27、现在完成时练习题及答案.doc

一、时态讲解：现在完成时（1）构成：现在完成时由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成has用于第三人称单数,have用于其他各种人称. 现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：否定式疑问式I have not (haven’t) studied….Have I studied…?You have not (haven’t) studied….Have you studied…?He has not (hasn’t) studied….Has he studied…?否定疑问式简单回答（肯定/否定）Have I not (Haven’t I) studied…?Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Have you not (Haven’t you) studied…?Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.Has he not (Hasn’t he) studied…?Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.其用法主要有三种 I.“已完成”用法 :表示一个过去发生并结束的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

这一类情况可以细致分为下述两种情况 1）表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束常和just，now，already，yet，not…yet等不确定的时间状语连用 Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上说明现在灯关上了） I've finished my homework now. 现在我已经做完作业了说明可以交作业或做别的了） 2）表示过去动作的结果，现在仍残留着一般不用时间状语 I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了 （说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没找到这支笔）She has become a teacher. 她已经当了老师说明她现在仍是老师）  II.“未完成”用法表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，持续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束常和表示一段时间的状语连用如today，this week（month），lately，recently，these days，in the past few days，during the last two weeks，since，since yesterday，since 2 days ago，since 1991，for a long time，for a month，so far，up to now，till（until） now等。

 He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿三十年了现在还住在这儿） They've known each other since childhood. 他们从小彼此相识现在还在往来） How long have you studied English？ 你学英语多久了？（现在仍在学） III.经验性用法:表示从过去开始到目前为止这段时间中反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态常与频度副词如often,always,every week,twice等连用I have been to the Summer Palace twice. 我曾经去过颐和园两次 He has always said so.他总是这么说.（2）用法：1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响 My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去 I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面 She has arrived. 她到了2）表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如recently, already, just, lately, for…, since…,yet等。

如： I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信 We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你 They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了She has been with us since Monday.★注意：a) since和for的区别since后接时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got therefor后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等Exercise: 用since和for填空1. Jim has been in Ireland ______ Monday.2. Jill has been in Ireland ______ three days.3. His aunt has lived in Australia ______15 days.4. Mary is in her office. She has been there ______ 7 o'clock.5. India has been an independent country ______1974.6. The bus is late. They've been waiting ______ 20 minutes.7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ______ many years.8. Mike has been ill ______a long time. He has been in hospital ______ October.1. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. since 6. for 7. for 8. since2）表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。

因此，不能说： He has come here for 2 weeks. × The old man has died for 4 months. × They have left only for 5 minutes. ×以上三句话可以改为：He has been here for 2 weeks.The old man has ______ _______ for 4 months.They have _____ _____ only for 5 minutes2）have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别：表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”I. have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never,several times等连用，后者则不能如： They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。

 He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了 试比较：Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了？（人不在）They have been to Canada. 他们到过加拿大现在已经不在加拿大）They have gone to Canada. 他们到加拿大去了可能在路上和已经到加拿大）.3）现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in，但可以和already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用I现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用a. 用副词already和yet。

already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了 They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业b. 用ever和never.多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等 如： -Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗?-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城 c. 用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just, before, up to now, the past few years等例如：I have seen her before,but I can not remember where. 我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过 He has been there three times the last few days. 近几天他去过那里三次了 d. 用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如now,today,this morning(month,year,term)等。

例如：-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't. 今天你见过他吗？我没有 How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次？ II短暂性动词不能和表一段时间的时间状语连用如：come, go, arrive, reach, hear, close, leave, begin, start, lose, buy, fall, join, die, get up等但如果要保留表一段时间的时间状语，必须将动词改为延续性动词II. 不可延续性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换如：  fall asleep (ill) →be asleep (ill)          get to know→ know  begin,(start)→ be on                     open →be open   buy→ have                             get up。