国际法_(8)国际组织法.ppt
36页国际法,第十章 国际组织法 (联合国和区域性国际组织),参考文献,梁西著:国际组织法,武汉大学出版社 联合国宪章诠释 山西教育出版社 《联合国宪章》 网站:www.un.org,本章重点,国际组织的概念和特征 国际组织法的主要内容 联合国宪章:联合国的基本制度 思考与讨论 台湾加入联合国的问题 联合国改革及其对国际法发展的影响,第一节 国际组织概述(1),国际组织的概念和特征 国际组织是指两个以上的国家的政府、民间团体或个人为特定的国际合作目的,通过协议形式创设的常设机构(广义) 组成成员为国家:政府间国际组织 非政府组织一般不具有独立的国际法律地位,不属于国际法意义上的国际组织范畴 政府间国际组织并不完全意味着主权国家之间的组织 以合作为目的 以成员间的协议为权利和行为能力依据 有常设机构 具有独立法律人格,第一节 国际组织概述(2),国际组织的形成 普遍性国际组织出现 国际联盟的成立 League of Nations 现代国际组织发展特点:二战以后的六十年 数量急剧增加 联合国的核心地位 区域一体化国际组织的发展,第一节 国际组织概述(3),现代国际组织的类型:依据不同的标准划分不同类型 一般性和专门性国际组织: UN/IMF … 全球性和区域性国际组织 WTO/NAFTA; UN/EU … 开放性和封闭性国际组织: UN,WTO…/EU,NATO 联合国相关和无关联合国国际组织 FAO,WHO/WTO… 国际和平与安全的政治性组织、贸易和经济发展组织、技术社会文化合作组织 NATO, APEC, OIF, ITU…,第一节国际组织概述(4),国际组织法和国际组织的若干法律问题 国际组织法 调整国际组织内部及其对外关系的各种法律规范的总和,包括外部法(国际关系中的法律地位,与非成员、成员交往的规则)和内部法(机构组成、职能分工、决策规则、财政制度、人事制度 ) 主要依据:有关国际组织一般性权利义务的条约(例如:《关于国家与国际组织相互间条约法维也纳公约》 );国际组织建立的基本文件(例如联合国宪章》,WTO协议) 国际组织的相关法律问题:国际组织法律关系中的一般性问题 国际组织的法律地位问题 国际组织的成员 国际组织的机构和职能:包括管理、监督和争端解决机制 国际组织的决策方式,第二节 联合国(1),联合国成立的背景 国际联盟与联合国 联合国宪章的形成: St.James Palace 宣言 1941.6 大西洋宪章 1941.8 联合国宣言 1942.1 莫斯科和德黑兰会议 1943 墩巴顿橡树园和雅尔塔会议 1944.10/1945.2 旧金山会议 1945,第二节 联合国(2),联合国的宗旨和原则 宗旨 (1)维持国际和平与安全;(2)发展国际间以尊重人民平等权利及自决原则为根据的友好关系,并采取其他适当办法,以增强普遍和平;(3)促成国际合作;(4)构成协调各国行动的中心,以达成上述目的 原则 (1)会员国主权平等;(2)确保履行宪章义务;(3)和平解决国际争端;(4)禁止使用武力;(5)国际协助;(6)保证非会员国遵守宪章原则;(7)联合国不干涉会员国国内管辖权事件 宗旨和原则条款的效力,第二节 联合国(3),会员国 创始会员国:51个 现有会员国192个 会员国的资格:主权国家 会员国地位:创始会员国和接纳会员国 会员国的终止 中止 除名 南联邦的资格问题 瑞士加入联合国:2002年 中立国加入联合国在某种程度上标志联合国二战战胜国同盟的性质的变化,UN Charter Article 3 and 4,(article 3)The original Members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present Charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. Article 4 1. Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations. 2. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.,第二节 联合国(4),联合国主要机构 联合国大会(联大,UN Assembly) 安全理事会(安理会,UN Security Council) 经济社会理事会(经社理事会,UN Economic and Social Council, UNEOCSOC) 国际法院(International Court of Justice, ICJ) 托管理事会(UN Trusteeship Council) 秘书处(UN Secretariat),联合国大会,组成 由全体会员国组成,任何会员国的权利和地位平等,每一会员国在联大的代表不超过5人 联大的观察员:非会员国,至少是联合国专门机构的成员,可以作为联大观察员,无投票权,但可以发言。
职权 表决程序 一国一票,2/3多数通过重要事项;其他问题需要1/2通过 大会机构及运作规则 联大设六个委员会,每年举行一次常会,9月第三个星期二,持续到12月下旬还可召开紧急会议和特别会议,Functions and powers(1),Consider and make recommendations on the general principles of cooperation for maintaining international peace and security, including disarmament; Discuss any question relating to international peace and security and, except where a dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the Security Council, make recommendations on it; Discuss, with the same exception, and make recommendations on any questions within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations; Initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and international collaboration in the economic, social, humanitarian, cultural, educational and health fields;,Functions and powers(2),Make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation that might impair friendly relations among nations; Receive and consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations organs; Consider and approve the United Nations budget and establish the financial assessments of Member States; Elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the members of other United Nations councils and organs and, on the recommendation of the Security Council, appoint the Secretary-General.,Special sessions,UN CHARTER_Article 20 The General Assembly shall meet in regular annual sessions and in such special sessions as occasion may require. Special sessions shall be convoked by the Secretary-General at the request of the Security Council or of a majority of the Members of the United Nations. 共28次,Emergency special sessions,Res. 377A(V) :ESS can be convened in 24hs Resolves that if the Security Council, because of lack of unanimity of the permanent members, fails to exercise its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security in any case where there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression, the General Assembly shall consider the matter immediately with a view to making appropriate recommendations to Members for collective measures, including in the case of a breach of the peace or act of aggression the use of armed force when necessary, to maintain or restore international peace and security. If not in session at the time, the General Assembly may meet in emergency special session within twenty-four hours of the request therefore. Such emergency special session shall be called if requested by the Security Council on the vote of any seven members, or by a majority of the Members of the United Nations 共10次,。





