Maxwell超级电容课件.ppt

特卡特培训By:麦克斯维尔技术 - 圣地亚哥特卡特培训By:About Maxwell电容器制造始于1965maxwell生产设施：欧美及亚洲麦克斯维尔是创新、高能效储存及能源输送解决方案的领先开发者及生产者认证:ISO 9001:2000ISO/TS 16949ISO 9002About Maxwell电容器制造始于1965认证:ISOTable of Content1.什么时候我可以用超级电容?2.什么事超级电容?3.超级电容市场4.超级电容应用5.规范你的系统Sizing your System6.Sizing Examples7.超级电容系统设计指引8.摘要Table of Content什么时候我可以用超级电容?什么时候我可以用超级电容什么时候我可以用超级电容?•需要高度可靠后备电力的应用•1-60秒短时桥接电力，用于转换到第二个电源或顺序关闭•很好地补偿瞬时严重电压凹陷的优质电力•针对大瞬时高峰或电能浪涌的电力缓冲器什么时候我可以用超级电容?需要高度可靠后备电力的应用电力电力 vs 能量能量电力和能源有什么不同?电力 vs 能量电力和能源有什么不同?应用模型应用模型应用模型Peak Power Shaving•超级电容提供尖峰电力 ...可获得电力需要的电力超级电容尖峰电力削减尖峰电力削减尖峰电力Peak Power Shaving超级电容提供尖峰电力 .Back-Up Power Support•超级电容提供尖峰电力…...还有后备电力.需要的电力可获得的电力超级电容后备电力后备电力后备电力Back-Up Power Support超级电容提供尖峰电什么是超级电容?什么是超级电容?超级电容的性能特性超级电容的性能特性•超级电容的表现在传统电容器和电化学单元之间.•快充快放能力•高可逆过程, 10万个周期•能力比单元低仅有单元能力的~10% •能量比电解电容更高•出色的低温表现超级电容的性能特性超级电容的表现在传统电容器和电化学单元之间什么是超级电容什么是超级电容?C = e er A/dd最小化最小化A最大化最大化E = 1/2 CV2电解质金属箔金属箔电解质ECDL分离器 超级电容是:§ 100年的老技术, 因现代材料而加强§ 基于电解质的极化、高表面积电极及极小的充电点和分离§ 也就是电化学双层电容电极 电解质ECDL分离器什么是超级电容?C = er A/d电解质金属箔电解质ECD技术比较技术比较技术比较技术比较技术比较 (page 2)0,010,1110100100010100100010000动力或电力密度动力或电力密度/[W/kg]能量密度能量密度/[Wh/kg]双层电容器双层电容器10h1h0,1h36sec3,6sec0,36sec36msec铅酸单元铅酸单元 Ni/CdLi-单元单元Al-ElcoU/C燃料单元技术比较 (page 2)0,010,11101001000超级电容超级电容 vs 单元技术单元技术超级电容 vs 单元技术超级电容市场超级电容市场超级电容市场超级电容市场超级电容全球市场消费品数码相机PDA玩具记忆备份应急电源UPS风力发电工业固定式燃料单元自动化/机器人运输电动巴士/卡车发动机启动轻量电动车当地电力铁路超级电容市场超级电容全球市场消费品数码相机PDA玩具记忆备份已有产品已有产品 Available Products•含水电解质含水电解质: ESMA, Elit, Evan, Skeleton Technologies and Tavrima•优势:•高电解导电率•不需紧密密封以隔离 •低环境影响•弱势:•低分解电压 (1.23V)•窄的工作区间(水的冰点)•有机电解质有机电解质: Maxwell Technologies, Panasonic, EPCOS, Ness Capacitors, ASAHI GLASS•优势:•高分解电压•宽的工作电压•弱势:•低电解导电率•需要紧密密封，隔离湿气已有产品 Available Products含水电解质: 超级电容应用超级电容应用应用应用汽车汽车§ 14/42 V系统§ HEV§ 电力子系统牵引牵引Traction§ 回复制动§ 电压稳定§ 柴油机启动工业工业§ 电力质量 § Pitch systems§ Actuators消费电子消费电子§ AMR§ PDAs§ 数码相机§ 对讲机§ 扫描器§ 玩具小单元小单元大单元大单元应用汽车牵引Traction工业消费电子小单元大单元电力机车包电力机车包制动能源收集柴油机启动今日市场今日市场风电厂风浆系统风电厂风浆系统突发电力Burst power小单元应用小单元应用Digital cameras, AMR, Actuators, Memory boards牵引牵引工业消费者消费者 电力机车包制动能源收集今日市场风电厂风浆系统突发电力BuMaxwell超级电容课件储能系统储能系统: 基站或在车上基站或在车上时间时间 t11号车刹车 储能系统储存刹车能量时间时间 t22号车加速 储能系统放出能量SITRAS® SES - 解决方案解决方案优势优势: 通过减少一次能源消耗降低成本应用应用: 交替送出储存的刹车能量，用于车辆再加速解决方案解决方案: 可以提供基站式或车上储存系统储能系统: 时间 t1时间 t2SITRAS® SES - SITRAS® SES - 益处益处SITRAS® SES - 益处庞巴迪运输系统的庞巴迪运输系统的MITRAC MITRAC energy saver庞巴迪运输系统的MITRAC MITRAC energy s柴油发动机的启动柴油发动机的启动 by Stadler柴油引擎车辆用的超级电容模块柴油引擎车辆用的超级电容模块§ 电压平衡的结实构造§ 容易放大以适应额外的启动电力§ 容易与现有机壳集成§ 容易使用，免维护柴油发动机的启动 by Stadler柴油引擎车辆用的超级电风力发电机变桨系统风力发电机变桨系统•现代风力涡轮机 由三叶可变速 涡轮构成 •独立的机电 推动装置 控制和调节 旋翼桨叶•最新技术 uses the wind not only to produce wind energy but also for its own safety 风力发电机变桨系统现代风力涡轮机变桨系统储能装置变桨系统储能装置•每个变桨系统配有一个超级电容紧急供电装置•超级电容因如下原因代表着一个理想的应急供能系统：•提高了安全水平•高可靠性•效率•可扩展性75 V, 81 F 超级电容模块超级电容模块4 模块串联驱动模块串联驱动300 V 3-5 MW风电场风电场的的变桨距系统变桨距系统 开关盒开关盒包含包含2600F的的超级电容超级电容变桨系统储能装置75 V, 81 F 超级电容模块开关盒能量单元驱动的叉车能量单元驱动的叉车•装有能量单元的叉车•单元系统级超级电容模块•BOOSTCAP module:•48 BCAP0010•112 V, 55 F•40 kW 尖峰电力能量单元驱动的叉车BOOSTCAP module:超级电容在汽车上的应用超级电容在汽车上的应用• Distributed energy modules are located at the actuator level in the vehicle control hierarchy in close proximity to the actuator power driver (should be within 18”).超级电容在汽车上的应用 Distributed energy带超级电容的能量单元带超级电容的能量单元超级电容已被接受为燃料单元普通储能方式之一超级电容已被接受为燃料单元普通储能方式之一•每一个每一个 全球主要车厂都在测试燃料单元 作为传动动力系统的替代方案之一。

•所有值得关注的所有值得关注的 燃料单元公司正在用或在试验采用超级电容作为系统的集成部分.•多家多家 主要汽车厂声明了将带超级电容的燃料单元作为他们的基本系统架构本田和现代已经公开，其它和我们合作的还没有利用超级电容使我们获得了能效优势，油门响应and throttle responsiveness over competitors that are pursuing the hybrid battery–fuel cell model”本田汽车公司本田汽车公司带超级电容的能量单元超级电容已被接受为燃料单元普通储能方式之Sizing Your SystemSizing Your System数据表数据表数据表数据表数据表数据表如何检测超级电容如何检测超级电容•检测超级电容你需要:•双向电源 (supply/load) OR •separate power supply and programmable load (constant current capable) •voltage vs. time measurement and recording device (digital scope or other data acquisition) •电容和电阻Capacitance and Resistance:电容电容Capacitance = (Id * td)/(Vw - Vf) = (Id * td)/VdESR = (Vf - Vmin)/Id Vw = initial working voltage    Vmin = minimum voltage under loadId = discharge current             Vf = voltage 5 seconds after removal of load.td = time to discharge from initial voltage to minimum voltage如何检测超级电容检测超级电容你需要:基本公式基本公式电容的定义:C = Q/V (1)Charge = current * time: Q = I*t C = I*t/V (1a) Solving for voltage:V = I*t/C (2)动态电压:dV/dt = I/C (3)储存能源E = ½ C*V2 (4)At initial voltage Vo,Eo = ½ C*Vo2At final voltage Vf, Ef = ½ C*Vf2Delivered energy = Eo – Ef ΔE = ½ C*(Vo2 – Vf2) (5)基本公式电容的定义:C = Q/V (1)Charge电压电压 & 电流电流 vs. 时间时间C = 15 farad; Resr = 100 milliohmVo = 48V; I = 30A-5-4-3-2-10123456789101112131415Time (sec)20253035404550Voltage (V)05101520253035404550Current (A)- Resr++C-iVoltageCurrentVoVminVfV = Q/CdVesr = I*ResrdV/dt = I/C ; dV = I*dt/CdVtotal = I*dt/C + I*ResrΔE = ½ C*(Vo2 – Vf2)电压 & 电流 vs. 时间C = 15 farad; Re基本模型基本模型•Series/Parallel configurations•Changes capacitor size; profiles are the same•串联配置Series configurations•Capacitance decreases, Series Resistance increases•Cs=Ccell/(#of cells in series)Rs=Rcell*(# of cells in series)•平行配置Parallel configurations•Capacitance increases, Series Resistance decreases•CP=Ccell*(# of cells in parallel)RP=Rcell/(# cells in parallel)•受控电流•Use output current profile to determine dV/dtdV = I * (dt/C + ESR)•受控电力•Several ways to look at this:Pterm = I*Vcap –I2*ESR (solve quadratic for I)I = [Vcap - sqrt(Vcap2-4*ESR*Pterm)]/(2*ESR)•Solve for dV/dt as in current-controlled•J=W*s=1/2CV2 Solve for C.基本模型Series/Parallel configurat带单个储能装置的应用带单个储能装置的应用•Applications in which little total energy is required (i.e. memory backup)•Possibly used with other energy sources•Short duration, high power (i.e. pulse transmit)•Long duration, low power (i.e UPS backup)•Opportunities for high charge rates (i.e toys)带单个储能装置的应用Applications in whic带两个储能装置的应用带两个储能装置的应用•Power vs. Energy design tradewhen using two components•单原件与双原件的比对•Engines/Fuel cells/Batteries/Solar Arrays are energy rich/power poor (or poor response)•Size these components for enough energy, system may be limited in power•Size these components for power, system may have surplus of energy•Ultracapacitors are power rich/energy poor•Size an ultracapacitor for enough energy, system may have a surplus of power•Size an ultracapacitor for power, system may be limited in energy•双元件Two components•A primary source for energy; Ultracapacitor for power•Requires appropriate definition of peak power vs. continuous power带两个储能装置的应用Power vs. Energy des超级电容的老化超级电容的老化•Unlike batteries, Ultracapacitors do not have a hard end of life criteria.•Ultracapacitors degradation is apparent by a gradual loss of capacitance and a gradual increase in resistance.•End of life is when the capacitance and resistance is out of the application range and will differ depending on the application.•Therefore life prediction is easily done.超级电容的老化Unlike batteries, Ultra电容和电容和 ESR vs 频率频率电容和 ESR vs 频率C and ESR Temperature DependencyC and ESR Temperature DependenBCAP 自放电自放电BCAP 自放电BCAP 循环能力循环能力BCAP 循环能力BCAP Cycling500’000 cycles between 1.8 and 2.7 V, 100 AESR (1 Hz) increase 140 % (0.49 to 0.79 mOhm Capacitance decrease 38 % (2760 to 1780 F), 30% compared to rated capacitanceBCAP Cycling500’000 cycles betBCAP 直流寿命直流寿命 DC LifeCapacitance and ESR variation at U, T = 40 °CBCAP 直流寿命 DC LifeCapacitance BCAP DC Life Capacitance and ESR variation at U, T = 65 °CBCAP DC Life Capacitance and E选型举例选型举例 Example sizing1) 定义系统需要15 W delivered for 10 seconds10V max; 5V min2) 确定总能量需求: J=WS=10W*10sec=150Ja) Determine Capacitance based on:J=1/2CV2b) Substitute the energy from above:150J=1/2C(Vmax2-Vmin2)c) Solve for C:C=300/(102-52)=4F3) 加20-40% 安全余量以覆盖I2R 损失Csystem = 4.8F4) 计算串联组中需要多少个单元 (因为最高单元电压 = 2.5V)10V/2.5V = 串联组中需要4个单元5) Calculate cell-level capacitanceC = Csys * # of series cells = 4.8F* 4 = 19.2F per 2.5V “cell”6) 计算并联单元的数量 (我们将假定一个10F单元)# in parallel = 19.2/10F = 2 x 10F cells in parallel Example sizing1) 定义系统需要产品策略产品策略产品策略可提供的产品组合可提供的产品组合Enhance application cost effectiveness by filling the product portfolio ladder - Initial focus: MC Series3000 F2600F2000 F1500 F1200 F650 F电力梯级电力梯级3000 F2600F2000 F1500 F1200 F650 F能源梯级能源梯级11个新的超级电容单元个新的超级电容单元可提供的产品组合Enhance application coMC系列用新产品组合系列用新产品组合 能源能源Energy电力电力Power29个新产品个新产品MC系列用新产品组合 能源Energy电力Power29个新设计一个超级电容系统的指引设计一个超级电容系统的指引超级电容单元的平衡超级电容单元的平衡为什么要有单元平衡?•Achieve cell to cell voltage balance•Accounts for variations in capacitance and leakage current, initial charge and voltage dependent on capacitance, sustained voltage dependent on leakage current•Reduces voltage stress on an individual cell•Increase overall reliability of the individual cells超级电容单元的平衡为什么要有单元平衡?超级电容单元的平衡超级电容单元的平衡如何进行单元平衡?•Resistor method, resistor placed in parallel, resistor value calculated at 10x leakage current for slow balance, 100x for faster balance, good for low cycle when efficiency or stand by loss not an issueSurface Mount Resistor for low duty cycle application超级电容单元的平衡如何进行单元平衡?Surface Moun超级电容单元的平衡超级电容单元的平衡•Active method, use semiconductors to limit or balance voltage between cells, best for high duty cycle or when efficiency and stand by loss from leakage current are important, highest cell reliability option Active cell to cell balance circuit超级电容单元的平衡Active method, use se单元平衡单元平衡Low capacitance,high leakage cellNote high and low points;low capacitance cell1.5 hours of Vehicle cycling (~ 200A)• 低成本• Scalable balance current• 10mA, 300mA circuits• 很低的quiescent current (<20µA)• No on/off required• 模块化安装• N cells requires N-1 circuits• 电压独立2600F cells; 4 in Series300mA balancer for 50 & 60mm Ø cells10mA balancer for 5F & 10F cells单元平衡Low capacitance,high leak单元平衡单元平衡Three cells with one cell balancing resistor removed:单元平衡Three cells with one cell 超级电容的并组超级电容的并组为什么要并组?•Ensure proper mechanical stress•Ensure robust low resistance interconnect•Ensure proper electrical isolation•Ensure proper thermal considerations•Ensure agency compliance•Increase overall cell reliability•Reduce or eliminate maintenance requirements超级电容的并组为什么要并组?电容单元的并组电容单元的并组如何并组单元?•Care should be taken for the electrical interconnect, a few key guidelines to follow:•Do not over torque. Over torque at the terminals may cause internal failure of contact points. For example, the Maxwell BCAP specification is 100 in.-lbs•Use similar conductor metal interconnect bus bars to eliminate galvanic corrosion.•Good surface to surface contact will reduce inter-cell resistance, reducing voltage drop and temperature stress电容单元的并组如何并组单元?How to Package Cells?•Cell to cell spacing should take into consideration two key points and can be accomplished by the design of the interconnect or the cell balancer:•Depending on the cell some part of the outer case may be electrically the same as one of the terminals, ensure electrical isolation and watch for rubbing components that may wear through ultracapacitor insulation, do not remove the factory installed insulator sleeve•Some air space between the cells allows convection cooling via air flow improving reliability, depends on cycle time, short duration high cycle applications may require forced air or other cooling methodUltracapacitor PackagingHow to Package Cells?Ultracapa超级电容的并组超级电容的并组电绝缘电绝缘铝质铝质Aluminum InterconnectProper Torqueand Hardware超级电容的并组电绝缘铝质Aluminum Proper To总结总结优点总结优点总结Calendar Life 取决于平均电压和温度Cycle Life•取决于平均电压和温度Charge acceptance•充电和放电一样快, limited only by heating温度•高温; 没有热击穿•低温; -40°C优点总结Calendar Life优点总结优点总结没有固定的Voc•Control Flexibility; context-dependent voltage is permitted•Power Source voltage compatibility•Examples; Fuel cells, Photovoltaics无最小电压Vmin•单元壳放电到 0V.•控制安全，不会过充•安全服务单元电压的管理•Only required to prevent individual cell over-voltage充电状态 & 健康状态•State of Charge equals Voc•Dynamic measurements for C and ESR = State of Health•不需要历史数据优点总结没有固定的Voc有用的一些链接有用的一些链接•Useful links on Maxwell Technologies Web-site:•White Papers•Technology Overview•Sizing worksheet•Application Notes•Data Sheetsmaxwell 有用的一些链接Useful links on Maxwell。