 克 分 校 的 经 济 学 教 授 Peter D. L o eb 的新研究成果. . .lead-author：第一作者; lead-authored为动词的过去分 词形式，具有被动意义罗格斯大学纽瓦克分校是美国新泽西州最负盛名的文理学院3. critical mass：临界数量4. factored in：包 括 ,把 .. 计算在内5. a critical threshold：指的是前文所说的 critical masso 见注释 36. was canceled out：被抵消练习：练习：1. The two new studies, lead-authored by Professor Peter D. LoebA show that talking on the phone while driving or walking in the street increases deaths of drivers andpedestrians.B show that talking on the phone while driving increases pedestrian deaths.C recommend that strict measures be taken to restrain cell phone use.D both A and C.2. According to the second paragraph, when did cell phones actually help to reduce pedestrianand traffic fatalities?A Right after cell phones were invented.B Before the number of cell phone users reached a critical massC When cell phone users totaled to a certain number.D When the number of cell phones decreased to a certain number.3. What is said about cell phone use in paragraph 4?A The number of cell phones in use exploded in the late 1980s and part of the 1990s.B The number of traffic deaths was reduced in the late 1980s and part of the 1990s due to cell phoneuse.C Cell phone users are likely to be involved in traffic accidents.D The use of cell phones has a life-saving effect fbr pedestrians and drivers.4. What is said about cell phone use in the mid-1980s in paragraph 5?A It had a life-taking effect because there weren't enough cell phones in use then.B The increased use of cell phones then caused a nlife-taking effect.HC Traffic fatalities increased then because the number of cell phones in use decreased.D Traffic fatalities decreased then because the number of cell phones in use increased.5. Which of the following statements DOES NOT answer the question "What caused the“life-saving effectn to occur in the early 1990s?”A There were more cell phone users during that period.B The number of cell phone users reached about 100 million.C More cell phones were used to call 911 when accidents occurred.D Cell phones enabled people to have quick access to 911 services.答案与题解： ’l .D 根据短文第一段的内容，Loeb教授的最新研究发现，开车或行路时打使司机和行路人的死亡率上升，并建议采取严厉措施限制司机和行路人使用。

B 是错误理解， 因为只有行路人被提到2 . B 短文第二段最后两个句子提供了答案：在使用者达到1 亿的临界点之前，的使用的确减少了交通事故的死亡率A、C 和 D 的表述内容都没有在文章中提到3. B A 是错误选择，因为该段的第四个句子 In the late 1980s and part of the 1990s, before thenumbers of phones exploded,… 表明数量在8 0 年代末期和9 0 年代早期还未激增C 的表述内容没有在文章中提到句子...cell phone use actually had a ''life-saving effect”用的是过去式，说的是发生在8 0 年代末期和9 0 年代早期的事情，而 D 句用的是•般现在时，表示通常的状况，所以是错误的选择4. A 第五段的大概意思是，8 0 年代中期，交通事故的死亡率增加，因为人们还在适应这一新事物，没有足够的让人们在发生交通事故时及时求救该段没有讨论8 0 年代中期数量的增减问题，所 以 B、C 和 D 都是错误选择5. B 第六段最后一个句子说， 当使用者数量达到100万时， life-saving effect就被抵消了，life-saving effect超过了使用者能迅速呼叫911服务的优点。

所以，B 不是问题的答案其他选项都表述了该段的内容完型填空返回+ 第十五篇"Liquefaction" Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage（ “ 液化" 是日本地震破坏的关键）The massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil "liquefaction"2that has surprised researchers with its 1 severity, a new analysis shows.一份分析报告表明，在日本，亘痂桶冲带地震致使土壤液化的程度之严重，范围之广令研究者们着实吃了一惊"We've seen localized-' examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distanceand 2 of damage in Japan were unusually severe," said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnicalengineering4 at Oregon State University5. "Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments,"Ashford said. "The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities andinfrastructure these communities need to 3 . We saw some places that sank as much as four feet."“ 我们以前也看到过这么严重的不死赢土壤液化现象，但是，日本的破坏程度范围之广是极为严重的。

所有结构都倾斜了并陷到沉淀物中，土壤中的断层摧毁了自来水管、排水和煤气管道，社区的公共和基础设施陷于瘫痪我们看到有些地区下陷了四英尺来自俄勒冈州立大学岩土工程系的Scott Ashford说到Some degree of soil liquefaction is common in almost any major earthquake. It's a phenomenon inwhich soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 andflow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5 .几乎任何大地震都会带来某种程度的土壤液化这种现象是而布震中浸满了水的土壤，尤其刚沉淀下来的沉淀物或细砂土在振动作用卜. 突然失去支撑的力量而呈现液态变化从而导致地面建筑物移动、下沉或倒塌But most earthquakes are much 6 than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of theJapanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent ofliquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this8.“ 然而，多数地震比起最近日本发生的地震持续时间都短的多Ashford说道。

日本发生的地震持续了五分钟，这就促使研究者们重新审视类似这次（ 持续时间长的） 地震中液化可能造成的毁坏规模"With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7 structures that might have been okay after 30seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes," he said. "And itwas clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on 8 filled ground, are much morevulnerable."“ 由于地震持续时间长，我们看到以前的地震持续30秒时地面建筑物仍旧完好无损，如果震动再延续儿分钟，建筑物就会继续下沉或倾斜，很明显，那些建造在新近填就的地面上的建筑物最易受到伤害Ashford讲到The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible toimprove the understanding of this soil 9 and better prepare fbr it in the future. Ashford said it wascritical for the team to collect the information quickly. 10 damage was removed in the recovery efforts9.研究者们对日本地震作出了分析并得出数据，这些数据能大大提高人们了解土壤浸水后的这类现象，以便做好防备，对付未来可能发生的同类现象。

Ashford认为，重建工作首先要清理废墟，这样地震现场就被破坏所以科学家必须要赶在重建工作开始之前收集好地震资料"There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reducerisks in other similar 11 Ashford said. nFuture construction in some places may make more use oftechniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use ofreinforcing stone columns."“ 毋庸置疑，我们从日本地震中学到的东西有助于在将来类似的情况中降低风险一些地方的建筑物会更多应用液化减少技术，如加强土壤的夯实或用石柱加固Ashford说Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction ---on thecoast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The "young“ sediments, in geologic terms, may bethose 12 within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, fbr instance, that describes much ofdowntown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.Ashford指出，北加利福尼亚州那些沿岸的、距离河口堆积物较近或填充的土壤易于受到液化的侵害。

年轻” 的沉淀物这个词在地质学中是指那些年代少于或略超过一万年的沉淀物比如，在俄勒冈州，它指的是Portland市区的大部分地区、Portland国际机场和其他城市Anything 13 a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department ofTransportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewerthan 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14 collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses inthe March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse- even as they tilted and sank into the ground.凡是在河流和泛滥平原附近地区的土壤很有可能是危险的。

俄勒冈交通部断定，该 州 的 1100座桥梁如发生地震会有危险只有不到15%的桥梁得到了加固以防坍塌日本在3 月 11日的地震中损失惨重，但是震区的建筑物倾斜、下沉，却没有倒塌，日本的建筑标准功不可没词汇：subduction /s b'd k on/ n . 俯冲sediment /'sediment/ n. 沉积；沉淀物liquefaction /likwiTæjk an/ n . 液化infrastructure /'Infro,str kt s/ n . 基础设施geotecnical /d isu^ekniksl] a d j.岩土技术compaction /kom'pæk on/ n. 压紧的vulnerableFv Inarobl/ad].易受伤害的注释：1. subduction zone：俯冲带亦称下降带、潜没带、消亡带板块构造说认为，当大洋板块移动并与大陆板块相遇时，由于大洋板块岩石密度较大，地位也低，便俯冲到大陆板块之下，这•俯冲部分叫做俯冲带俯冲带两侧板块会聚边界称会聚边缘( convergent boundary)□ 俯冲带上面反映震源活动的地带称“ 贝尼奥夫地震带( Benioff seismic zone)”。

2. soil liquefaction1*： 土壤液化土壤液化现象是指由于孔隙水压力上升，有效应力减小所导致的土壤从固态到液态的变化，饱水的疏松的粉、细砂土在振动作用下突然破坏而呈现液态的现象3. localized：小范围的4. geotechnical engineering：岩土工程5. Oregon State University：俄勒冈州立大学，建校于1858年，位于美国俄勒冈州科瓦利斯，全校设11个学院，8 0 多个专业，尤以农科和工程最为突出2008年俄勒冈州立大学的核能工程专业在全美大学中排名第9 名6. water, drain and gas pipelines：自来水管道、 排水管道和煤气管道 "water, drain and gaspipclines^^ 即“water pipelines, drain pipelines and gas pipelines" o7. some degree of soil liquefaction：某种程度的土壤液化8. to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this： 本句的意思是：重新审视类似这次( 持续时间长的) 地震中因土壤液化而可能造成的毁坏的规模。

9. recovery efforts：重建工作10. that we*ll learn things from what happened in Japan：我们将从日本的地震中学到很多东西该句是同位语从句，说出前半句no doubt的内容11. that： that引导的是定语从句，修辞前半句中的things12. suspect：被怀疑对象文中指的是那些疑似危险的土壤练习:LA.internalB. differentC. difficultD. widespread2.A.volumeB. lengthC. extentD. width3.A.functionB. repairC. buildD. remove4.A.durabilityB. strengthC. abilityD. property5.A.ascendB. compactC. collapseD. recover6.A.shorterB. longerC. simplerD. stranger7.A.whenB. whatC. howD. which8.A.occasionallyB. frequentlyC. speciallyD. recently9.A.developmentB. phenomenonC. formation D. composition10.A. unlessB. untilC. afterD. before11.A.findingsB. locationsC. eventsD. sources12.A.deliveredB. depositedC. destroyedD. detached13.A. nearB. fromC. insideD. over14.A. preventB. accelerateC. predictD. detect15.A.stylesB. sitesC. costsD. standards答案与题解：1 .D 前文说到日本的俯冲带地震是massive （ 巨大的） ，而且砂土液化到达一个 significant level。

根据上述描述，选 widespread （ 分布广泛的）修饰severity是正确的其他三个选项与severity搭配后，意思接不上2 .C 本句由but连接并列的两个分句组成 第一个分句说以前也发生过地震引发的砂土液化的现象,但涉及范围较小第二个分句通过b u t语气一转，说这次地震造成的破坏是罕见的很显然，选extent（ 程度） 与 distance （ 距离，范围）合用说明破坏的程度和范围是符合上下文的意思的3 .A 在“The shifts in soil destroyed water, sewer and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructurethese communities need to…'' 中 , "these communities need to… ”是定语从句，指代 utilities 和infrastructure的关系代词which在定语从句中起宾语作用，被省略了need后面的动词不定式的逻辑主语是w hich,也就是utilities and infrastructure从意思上看，这些社区需要这些公用事业设备和基础设施起功能作用（ function） 。

选 function是对的其他选项都不合适4 .B 浸了水的砂土，特别是新近的沉积土、沙土等失去的不会是durability （ 耐用性）和 ability （ 能力） ，也不会是泛泛的property （ 性质） ，而是strength （ 强度） 5 .C 浸了水的砂土强度降低或消失砂土随水流动，就会引发建筑物移位（ shift）或下沉（ sink） 再发展下去，建筑物就会倒塌（ collapse） , colEpse是答案若选择ascend （ 上升） 、compact（ 压实） 或recover （ 复原） ，意思与上文接不上6 .A 地震持续的时间一般为数十秒这次日本地震的时间长达5 分钟所以本题要填入的词应该是shorter,说明大多数地震的持续时间比它短7 .C 从意思上看，选 how 是正确的when structures、what structures 或 which structures 意思明显不通8 .D 第三段第二句出现“particularly recent sediment…" recent sediment浸水后就失去了强度这提示了本题要选recently,因为建立在新近填就的土壤上的建筑物是最易受到伤害的。

9 .B 分析日本大地震得出的数据不会令科学家获得有关soil development （ 土壤发展） 、soilformation （ 土壤形成）soil composition （ 土壤构成）这些方面的知识若选phenomenon,意思就是科学家的研究分析有助于他们了解到土壤浸水后的这类现象，以便做好防备，对付未来可能发生的同类现象上下文意思很连贯，因此phenomenon是正确的选项10.D 选 unless、until或 after都不合逻辑本题句子的意思是：重建工作首先要清理废墟，这样地震现场就被破坏了所以科学家要赶在重建工作开始之前收集好地震资料before是答案11.C本句的意思是： 科学家无疑会从日本大地震中学到不少东西， 从而有助于减低今后发生类似的地震时的风险四个选项中只有events合适similar events指的是“ 类 似 的 地 震 事 件 若 选 findings（ 调查结果） 、locations （ 地点）或 sources （ 来源） ，句子的意思就不对12.B本句解释“young”这个词在地质学中的含义句中的those指 代 sediments< , "young" sediments指那些年代少于或略超过一万年的sediments。

deposit是“ 沉积” ，与句子意思匹配，是答案其他三个选项，词义离题很远，只是词形与deposit有点相似，起干扰作用而已，它们不是答案1 3 .A 上一段说，younger soils是非常脆弱的本句的anything指的是soils哪些地方的soils是疑似高危对象呢？如果指soils from/inside/over river and old flood plains是不合常理的正确的选择应该是n e a r,靠近河流和原洪泛区的土壤才是危险地区因此near是答案14 .A 加固危桥的目的是为了防止坍塌选项prevent是答案15 .D 在 3 月 11 “的I」 本大地震中，震区的建筑物倾斜、下沉，但没有倒塌建筑上的什么因素起到了防塌的作用呢？当然不会是construction styles （ 建筑风格） 、construction sites （ 建筑工地）或construction facilities （ 建筑设备） 日本的construction standards （ 建筑标准）才是防塌的关键因素因此standards是答案 液化” 是 I I本地震破坏的关键返回+ 第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk （ 快餐加免费降胆固醇药物可以降低罹患心脏病的风险）Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of ] so that customers can reduce the heartdisease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2 in a new study.伦敦帝国理工学院的研究者们在一项新研究中建议，快餐店可以免费供应降胆固醇药物以此降低顾客食用油腻食品罹患心脏病的风险。

Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy "LDL" cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data hasproven them to be highly effective at lowering a person's heart attack 4 .降胆固醇药物能减少不健康的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇在血液中的含量大量的试验数据已经证明，降胆固醇药能有效降低罹患心脏病的风险In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology, Dr Darrel Francis and colleaguescalculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase inheart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake.在 《 美国心脏病学杂志》发表的一篇论文里, Darrel Francis博士和他的同事们估订，一粒降胆固醇药降低的罹患心脏病的风险，足以抵消食用汉堡和饮用奶昔所提高的罹患心脏病的风险。

Dr Francis, from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London, who is the seniorauthor of the study, said:''Statins don't cut out all of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and Frenchfries. Ifs better to avoid fatty food altogether. But we've worked out that in terms of your 8 ofhaving a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9 as a fast foodmeal increases it.”Francis博士来自帝国理工学院的国家心肺学院，是本次研究的资深发起人他认为：“ 降胆固醇药物不能消除所有汉堡和炸土豆条带来的不健康的影响，最好远离所有油腻食物但是，就罹患心脏病的几率而言，我们得出这样的结论：服用降胆固醇药物降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增加的患心脏病的风险在程度上大致相当。

It's ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthy condiments in fast food outlets asthey 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense tomake risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are 11 free ofcharge. It would cost less than 5 pence per 12 not much different to a sachet of sugar." Dr Francissaid.“ 具有讽刺意味的是，人们在快餐店里可以随意拿取对健康有害的调味包，但是对健康有利的降胆固醇药物却是处方药既然对健康有害的调味包可以随意免费拿取，那么降低心脏病发作的降胆固醇药物免费随意拿取也是合理的在每个顾客身上都花不了 5 便士，也就是一小袋糖的价格” ，Francis博士说道。

When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they're encouraged totake 13 that lower their risk, like 14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking astatin is a rational way of 15 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal.当人们从事诸如驾驶而丽| 等危险行为时，别人会鼓励他们系安全带或选择有过滤嘴的香烟以降低风险服用降胆固醇药物是降低油腻食物引发的心脏病发作风险的理性做法词汇：statin/^tse tin! n . 降胆固醇药物outlet/'autlit/ n . 销售点cholesterol/ ko'lestor 1 / n . 胆固醇offset /, fset/ V .抵消，补偿cheeseburger/ * t i:z,bo： 9 o /n .芝士汉堡包milkshake! 'milk, eik / n . 奶昔condiment /rk ndimsnt]! n .调味品sachet /'s£et ei / ii . 小袋，小包rational/ 'rx onol/ a d j.合理的注释：1. Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs:句中的could是一种委婉表达建议的用词， 意为“ 可以2. Imperial College London;帝国理工学院。

该学院于1907年由城市和行会学校、皇家矿业学校以及皇家科学学院合并组成学院于2007年 7 月正式脱密伦敦大学成为一所独立大学提供本科和研究生教育，共有四个学院，工程学院、医学院、自然科学院和生命科学院3. LDL cholesterol:低密度脂蛋白胆固醉LDL是 low density lipoprotein （ 低密度脂蛋白）的缩写形式4. a wealth of trial data:大量的试验数据a wealth o f意为“ 大量的，许多“ 5. American Journal of Cardiology:美国心脏病学杂志6. French fHes:炸薯条7.It makes sense...: make sense 意为“ 说得通，合情合理8. a sachet of sugar: 一小袋糖快餐店一般备有袋糖，供饮咖啡或热奶的顾客免费取用练习：1. A change B charge C chain D chance2. A trust B decide C suggest D calculate3. A number B amount C volume D product4. A frequency B treatment C diagnosis D risk5. A severe B enough C weak D active6. A buying B preparing C eating D cooking7. A unhealthy B strong C different D doubtful8. A examination B suffering C determination D possibility9. A degree B dimension C angle D range10. A use B hate C reject D like11. A transported B provided C preserved D convened12. A cook B patient C customer D visitor1 3. A measures B care C advantages D turns14. A buying B wearing C cleaning D changing1 5. A increasing B finding C lowering D taking答案与题解：I. B 本文介绍说，吃汉堡包等快餐食品容易引发心脏病，而服用statin能降低心脏病发作的风险，一iE— * 负正好抵消。

statin价格便宜， 文章建议快餐店像免费供应调味品那样免费供应statinO free ofcharge是固定搭配，意为“ 免 费 选 择 charge是对的2 .C 本题要选suggest， 因为其他三个选项在意思上都不合适 此外， 本句主句的谓语动词用了 could（ provide）, 委婉地含有“ 建议” 的意思所以suggest是个不二的选择3 .B 与降低unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol搭配的一定是amount （ 量） ，而不可能是number （ 数字） 、volume （ 体积）或 product （ 乘积） 4 .D 从上下文判断，要降低（ lower）的当然是risklower frequency （ 降低频率） 、lowertreatment （ 降低治疗）或 lower diagnosis （ 降低诊断）与上下文的意思都不匹配5 . B 本句表达的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis在他的论文中说, 经过计算，一粒statin降低心脏病发作的风险足以抵消吃一个奶酪汉堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心脏病的风险所以本题的答案是enougho6 . C 顾客不可能在快餐店里 preparing cheeseburger 或 cooking cheeseburger,而 buyingcheeseburger不会增加心脏病风险。

所以，HW eating cheeseburger才合乎上下文的意思7 .A 从上下文判断，被 cut out （ 去除）的 effects一定是unhealthy effects,所以，unhealthy是本题的答案8 .D 本句中的in terms o f 意为“ 就……而言” ，要与后半句“ 一正一负相互抵消” 的意思相匹配，所以只能是“ 就患心脏病的可能性而言possibility是答案9 . A 本句的意思与第五题的意思相同，即 statin降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增加的心脏病的风险在 程 度 （ degree）上大致相当如果选择其他三个选项，意思变成了，“ 尺寸（ dimension）上、角度（ angle）上或范围（ range） 上大致相当” ，就说不通了1O .D 填词所在的句子的意思告诉我们，具有讽刺意味的一点是：顾客可以随心所欲地免费享用不健康的调味品as one likes是固定用法，意为“ 随某人所愿，随 某 人 所 喜 欢 所 以 ，like是答案其余三个选项用在本句中都不合适1 l.B transported （ 运输） 、preserved （ 保存）或 converted （ 转换）填人句子中，意思都不顺。

只有填入provided （ 提供）符合句意provided是答案12 .C 到快餐店去就餐的人当然是customer13 .A 为了降低开车和吸烟的风险， 人们被鼓励要采取一些安全措施 作者借此说明为了降低食用快餐的风险，我们也要采取措施根据这层意思，选择measures是正确的Take measure的意思是“ 采取 措 施 其 他 三个选项都不合适： take care是“ 注意， 小心” ， take advantage是“ 利用" ， take turns是“ 轮流，依次14 .B 本题很明显要选w earing,因为上下文的意思是“ 系 上 安 全 带 buying a seatbelt,cleaning aseatbelt和 changing a seatbelt都与上下文的意思相去太远15. C 通篇文章都在阐述statin能降低患心脏病的风险所以，lowering （ 降低）是答案返回* 第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul： Comfbrt Food Fights Loneliness（ 心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感）Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries. J according to a study inPsychological Science, they're good for your heart and 2 . The study focuses on “comfbrt fbod" andhow it makes people feel.土豆泥，通心粉和奶酪可能对动脉血管有害，但是，据 《 心理科学》•项研究表明，它们对心脏有利并且能抑制不利情绪。

其研究对象是爽心食品，目的是探究人们对爽心食品的感觉"For me 3 .food has always played a big role in my family,says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student atthe University of Buffalo, and lead author on the study. The study came out of the research program of hisco- author Shira Gabriel. It has_4_non-human things that may affect human emotions. Some people reduceloneliness by bonding with their 5 TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer orlooking at pictures of loved ones. Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect6_making people think of their nearest and dearest.“ 就我而言，食品在我的家庭一直是比较关注的问题“ ， Jordan Troisi如是说。

他是布法罗大学的研究生并且是本次研究的首席作者该研究出自于他与Shira Gabriel合作的一个研究项目它关注的是可能影响人类情感的物质的东西有些人用诸如绑定喜爱的电视节目，和流行音乐歌手建立虚拟的关系或浏览亲人的照片来排遣孤独 Troisi和 Gabriel想知道爽心食品是否能通过使人们想到他们最亲近和最爱的人，同样达到排遣孤独的效果In one experiment, in order to make 7 feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutesabout a fight with someone close to them. Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment.Then, some people in each 8 wrote about the experience of eating a comfbrt food and others wrote abouteating a new food. 9 ,th e researchers had participants 10 questions about their levels ofloneliness. Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely.在一个实验中，为使参与者感觉孤独，研究者让他们用六分钟的时间描写一次与最亲近的人吵架的经历。

而要求另外一些人写一个情感中性的作业然后，每一组的一些人描写食用爽心食品的经历；而其他的人描写食用新食品的经历最后，研究者让参与者书面回答关于孤独程度的问题But people who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about acomfort food. nWc have found that comfbrt foods are consistently associated with those close to us. "saysTroisi. "Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others. HIn12 essays on comfbrt food, many people wrote about the 13 of eating food with family and friends.'描写与亲人吵架的经历使人感到孤独。

但是，二厩永说，人们的关系若处于稳定状态，通过描写他们吃爽心食品的经历会排遣一些孤独感Troisi说道：“ 我们已经得出这样的结论：爽心食品与我们的亲人密切相连，想一想或之后真正食用这种食品会提醒人们注意到他们的亲人 在所有关于爽心食品的文章中，许多人都描述了与家人和朋友共同进餐的经历In another experiment, 14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, butonly if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food. This was a question they had been asked longbefore the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldn't remember it.在另外一个实验中，在实验喝鸡汤令人想到和其他人的关系，但是，这只有在他们把鸡汤认为是爽心食品的时候才会发生参与者被要求回答这个问题和许多其他问题是在这个实验很久以前，因此他们不会记得。

Throughout everyone5s daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our 15 with others/Troisi says. ^Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness.“ 在每一个人的日常生活中，都会经历紧张，而这往往与人际关系有关，爽心食品可能是排遣孤 独 的 便 利 食 品 Troisi如是说词汇：mashed /mas t/ adj. 被捣成糊浆的macaroni/macaroni/n. 通心粉cheese / 1 i:z /n .奶酪artery/ artery / n. 动脉assignment/ o'sainm ont/n.才旨定作业reminder / reminder/ n . 起提醒作用的东西remedy /remedy/ n . 治疗方法，药物virtual/'vo:t uol/ adj. 虚拟的注释：1 .comfort food：爽心食品2. graduate student：研究生3. The University of Buffalo：布法罗大学，建校于1846年，位于水牛城（Buffalo City）, 属于纽约州立大学，因此称为纽约州立大学水牛城分校。

4. lead author：首席作者5. their nearest and dearest：他们最接近和最亲爱的人6. levels of loneliness：孤独程度7. only if :只 有 （ 在. . 情况下）8. Throughout everyone^ daily lives：在每一个人的日常生活中through有“ 贯穿" 的意思练习：1. A but B if C though D while2. A personality B movement C emotions D will3. A privately B usefully C awfully D personally4. A looked for B looked at C looked after D looked up5. A favorite B trustfill C boring D annoying6. A with B on C by D at7. A professors B participants C assistants D scientists8. A group B class C section D part9. A Previously B Formally C Initially D Finally10. A remember B explain C rewrite D complete11. A sad B secure C shy D angry12. A your B our C his D their13. A accident B harm C experience D model14. A eating B exchanging C buying D keeping15. A expressions B estimation C cooperation D connections答案与题解：1 . A 本句前半句说土豆泥、通心粉等对血管有害（bad）, 后半句说这些食物对心脏有利（ good）。

很明显，前半句与后半句意思相反，所以要选转折连接词but加以连接2. C 根据常识判断，吃土豆泥不会对personality （ 性格） .movement （ 移动）或 will （ 意志力）产生有利影响随后的文章，多处提到吃爽心食品（favorite food ）有助于排解孤独感所以选emotions是正确的3. D 本题的答案是personallyFor me personally （ 就我个人而言）与下文的意思很连贯 privately（ 私下地） 、usefully （ 有用地）或 awftilly （ 可怕地）与下文的意思搭不上，所以不会是答案4. B 本题的答案是 looked atO» ”looked at non-human things'' 相当于"studied （ 研究） nonhumanthings",与上下文的意思很匹配looked for （ 寻找） 、looked after （ 照顾）和 looked up （ 查找）与下文的意思搭配不上5. A 本句的意思是：人们为了排解孤独感，常常把自己和电视剧、流行歌曲歌手等等联系起来选项中有四个形容词， 应该选哪一个形容词去修饰TV shows呢？应该选褒义的形容词： favorite （ 喜爱的）或 trustfill （可信任的） 。

但对电视剧来说谈不上信任的问题favorite最合理，是本题答案6 . C 上一句说到， 人们为了排解孤独感， 常常把自己和喜爱的电视剧、 流行歌曲歌手等等联系起来于是Troisi和 Gabriel想，通过吃爽心食品让他们想起亲近的人，是不是也能产生同样的排解孤独感的效果呢？四个介词中只有by的词义是“ 通过” 其余三个介词在含义上都不合适7 .B 选 professors （ 教授） 、assistants （ 助手）或 scientists （ 科学家）不合常理, 科学家选实验对象时不会选他们participants （参与者）是本题的答案8 .A 本题应该选group,指每一组的参与者用 class （ 班级）, section （ 部门）或 part （ 部分）在意义上显然都不合适9 . D 本段叙述试验的几个步骤第一步要一部分受试者描写与亲人的争斗， 其他受试者写情感上. 中性的话题第 二 步 （ 文 中 用 th en加以连接）将上述两组受试者中的每一组再一分为二，一些人描写吃爽心食品的经历，另一些人描写吃新食品的经历 接下来应该是第三步了 从四个选项中寻找，只有Finally最合适，原来第三步就是最后一步了。

10 .D 实验的最后一步是受试者被要求书面回答10个问题complete是答案要求他们remember（ 记住） 、delete （ 删除）或 rewrite （ 重写） questions都不合乎逻辑11 . B 与亲近的人争吵会引发孤独感，但是， •般说来，人们的关系若是通常处于什么状态，通过写出他们吃爽心食物的经历会降低他们的孤独感呢？ 一定不会是sad、sh y 或 angry , 答案应该是secure （ 稳定的） 12 .D 修饰essays的所有格代词在人称与数上要与they一致，所以their是答案13 . C "eating food with family and friends^^ 是一种 experience （ 经历） ， 不会是一个 accident （ 事故） 、harm （ 危害）或 model （ ） 很明显， experience是本题的答案14 .A 文章中儿次提到吃爽心食物有助于缓解孤独感所以本题选eating是很自然的其他三个选项， exchanging （ 交换） 、buying （ 买）或 keeping （ 保留）若填入句子中，与后面的宾语chickensoup in the la b 连用,意思上说不通。

15 .D 本题的答案是connections其他三个选项在意思上都不合适返回+ 第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earth*s Waters（ 鲨鱼有益于地球水系）It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy1. They are thought to ____ J _people frequently. But these fish2 perform a _ 2 service for earth's waters and for human beings. Yetbusiness and sport fishing3 are threatening their 3 Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from4要让人们相信鲨鱼不是人类的死敌不是一件容易的事人们认为鲨鱼经常袭击人类但鲨鱼在为地球水系和人类作着有价值的贡献商业和捕鱼运动仍在威胁着他们的生存，有些鲨鱼面临着从地球上消失的危险Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas 5their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, 6 people also swim.In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person7_ a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sungoes down or comes up. Those are the 8 when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say thatbright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.温暖的气候影响着鱼类和鲨鱼的活动。

由于水温变暖，很多鱼类游到海边专家认为鲨鱼跟随其它鱼类，也来到人类游泳的区域实际上鲨鱼并非故意袭击人类人们认为，由于鲨鱼将人错认为是海狮等海洋动物，在饥饿时才袭击人类日出和日落时，正是鲨鱼饥肠辘辘的时候，人们不应该出海游泳专家还提到鲜艳的色彩和闪光的珠宝也会诱使鲨鱼袭击A shark has an extremely good sense of smell4, It can find small amounts of substances in water, suchas blood, body liquids and 9 produced by animals. These powerful 10 help sharks fredtheir food. Sharks eat fish, any 11 sharks, and plants that live in the ocean.鲨鱼的嗅觉特别灵敏，能嗅到海水中存在的极为微量的气味, 比如血液、体液和动物散发的化学物质灵敏的嗅觉有助于鲨鱼找到食物鲨鱼以鱼、其他鲨鱼和海洋植物为生Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark's body defense, and immune 12against disease. Researchers know that sharks 13 quickly from injuries. They study the shark inhopes of finding a way to fight human disease.医学研究人员想要更多了解的是鲨鱼的身体抗病免疫系统。

研究人员发现鲨鱼受伤会很快康复，他们希望通过研究鲨鱼，找到一种人类抗病的方法Sharks are important for the world's 14 They eat injured and diseased fish. Their huntingactivities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too 15 This protectsthe plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.鲨鱼有益于海洋 它们吃受伤的和生病的鱼 他们的捕猎活动使其它海洋鱼类的数目不会过多，这就保护了海洋中的植物和其它生灵词汇：purposely adv.故意地，蓄 意 地 immune adj.免疫的charge v .（ 向. . .）冲 （ 过去） jewelry n.珠宝seal n .海豹注释：1. It is hard to get people tO think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy：要让人们相信鲨鱼不是（ 人类的） 死敌不是一件容易的事。

anything but意为“ 决不， 远非” ， 如： His performance in London isanything but a success.（ 她在伦敦的演出完全不成功2. these fish：这些鱼（ 指鲨鱼） fish 单复数同形，如：One fish, two fish, many fish（ 见第二段第一句） 3. sport fishin9：捕鱼运动4. sense of smell：嗅觉练习：1. A attack B meet C love D visit2. A terrible B eatable C valuable D possible3. A source B existence C friends D fish4. A Space B Sky C Land D Earth5. A because B since C because of D by reason that6. A whose B which C that D where7. A to B for C like D with8. A times B places C seas D oceans9. A sciences B mathematics C chemicals D physics10. A feelings B senses C touches D tastes11. A those B these C another D other12. A systems B processes C ideas D circles13. A recover B reform C return D rely14. A rivers B oceans C forests D mountains15. A weak B little C few D great答案与题解：1. A 本题应选择attack,因为第一句说到：人们认为鲨鱼是a deadly enem y,也就是说鲨鱼会对人类造成伤害。

第二句是对deadly enemy的具体说明其他的三个选项meet, love, visit都不合适，love与上下文意思相反，meet京 口 visit与上下文意思不符2. C 空格2 所在的句子由but连接，所以该句子表达的意思一定与第二句相反第二句对鲨鱼的评价是负面的，填入空格2 的词应该是正面的四个选项中只有valuable符合这一条件，所以是答案3. B 第三句说到鲨鱼有益于"waters and human beings"，第五句又说到鲨鱼濒临灭绝的危险根据上下文的意思，threatening（ 威胁） 到它们的应该是existence（ 生存） 其他的三个选项source,friends, fish都不合适，与上下文意思没有联系4. D 如果鲨鱼消失， 从什么地方消失呢? 当然从earth（ 地球） 上消失 从 space（ 宇宙空间） 、 sky（ 天空） 中消失，或从land（ 陆地） 上消失，都有悖常理5. C 四个选项的意思说是“ 因为“ ，但是从用法上分析，because> since和 by reason that之后要接句子，because of之后接名词或名词短语。

their warm waters是名词短语，所以要选用because of6. D“…people also swim”明显是定语从句，其先行词是表示地点的名词a re a ,所以要选关系副词 where.«7. B 从上下文判断，本句的意思是：鲨鱼将人错认为是海洋动物而“ 将……错认为是” 的英语表达是mistake...for,所以本题的答案是选项B8. A 本段的意思是：鲨鱼并非故意袭击人类人们认为，由于鲨鱼将人错认为是海狮等海洋动物，在饥饿时才袭击人类日出和日落时，正是鲨鱼饥肠辘辘的时候，人们不应该出海游泳空格 8 填入的词应该与时间有关，所以times是答案，而与地点有关的选项（ places seas和 oceans） 与上下文意思脱节9； Z 本段第一、二句是说，鲨鱼的嗅觉特别灵敏，能嗅到海水中存在的极为微量的气味.作者举了三个物质：血 . 、体液和化学品空格9要填入表示物质的名词四个选项中惟一表达物质的词是chemicals（ 化学品） 所以chemicals是答案，而其它三个选项与学科有关，脱离了上下文的意思,不是本题的答案10. B在第一、二句意思的基础上，作者进一步说明，灵敏的嗅觉有助于鲨鱼找到食物。

所以本题的答案是选项D的senses,因为feelings, touches和tastes都与smells无关11. D本句的中心词是复数的sharks, another所修饰的名词一般是单数， 所以不会是答案these和those是表特指的代词，指代前面出现过的名词由于前面没有先行词，所以也不可能是答案剩下的other是答案，any other sharks的说法也合乎英语的用法12. A从上下文判断，医学研究人员想要更多了解的是“ 身体抗病system（ 系统广，不 会 是 “ 身体抗病idea（ 思想） " 、“ 身体抗病工作（ work） ”或“ 身体抗病circle（ 周期广13. A本段最后一句的意思是： 医学研究人员研究鲨鱼的目的是为了找到一种人类抗病的方法所以空格13所在句子的意思应该是recover（ quickly from injuries） o科学家想要探索的应该是有关受伤鲨鱼recover quickly from injuries的秘密，而reform（ 改造） 、return（ 回归） 和rely（ 依靠） 只是与答案recover词形上有点相似而已，其意思与上下文的意思风马牛不相及。

14. B从上下文判断，鲨鱼的存在能使Oceans得益鲨鱼不生活在rivers、forests或mountains中，所以，这三个选项不会是答案15. D本段的其余三句都是说明为什么鲨鱼有益于海洋它们吃海洋动物，结果使得海洋中的动物数量不会过多weak、little、few都与上面表达的意思相反，所以，只有great是答案第二部分 阅读判断返回第八篇 What Is a Dream?For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Somepsychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however,think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tellus about a person's mind and emotions.Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It wasonly in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1, was probably the first person to study dreamsscientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams arean expression of a person's wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings,thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freud's. Jung, however, had adifferent idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a messageto the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion ofthemselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think toolittle of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologistWilliam Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightlylinked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, fbr example, might dream aboutcrime.Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows thatchildren do not drcam as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needstime to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of menand women are different. For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and thedreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women's dreams.3 Domhoff found this genderdifference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem andtraditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this questionin different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is goingto occur, you shouldn't panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terribleevent will actually take place. It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the realworld.词汇：psychologist / sa k hd st / 〃 .心理学家 Austrian / str on / a d j.奥地利的psychiatrist /sai' kaiotr st/ n .精神病学家（ 医 gender/ d endo/〃. 性别生）注释：1. Sigmund Freud西格蒙德•弗洛伊德（ 1856—1939） ,犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。

精神分析学派的创始人他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因著 有 《 性学三论》《 梦的释义》《 图腾与禁忌》《 日常生活的心理病理学》《 精神分析引论》《 精神分析引论新编》等2. Carl Jung：卡尔•荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人3. For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involvefighting. This is not true of women's dreams例 如 ，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关；女人做梦与男人则不同练习：1. Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.A Right B WrongCNot mentioned2. According to Freud, people dream about things that they cannot talk about.A Right B Wrong3. Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneselfCNot mentionedA Right B Wrong4. In the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.cNot mentionedA Right B WrongcNot mentioned5. According to Domhoff babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.A Right B Wrong6. Men and women dream about different things.cNot mentionedA Right B Wrong7. Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.cNot mentionedA Right B WrongcNot mentioned答案与题解1. A这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。

即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感2. A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、想法或恐惧此句与本叙述一致3. B 第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicatea message to the dreamer.（ 荣格认为梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息）He thought peoplecould learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.（ 他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己）他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点4. C文中没有提及5. A依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：婴儿不像成人做那么多的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能这就说明了婴儿不具备成人做梦的能力6. A本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的°7. B最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。

因而不能预测未来返回* 第十篇 The Biology of MusicHumans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important role inlove. But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers.What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and the other ismusic. It is true that some animals can sing (and many birds sing better than a lot of people).However, the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that humans,not animals, have developed musical instruments. 1Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However, people can use music tocommunicate things —— especially their emotions. When music is combined with speech in a song, itis a very powerfill form of communication. But, biologically speaking, what is music?If music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in differentparts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.Sometimes people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language. However, theydon't automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russiancomposer, had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak orunderstand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. On theother hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak andunderstand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.By studying the physical effects of music on the body, scientists have also learned a lot abouthow music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on us? That is aharder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks thatmusic and love have a strong connection. Music requires special talent, practice, and physical ability.That's why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone's mate. For example, singing intune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need a good memory toremember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is inexcellent condition. Finally, when a man sings to the woman he loves (or vice versa), it may be away of showing off.However, Miller's theory still doesn't explain why certain combinations of sounds influence ouremotions so deeply. For scientists, this is clearly an area that needs further research.词汇：automatically adv.自动地 stroke /stra k /n ,中风note / ns \Jn. 音符注释：1. It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments： 人研制出了乐器，而动物则不能。

Develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new drugs to treatcancer.科学家们正在研发新药用以治疗癌症练习：1. Humans, but not animals, can sing.A Right B WrongCNot mentioned2. People can use music to communicate their emotions.A Right B WrongCNot mentioned3. We use the same part of the brain for music and language.A Right B WrongcNot mentioned4. Geoffery Miler has done research on music and emotions.A Right B WrongcNot mentioned5. It's hard for humans to compose music.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned6. Memory is not an important part in singing in tune.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned7. Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned答案与题解：1. B 第二段的第三句：It is true that some animals can sing (and many birds sing better than alot of people).可以看出有些动物会唱歌，而不只人类会唱歌。

2. A 第三段的第三句： However, people can use music to communicate things — especiallytheir emotions.这句清楚表明，人们可以用音乐来表达情感3. B第四段说明：科学证明人们用大脑的不同区域处理语言和音乐在第五段，作者用Vissarion Shebalin的例子进一步说明人脑处理语言和音乐的位置不同，Shebalin中风以后不能讲话也听不懂别人的话，但他却能创作乐曲4. A 第六段的第四句：Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinksthat music and love have a strong connection.这句说明Miller对音乐和爱( 情感) 的关系进行了研究，他得出的结论是：音乐和爱有密切的关联5. C文中没有提及创作乐曲是否困难6. B 第六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes.此句说明必须具备好的记忆力记音符才能唱得符合调子。

7. A最后一段讲的是：科学家们需要做更多的研究才能解释为什么有些声音影响我们的情感会如此之深也就是说，科学家不能全部解释音乐对人类的影响返回+ 第H — 篇 Bill Gates: Unleashing Your CreativityFve always been an optimist and I suppose it is rooted in1 my belief that the power of creativityand intelligence can make the world a better place.For as long as I can remember, Fve loved learning new things and solving problems. So when Isat down at a computer for the first time in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a clunky old teletypemachine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today.2 But it changedmy life.When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft 30 years ago, we had a vision of "acomputer on every desk and in every home”, which probably sounded a little too optimistic at a timewhen most computers were the size of refrigerators. But we believed that personal computers wouldchange the world. And they have.And after 30 years, Tm still as inspired by computers as I was back in seventh grade.I believe that computers are the most incredible tool we can use to feed our curiosity andinventiveness - to help us solve problems that even the smartest people couldn't solve on their own.Computers have transformed how we learn, giving kids everywhere a window into all of theworld's knowledge. They're helping us build communities around the things we care about and tostay close to the people who are important to us, no matter where they are.3Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularly lucky to do something every day that I love todo. He calls it "tap-dancing to work'". My job at Microsoft is as challenging as ever, but what makesme ''tap-dancing to work^^ is when we show people something new, like a computer that canrecognize your handwriting or your speech, or one that can store a lifetime's worth of photos, andthey say, “I didn't know you could do that with a PC5! ”But for all the cool things that a person can do with a PC, there are lots of other ways we canput our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world6. There are still far too many peoplein the world whose most basic needs go unmet7. Every year, for example, millions of people die fromdiseases that are easy to prevent or treat in the developed world.I believe that my own good fortune brings with it a responsibility to give back to the world. Mywife, Melinda, and I have committed to8 improving health and education in a way that can help asmany people as possible.As a father, I believe that the death of a child in Africa is no less poignant or tragic than9 thedeath of a child anywhere else, and that it doesn't take much to make an immense difference in thesechildren's lives10.I'm still very much an optimist, and I believe that progress on even the world's toughestproblems is possible - and it's happening every day. We're seeing new drugs for deadly diseases,new diagnostic tools, and new attention paid to the health problems in the developing world.I'm excited by the possibilities I see for medicine, for education and, of course, for technology.And I believe that through our natural inventiveness, creativity and willingness to solve toughproblems, we're going to make some amazing achievements in all these areas in my lifetime.词汇：unleash/ n li: / v t . 解开；放纵；使自由inspire / n spa s(r)/vr. 鼓舞optimist /*Dpt m s t/n .乐观主义者incredible/ n'kredobl/a” 难以置信的clunky (clonky) /*kl nk / a d j,发出沉闷金属声的curiosity / kjuar 'Ds t / n . 好奇心inventiveness n.发明创造的能力teletype /'tel ta p/ (teletype-writer) n.电传打字机poignant / p njont / a d j,令人悲痛的，可怜的tragic /*traed3 k /a d j,悲剧的，悲惨的vision /\ 3 n /n .想象；幻想；美景immense /Vn\ens/adj. 巨大的注释：1. be rooted in：扎根于；深深地存在于2. It was a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computerswe have today.那是一台笨重的旧式电传打字机，跟我们今天的电脑相比儿乎干不了什么事。

本句中，barely意为almost not； compare to在美国英语中也可以等同于compare with（ 与……相比）3. They're helping us build communities around the things we care about and to stay close to thepeople who are important to us, no matter where they are.电脑帮助我们就我们所关心的事情建立一个交流的场所，并且与那些我们认为对我们有重要意义的人密切相处，不管他们身在何处care about指不管喜欢或不喜欢的事情都很关心、介意、在乎、计较4. "tap-dancing to work”： “ 跳着踢踏舞工作" ta p 原意是“ 叩击、轻敲“ ；tap dance是“ 踢踏舞这里实际意思是“（ 手指）轻轻敲击键盘的工作5. PC （ personal computer） ：个人计算机6. But fbr all the cool things that a person can do with a PC, there arc lots of other ways we can putour creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world.除了我们能用计算机做的所有神奇的事情，还有很多其他方式发挥我们的创造力和智慧，从而使世界更加美好。

7. go unmet：得不到满足在这里go是系动词，unmet是过去分词作表语8. commit to此处意为承诺，保证做某事9. no less... than：和一样，不亚于. . .10. and that it doesn't take much to make an immense difference in these children's lives.而且要改善这些孩子们的命运，其实不难此处it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to makean immense difference in these children's liveso练习：1. A computer was as big as an icebox when Bill Gates was a high school student.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned2. Bill Gates has been dreaming of the popularity of computers fbr his lifetime.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned3. Bill Gates compares his hard work on a PC to "tap-dancing to work”.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned4. To Bill Gates9 mind, there is a big difference between the death of the poor's children and thedeath of the rich's children.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned5. So far Bill Gates has contributed several dozen billion dollars to the charities.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned6. Bill Gates and his wife consider it their duty to help the poor better their health and education asmuch as possible.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned7. Bill Gates will leave only a small portion of his wealth for his children.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned答案与题解：1. A 文章第三段中比尔•盖茨说，当他念七年级时: 电脑就是冰箱那么大小。

2. A文章第三段比尔•盖茨说，他30年前与Paul Allen一起创办微软公司时就梦想一桌- - 机、一户一机，而且从其他各段也可以看到他对电脑有很多的期待3. B 从第七段第二句可以看到作这样比较的是他的朋友Warren Buffett,而不是他自己4. B 在倒数第三段，比尔•盖茨已经明确说，所有这些儿童的死亡都一样令人伤心和悲痛，没有什么区别5. C 文章没有提到他给慈善机构捐款的事6. A 倒数第四段比尔•盖茨认为他一生好运，就理应回报社会，所以他和他的妻子做出了承诺，要帮助尽可能多的人改善医疗和教育条件7. C 文章没有提到返回+ 第十四篇 Stage Fright1Fall down as you come onstage. Thafs an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianistVladimir Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist MstislavRostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-perfbrmance panic,2 Mr. Feltsman said, “ Allmy fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?”Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal withperfbmiance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians canlearn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind?Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces insideout,4 to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don't deny thatyou're jittery, they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And playin public often, simply for the experience.Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance,“Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile/9 she says. "And not one ofthese 'please don't kill me' smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people youwould communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them.^^ She doesn't wantperformers to think of the audience as a judge.Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright, says DorothyDelay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students areable to achieve.When Lynn Harrell was 20, he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra, and hesuffered extreme stage fright. "There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience couldsee my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought,6 IfI have to go through this to play music, I think Fm going to look for another job.,,s Recovery, he said,involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and that animperfect concert was not a disaster.6It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz'snerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. uThey had to push him onstage/9 Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.Actually, success can make things worse. t6In the beginning of your career, when you're scaredto death, nobody knows who you are, and they don't have any expectations/9 Soprano June Andersonsaid. "There's less to lose. Later on, when you're known, people are coming to see you, and they havecertain expectations. You have a lot to lose.”Anderson added, “I never stop being nervous until I've sung my last note.^^词汇：veteran / vetoron / adj ,经验丰富的jittery / d t2n/ a d j.紧张不安的mentor / men t : / 〃 . 指导者soprano / so prpra:no / n .女高音； 女高音歌手cellist/ t el st/ n , 大提琴演奏家abdominal / seb damonal 腹部的fallible/ faehbsl / a d j,易犯错误的tenor Aena/ n・ 男高音注释：1. Stage Fright：舞台恐惧2. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-perfbrmancepanic…资深大提琴家Mstislav Rostropovich故意把Vladimir Feltsman绊倒，因而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症。

cure somebody of something (illness, problem)：医治好病( 解决问题)3. ... its symptoms： icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind：舞台恐惧的症状有手冰凉、身体颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白4. Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces insideout ：老师和心理学家提出了方方面面的建议，一些基础知识，比如将演奏曲目烂熟于心. inside out： in great detail详细地，从里到外地5. I came to a point where I thought, “If I have to go through this to play music, I think Fm goingto look for another job. ” 我曾经一度认为，如果搞音乐就必须经过克服舞台恐惧这一关的话，这项工作不能做6. Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he wasfallible, and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.不舞台恐惧意味着提高谦卑感，即认识到不管你多有才，你也会出错，一个有瑕疵的音乐会也绝对不是世界末日。

练习：1. Falling down onstage was not a good way for Vladimir Feltsman to deal with his stage fright.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned2. There are many signs of stage fright.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned3. Teachers and psychologists cannot help people with extreme -stage fright.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned4. To perform well on stage, you need to have some feelings of excitement.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned5. If you have stage fright, ifs helpful to have friendly audience.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned6. Often people have stage fright because parents or teachers expect too much of them.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned7. Famous musicians never suffer from stage fright.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned答案与题解：1. B 本文第一段讲的是钢琴家Vladimir Feltsman被Mstislav Rostropovich绊倒后，他的舞台恐惧被治愈了的故事。

2. A第二段的最后一句点出舞台恐惧的诸多症状为手冰凉、身体颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白3. B本文的第三、四、五、六段都在讲老师和心理学家为舞台恐惧者提供全方位的建议4. A 依据第三段的倒数第二句：some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamicplaying.（ 表演中激情是自然甚至是必要的）5. C第四段提到克服舞台恐惧的方法之一是：在观众中选择三位友好的面孔，与他们用眼光交流所以克服舞台恐惧要靠自己而不是指望所有的观众都友好6. A 第五段讲了舞台恐惧的根源在于指导者或父母对表演者要求太高extreme demands就是 expect too much of them 的意思7. B 第七段讲的是：不只年轻艺术家有舞台恐惧症，钢琴家Vladimir Horowitz和男高音Franco Corelli亦不能幸免Never - - 词不恰当第四部分 阅读理解返回第二十九篇 PH Be BachComposer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works ofclassical music. It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now most people can't tell thedifference between music by the famous German composer J. S. Bach (1685-1750) and the Bach-likecompositions from Cope's computer.It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera. He washaving trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. Atfirst this music was not easy to listen to. What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beingscompose music. He realized that composers, brains work like big databases. First, they take in all themusic that they have ever heard. Then they take out the music that they dislike. Finally, they makenew music from what is left. According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create thedatabase accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.Cope built a huge database of existing music. He began with hundreds of works by Bach. Thesoftware analyzed the data： it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. It thencombined the pieces into new patterns. Before long, the program could compose short Bach-likeworks. They weren't good, but it was a start.Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write. He continued to improve thesoftware. Soon it could analyze more complex music. He also added many other composers, includinghis own work, to the database.A few years later, Cope's computer program, called "Emmy”, was ready to help him with hisopera. The process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy. Cope listened tothe computer's musical ideas and used the ones that he liked. With Emmy, the opera took only twoweeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success! Cope received some of thebest reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions. Cope still gives Emmyfeedback on what he likes and doesn't like of her music, but she is doing most of the hard work ofcomposing these days!词汇：original/o r d onol / a d j,有独创性的 review/r *vju:/ n . 评论collaboration / ko Isebo re an / n. 合作 feedback /'fkdbsek / n.反馈注释J. S. Bach约翰•塞巴斯蒂安•巴赫( 德语：Johann Sebastian Bach, 1685年 3 月 3 1 日— 1750年 7月 2 8 日 ) ，巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家，同作曲家亨德尔和泰勒曼齐名。

巴赫被普遍认为是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊称为“ 西方’ 现代音乐' 之父" ，也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之- »练习:1. The music composed by David cope is a b o u t .A Classical musicB pop musicC dramaD country music2 . By developing a computer software, David cope a i me d .A to be like BachB to study BachC to write an operaD to create a musical database3. What did cope realize about a great composer's brain?A It forms new musical patterns all by itselfB It writes a computer programC It can recognize any music patternsD It creates an accurate database4. Who is Emmy?A a databaseB a computer softwareC a composer who helped DavidD an opera5. We can infer from the passage t hat .A David Cope is a computer programmer.B David Cope loves music.C Bach's music helped him a lot.D Emmy did much more work than a composer.答案与题解：1. A 第一段的第一句：David Cope发明了一个可以编写出古典音乐的电脑软件。

2. C从第二段的第一句可以看出，David编写电脑软件的目的是写歌剧A、B 和 D 都属于仓 lj作歌居IJ的. 部分3. D第二段的后半部分讲的是伟大的歌剧作者与一般的歌剧作者的不同之处是通过对数据进行准确的构建、记忆而后创作出新的音乐形式4. B从第五段第一句可知Emmy是一计算机软件5. D从本文第一句可知David是一个作曲家，不是计算机程序员，所以排除A;B、C 内容没有提及；从本文的第五段和第六段可知，Emmy大大提高了 David的创作速度，最后一句，大部分困难的工作都由Emmy来做，所以作曲家只干一小部分工作第五部分 补全短文返回第四篇The Bilingual BrainWhen Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea's a teenager, he had a hard timelearning English. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brainsadapt to a second language.1 As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, aneuroscientist in New Y o r k . 1 They found evidence that children and adults don't use thesame parts of the brain when they learn a second language.The researchers used an instrument called an MRI2 (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner tostudy the brains of two groups of bilingual p e o p l e .2. The other consisted of people who,like Kim, learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside theMR1 scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more bloodand were more active. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the daybefore, first in one language and then the other. They couldn't speak out loud because any movementwould disrupt the scanning.Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain - Broca's area： which isbelieved to control speech production, and Wernicke's area3, which is thought to process meaning.Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wemicke*s area no matterwhat language they were s p e a k in g .3People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca's area fbr boththeir first and second languages. People who learned a second language later in life used a differentpart of Broca?s area fbr their second la n g u a g e .4 Hirsch believes that when language is firstbeing programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languagesin the same area. Once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be takenover by a different part of the brain.A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we doas adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involvingtouch, sound, and s i g h t . 5词汇：immigrate / m gre t / v t .使移居入境 neuroscientist /'nj aro fsa ont st / n . 神经系scanner/ sksena/ n , 扫描仪 统科学家bilingual / ba 1 ggw(o) 1 / a d j,具备双语能 unique / ju: ni:k/adj,独特的力的disrupt / dis r pt / 使中断注释：1. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to asecond language.现在他说一口流利的英语，并且看一独箱的机会来审视我们的大脑是如何适应第二语言的。

adapt to：适应2. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)：磁共振成像3. Bmca9s area：布洛卡区，也译为布罗卡区是大脑的一区，它主管语言讯息的处理、话语的产生与 Wernicke、area共同形成语言系统布若卡区与韦尼克区通常位于脑部的优势半脑( 通常位于左侧) ，这是由于大多数人(97%)是右利的缘故1861年法国神经学家兼外科医生保罗布罗卡( Paul Broca, 1824—1880)对一些失语症患者进行研究及治疗时发现此一区域，位于大脑皮层额下回后部的44、45区，故以其发现者的名字命名为布罗卡区练习：A But their use of Broca9s area was different.B One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.C How does Hirsch explain this difference?D We use special parts of the brain fbr language learning.E And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.F Their work led to an important discovery.答案与题解：1. F 根据本空的后一句：They found evidence that children and adults don't use the same partsof the brain when they learn a second language.其中 they found evidence 与 discovery 相呼应。

2. B 依据本空的后一句 The other consisted of people who, like Kim, learned their secondlanguage later in life. one. . . the other是一固定搭配，用来比较同类事物3. A整段讲的是K im 他们对大脑的两个语言中心的分析，得出两组被试都用Wernicke飞area中同一地带，紧接着该谈被试们使用Broca's area的情况4. C 本段的开头谈到孩子学习第一和第二语言都用Broca飞area相同的地带；而成人学习第二语言时使用Broca's area不同的地带后面都是Hirsch对这一现象的解释；He believes...根据上下文C 是恰当的5. E该句是全文的结束语本段前两句都讲成年人与小孩习得语言的不同，Hirsch认为,母亲教小孩说话用不同于成人的方法，比如用触摸、声音和情景Different是一关键词,所以，我们在中学和大学课堂学语言的方法和母亲教孩子的方法是不同的返回第十篇How Deafness Makes It Easier to HearMost people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. However, heproduced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity1, but his biographer,Maynard Solomon, takes a different v i e w . 1. In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment,free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. Theycontinue to "hear" music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it beingplayed.2. He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months: "myformer musical experiences began to play back to me. I couldn,t differentiate between what I heardand real hearing.2 After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these play backs, to ' hear' musicwhich is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods.”How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both “out there“ and at the sametime within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internalperception than the cochlear implant3.3. However, it might be possible to use the brain'sremarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.When Michael Edgar first “switched on“ his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not atall clear. Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds. For example, "Theinsistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.”The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. When people spoketo Eagar, he heard their voices “coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poorconnection.^^ But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.4 4. Hesaid, “I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time. The movement of myfingers and the feel of the keys give added ' clarity5 to hearing in my head.5^ ^Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which canchange their l i v e s . 5. Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless toBeethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.词汇：obstacle / bst9k(a)l In.障碍biographer / bai grofb / n. 传记作者insistent / n s st(o)nt/6/J/.连续的adversity / 2ed v a:s t / n. 逆境； 不幸fascinate / fes ne t / vt. 使着迷，使神魂颠倒accompaniment / o k mp( 0) nim( 0) nt / n. 伴奏注释:1 . the triumph of will over adversity ： the successful overcoming of difficulty throughdetermination用意志力成功战胜不幸2. I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and real hearing.我不能分辨我听至U 的和真实的声音有什么不同。

3. cochlear implant： a device, surgically placed in the ear, that changes sounds into electric signals人工耳蜗；耳蜗植入4. But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.但是，如果碰到钟爱的音乐，人工耳蜗没有任何帮助 （ 我不用人工耳蜗就能听出来）5. The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added "clarity“ to hearing in my head.由于我手指在钢琴上的飞动，我能感觉到琴键，因而使我听到的东西在脑海里更加清晰练习：A No man-made device could replace the ability to hear.B When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano.C Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies, hearing is irrelevant.D Michael Eagar, who died in 2003,became deaf at the age of 21.E Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.F Solomon argues that Beethoven's deafness “heightened“ his achievement as a composer.答案与题解：1. F本段的开头讲：贝多芬的例子是一个意志力战胜耳聋的极好的例子。

但是，他的传记作家Maynard Solomon却持不同的意见贝多芬的耳聋不是一- 种灾难；相反，对他成为作曲家起到了促进作用后一句解释了耳聋如何使贝多芬更好地创作2. D该句是本段的开头，根据后一句：他描述了在三个月之内发生的奇妙的现象：我先前的音乐经历开始在我的脑海里回放再有后一句的what I heard and real hearing可以判定D是恰当的3. A 依据前一句：只有人工耳蜗才能使外部刺激和内心感知联系起来（ 耳聋的人通过人工耳蜗听到外部的声音） 人工耳蜗就是一种man-made device,后一句也是在讲人工耳蜗的功能所以A 是对的4. B 依据后一句的 play the piano 呼应 When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played thepiano,可以断定答案为B5. C前一句讲人工耳蜗的作用：它能使耳聋的人听到声音，尽管不完美，但改变了他们的生活；Still表示转折，该句承上启下，虽然人工耳蜗能帮助耳聋的人，但谈到音乐的韵律时，听力是不相关的（ 听力不起作用）所以后一句讲贝多芬在他生命的最后时刻创作第九交响乐时; 无论多么完美的人工耳蜗对他来说都没有用。

返回第十五篇 A Memory Drug?IT,S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE MANY THINGS that people would welcome more than amemory-enhancing drug. 1 Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember pastexperiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily fbr school and at work. Asscientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.1Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier findings linkingLTP2 and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mi c e . 2 Mice bred to haveextra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors, more LTP, and improvedperformance on several different memory tasks — learning a spatial layout3, recognizing familiarobjects, and recalling a fear-inducing shock.If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated topeople - and that remains to be seen - they could pave the way fbr memory-enhancing treatments.3 As exciting as this may sound, it also raises troubling issues. Consider the potentialeducational implications of memory-enhancing drugs. If memory enhancers were available, childrenwho used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowingthem to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise. How well could the brainhandle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don't have access to thelatest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school - and as a result handicapped later in life?4 Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory, such as amanager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers9 names aswell as the attributes of different products and services. Would you take a memory-enhancing drug toincrease your chances of landing the position? Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such adrug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities?Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we couldforget but can't." The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a youngman seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup. As you will see inthe section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusivememories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the actionof key hormones. Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that canburden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given torape victims who can't forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to suchindividuals. But could they also interfere with an individuafs ability to assimilate and come to termswith a difficult experience?5 5词汇：tantalizing / taentala z ij / adj, 诱人的synaptic / s naept k/ adj.（ 解剖学） 突触的steroid / st or d/ n .类固醇onslaught / nsl :tl n. 大量lucrative / lu:krot v / adj,有利可图的hit/hit/ 〃, （ 演出等）成功注释：1. As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.随着科学家们对记忆了解增多，我们正接近这一诱人的目标。

2. LTP&SNMDA： (Long-term Potentiation)给突触前纤维一个短暂的高频刺激后，突触传递效率和强度增加几倍且能持续数小时至几天保持这种增强的现象LTP发现海马LTP可能是学习记忆的分子基础1973年Bliss及其合作者，电刺激麻醉兔的内嗅皮层，使海马表层的穿通纤维兴奋，可在齿状回记录到场电位先用高频电刺激儿秒钟后，再用单个电刺激，记录到的部分场电位幅度大大超过原先记录的对照值，并可持续几小时，几天这一现象称为长时程增强效应(LTP)1983年发现NMDA(N—甲基一 D—门冬氨酸) 受体通道复合体在LTP过程中起重要作用，进一步深化了对LTP在大脑学习记忆中作用的理解3. a spatial layout：空间布局4. Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish wecould forget but can't：增强记忆药对我们想忘记却又不能的令人烦扰的记忆变得令人易于接受 take the sting out of：使. 易于被接受；使 . . .令人感到愉快5. But could they also interfere with an individual's ability to assimilate and come to termswith a difficult experience?中的 come to terms with：让步；屈服练习：A Like steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up memory.B A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease.C What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace?D We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of questions in the not-too-distantfuture.E There is a pill that you could take every day to allow you to remember everything.F The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA2 receptor, which plays an importantrole in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP.答案与题解：1. B 依据上一句的“ 很难想象一种提高人们记忆力的药会受到人们吹捧“ ；下面应该对这一现象做出解释，即这种药物有什么疗效；而后一句的Furthermore这一指示词起到了递进的作用，进一步说明这种药物的益处。

More than ：非常，极其，十分2. F前- - 句的关键词是gene、LTP和m ice,它讲的是有些令人兴奋的证据是从研究中得出的；该研究基于早期连接LTP和记忆的发现，该结果确定了提高老鼠记忆的基因；而后一句进一步阐述这一发现，开头的mice可以是一个连接词3. A 前一句讲：如果这种结果用于人类的话，人们就有可能把提高人的记忆力用于临床这一句讲：就像类固醇用于提高人的肌肉能力，这种药物也可以提高人的记忆力4. C 一般情况下，每一段的第一句都是本段的主题句而该句是一个问句：这种提高记忆力的药物用于职场有什么潜在的启示呢？紧接着本段其余几句都提出关于这种药物是否会对职场的提升有什么影响的问题5. D 本句是全文的最后一句应该是总结性的鉴于前面都列举了这种提高记忆力的药所面临的一系列问题，所以，我们在不久的将来要面临这些问题+ 第十三篇 Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawm. And itwon't be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity,and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy haspublished a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next fewd e c a d e s .1Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact,be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves toanthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures- even objects.For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddlerplaygroup for several m o n th s .2 The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler.When it lay down because its batteries were flat, the kids even covered it with a blanket.In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will peoplewant to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And beprogrammed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, e v e n ? 3 And like thosetoddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotionalrelationship with a machine. Even today there are people who fonn deep attachments to theirpets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.4 For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, arobotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence,Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming closerelationships with robots: z/lf a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and moreunderstanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?"A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as anowner desired. And that's the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damagethe ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seemimperfect in comparison. When you9re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you.____5____People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interestsand to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companionwill be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow togreater heights.词汇：affectionate〃 的 ：深情的dexterity几灵巧,敏捷anthropomorphize也赋于人性，人格化grumpy。

”脾气暴躁的cyberM/.计算机的tendu.照料bot 〃. 机器人subservient^^.屈从的，奉承的注释：1. Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn： 计算机技术已经足够成熟，能够支持人形机器人的诞生和普及，进入人形机器人的时代练习：Alt,s easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend.BBut a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.CAnd if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend, Levy saidthat such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.DHowever, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.EMaybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people whogrow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.FThe bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition, and itgiggled when tickled.答案与题解：1. C前文讲到David在书中认为人与机器人的关系在几十年后将变得普遍，因此接下来应该继续讲这种普遍性是怎样的。

2. F前文讲在圣地亚哥的一个实验，研究人员将机器人放在儿童游乐园里，要填的句子应该是介绍这个机器人3. E前文提了几个问题，是关于我们对人与机器人关系的看法，而后文讲" 他们” 会乐于接受，因此要填的句子应该是两类人的对比E项讲我们这•代人可能会反对，但下一代人就不一定了，符合意思4. B前文讲有人和宠物发展深厚关系，后面讲的是与机器人发展深厚关系的吸引人之处，因此这里应该讲机器人做伴侣的好处5. D前文讲好朋友会在你犯错的时候指出来，这里应该是表示对比——机器人不会这么做。