castles城堡世界解析实用教案.ppt

9/18/2024•What￿is￿the￿castle?•How￿were￿the￿castles￿constructed?•How￿did￿the￿castles￿develop?•Do￿you￿konw￿some￿famous￿castles?￿QuestionsQuestions第1页/共21页第一页，共22页9/18/2024Denifinition and EtymologyDenifinition and Etymology（词源(cí yuán)(cí yuán)）•A￿castle￿￿is￿a￿fortified￿structure￿built￿￿in￿Europe￿and￿the￿Middle￿East￿during￿the￿Middle￿Ages￿by￿nobility.￿•The￿word￿castle￿is￿derived￿from￿the￿Latin￿word￿castellum￿￿which￿means￿"fortified￿place".The￿word￿castle￿was￿introduced￿into￿English￿shortly￿before￿the￿Norman￿Conquest￿to￿indicate￿this￿type￿of￿building,￿which￿was￿then￿new￿to￿England.第2页/共21页第二页，共22页。

9/18/2024Motte and Bailey CastlesMotte and Bailey Castles•an artificial mound called a motte.an artificial mound called a motte.（土墩）•The bailey was the courtyard within The bailey was the courtyard within the walls of the castle.the walls of the castle.• ( (城堡(chéngb(chéngbǎo) o)外庭) ) 第3页/共21页第三页，共22页9/18/2024DrawbridgeDrawbridge（吊桥(diàoqiáo)(diàoqiáo)）￿￿￿￿￿￿A￿wooden￿bridge￿that￿led￿to￿a￿gateway￿and￿was￿capable￿of￿being￿raised￿or￿lowered.第4页/共21页第四页，共22页9/18/2024Moats（护城河）•Water,￿or￿a￿wide￿ditch （沟渠(gōuqú)）,￿very￿often￿surrounded￿the￿castles.第5页/共21页第五页，共22页。

9/18/2024TurretsTurrets（炮塔(pàot(pàotǎ) )） and Towers and Towers（塔楼）￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿A￿castle￿turret￿was￿a￿small￿tower￿rising￿above￿and￿resting￿on￿one￿of￿the￿main￿towers,￿usually￿used￿as￿a￿look￿out￿point.￿第6页/共21页第六页，共22页9/18/2024BattlementsBattlements（城垛(chén(chénɡ du duǒ) )）￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿A￿narrow￿wall￿built￿along￿the￿outer￿edge￿of￿the￿wall￿to￿protect￿soldiers￿agains￿tattack.第7页/共21页第七页，共22页9/18/2024Gatehouse(Gatehouse(城楼(chénglóu))(chénglóu))￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿The￿gatehouse￿guarded￿the￿entrance￿of￿the￿castle￿or￿its￿town.￿The￿portcullis￿（吊闸门(zhámén)）inside￿the￿gatehouse￿was￿extremely￿heavy￿and￿was￿used￿to￿seal￿off￿the￿entrance.第8页/共21页第八页，共22页。

9/18/2024Arrow SlitsArrow Slits（箭缝）￿￿￿￿￿￿￿A￿narrow￿vertical￿（垂直(chuízhí)的）slit￿cut￿into￿a￿wall￿through￿which￿arrows￿could￿be￿fired￿from￿inside.第9页/共21页第九页，共22页9/18/2024KeepKeep（城堡(chéngb(chéngbǎo)o)主楼）￿￿￿￿￿￿The￿inner￿stronghold￿of￿the￿castle￿was￿called￿the￿keep.第10页/共21页第十页，共22页9/18/2024Concentric CastlesConcentric Castles（同轴城堡(chéngb(chéngbǎo)o)）￿￿￿￿￿￿Concentric￿castles￿would￿have￿two￿circuits（圈）￿of￿walls￿and￿flanking￿towers.￿￿The￿inner￿wall￿would￿be￿higher￿than￿the￿outer.第11页/共21页第十一页，共22页9/18/2024A Castle's FunctionA Castle's Function•Fortress（堡垒(bǎolěi)）￿and￿military￿protection￿•Center￿of￿local￿government￿•Home￿of￿the￿owner,￿usually￿a￿king第12页/共21页第十二页，共22页。

9/18/2024Brief history of castles Brief history of castles ￿￿9th￿and￿10th￿centuries￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿The￿breakdown￿of￿the￿Carolingian￿Empire￿led￿to￿the￿privatisation￿ of￿ government,￿ and￿local￿ lords￿ assumed￿ responsibility￿for￿the￿economy￿and￿justice.￿￿￿第13页/共21页第十三页，共22页9/18/2024￿￿￿11th￿century￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿Despite￿the￿common￿period￿in￿which￿castles￿rose￿to￿prominence￿in￿Europe,￿their￿form￿and￿design￿varied￿from￿region￿to￿region.￿In￿the￿early￿11th￿century,￿the￿motte￿and￿keep￿are￿the￿most￿common￿form￿of￿castle￿in￿Europe.￿While￿Britain,￿France,￿and￿Italy￿shared￿a￿tradition￿of￿wood￿construction￿￿in￿castle￿architecture,￿Spain￿more￿commonly￿used￿stone￿or￿mud-brick￿as￿the￿main￿building￿material.第14页/共21页第十四页，共22页。

9/18/2024•Until￿the￿12th￿century,￿stone-built￿and￿earth￿and￿wooden￿castles￿were￿contemporary,but￿by￿the￿late￿12th￿century,￿the￿number￿of￿castles￿being￿built￿went￿into￿decline.￿•Until￿the￿late￿12th￿century￿,castles￿generally￿had￿few￿towers;￿a￿gateway￿with￿few￿defensive￿features￿such￿as￿arrowslits￿or￿a￿portcullis(吊闸门(zhámén)).•a￿newly￿constructed￿castle￿:￿polygonal（多边形的）in￿shape,￿with￿towers￿at￿the￿corners￿to￿provide￿fire￿for￿the￿walls.￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿12th￿century第15页/共21页第十五页，共22页9/18/202413th￿to￿15th￿centuriesIn￿the￿early￿13th￿century,￿Crusader￿castles￿were￿mostly￿built￿by￿Military￿Orders.The￿Crusades￿also￿led￿to￿the￿introduction￿of￿machicolations（炮眼(pàoyǎn)）￿into￿Western￿architecture.Concentric￿castles￿were￿widely￿copied￿across￿Europe.The￿greatest￿period￿of￿castle￿building￿in￿Spain￿was￿in￿the￿11th￿to￿13th￿centuries,￿and￿they￿were￿most￿commonly￿found￿in￿the￿disputed￿borders￿between￿Christian￿and￿Muslim￿lands.第16页/共21页第十六页，共22页。

9/18/2024德国瓦尔特堡￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿ 芬兰(fēn lán)图尔库城堡第17页/共21页第十七页，共22页9/18/2024￿￿英国温莎城堡(chéngbǎo)￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿瑞士西庸城堡(chéngbǎo)第18页/共21页第十八页，共22页9/18/2024￿￿￿￿￿￿德国宁芬堡￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿法国(fǎ￿ɡuó)朗热堡￿￿￿第19页/共21页第十九页，共22页9/18/2024Thank youThank you第20页/共21页第二十页，共22页9/18/2024感谢您的观赏(guānshǎng)！第21页/共21页第二十一页，共22页内容(nèiróng)总结11/9/2021Denifinition and Etymology（词源(cí yuán)）A Castle's Function第20页/共21页感谢您的观赏第二十二页，共22页。