国际贸易实务英文版第二版周瑞琪5.CargoTransportation.ppt

Chapter FiveCargo Transportation1整理pptLearning objectives lAfter learning this chapter you will be able to¡understand the importance of ocean transportation and how liner freight is obtained ¡know other modes of transportation in terms of their features, suitability and freight calculation¡be aware of the importance of ocean bill of lading and its different types¡describe a range of other transportation documents ¡stipulate delivery clause in a sales contract 2整理ppt5.1 Ocean TransportationlLiner transportation lCharter transportation3整理ppt5.1.1 Liner transportation lLiner: definition¡a vessel with regular sailings and arrivals¡sailing on a fixed (regular) sailing route¡calling at fixed (regular) base ports¡adopting a comparatively fixed timetable ¡charges at comparatively fixed freight rates¡freight inclusive of loading & unloading costlLiner: types ¡conference liners¡non-conference liners 4整理ppt5.1.1 Liner transportation lLiner Freight = basic freight rate + surcharges and additionallCalculation formula of liner freight¡Total Freight = Total Quantity × Basic Freight Rate × (1+ Surcharge /Additional Rates) ¡Basic Freight Rate: quoted by the carrier5整理ppt5.1.1 Liner transportation 6整理ppt5.1.1 Liner transportation lSurcharges¡Bunker Surcharge (bunker adjustment factor/BAF)¡Currency Surcharge (currency adjustment factor/CAF)¡Port Congestion Surcharge¡Transshipment Surcharge¡Port Surcharge ¡…7整理ppt5.1.1 Liner transportation lAdditional¡Heavy lift additional e.g. for cargo over 5 MT per unit¡Lengthy cargo additional e.g. for cargo over 9m per unit¡Bulky cargo additional e.g. for cargo over 6cbm per unit¡…8整理ppt5.1.1 Liner transportation lFreight calculation: Illustration¡Suppose: Company A exports 1000 cases of Commodity Y to London. The volume per case is 40cm x 30cm x 20cm, and the gross weight is 30kg per case. For Commodity Y, the freight rate basis is W/M, and the Freight Tariff (China —London) is USD230, with a 10% port surcharge. How much is the total freight? 9整理ppt5.1.1 Liner transportation lSolution:¡W: 30kg = 0.03 M/T¡M: 0.4 x 0.3 x 0.2 = 0.024 m3¡W > M, “W” is the freight basis for the calculation of freight¡Total Freight= Total Quantity × Basic Freight Rate × (1+ Surcharge/Additional Rates) = 1000 cases × 0.03 M/T × USD230 × ( 1 +10%) = USD 7590 ¡Answer: The total freight cost is USD7590.10整理ppt5.1.2 Charter transportationlCharacteristics¡No fixed routes ¡No fixed timetables ¡Freight charged on the volume of cargo¡Suitable for cargo of a complete shipload (e.g. bulk cargo)lTypes¡voyage charter: hired based on a particular voyage ¡time charter: the hire of a ship for a period of time ¡bare boat charter: the hire of the vessel itself11整理ppt5.1.2 Charter transportationlCharter party¡the contract between the ship-owner (carrier) and the charterer (shipper)¡Contentslthe contract partieslthe ship conditions: e.g. the ship’s name, age, nationality, tonnage lvoyage: e.g. ports of shipment & destinationlcharter freight ldivision of loading & unloading costllay days, demurrage & dispatchlfreight payment termsl..12整理ppt5.1.2 Charter transportationlSpecifying loading & unloading costFour methods:¡I. & O. or Liner Terms/Gross Terms: In and Out¡F.I. :Free In ¡F.O.: Free Out¡F.I.O.: Free In and Out¡Or F.I.O.S.T.: Free In and Out, Stowed and Trimmed13整理ppt5.1.2 Charter transportationlLay time¡also called lay day, is the period of time allowed to the charterer for the loading or unloading of goods without additional charge lMethods of stipulation¡Days or running days or consecutive days¡Weather working days of 24 hours¡A weather working day of 24 consecutive hours¡..14整理ppt5.1.2 Charter transportationlDemurrage ¡the amount of money paid as a penalty at an agreed rate by the charterer to compensate the ship-owner for his losses in case the charterer fails to have loading and unloading completed within the lay timelDispatch ¡the amount of money paid as a bonus by the ship-owner to the charterer if they get loading and unloading done ahead of schedule. ¡normally dispatch money = ½ the demurrage15整理ppt5.2 Other modes of transportationlAir TransportationlRail Transportation & Road Transportation lInternational Multimodal TransportationlContainer Transportation 16整理ppt5.2.1 Air TransportationlTypes of air transportation ¡scheduled airlines¡chartered carriers ¡consolidated consignment¡air express17整理ppt5.2.1 Air TransportationlAir transportation freight rate¡general cargo rates¡minimum charges¡class rates¡special commodity rates¡… 18整理ppt5.2.1 Air TransportationlGeneral cargo rates¡W: by weight (usu.1 kg as the unit)¡M: by measurement (usu. 6000 cm3 =1kg)¡W/M: by weight or by measurement, subject to the higher¡the heavier, the cheaper (unit freight)le.g. 45kg draws a linelminimum freight¡…19整理ppt5.2.1 Air TransportationlAir freight: illustration¡Company A wants to send one consignment to Sydney, Australia. The goods are packed in 50 cartons, each weighing 15kgs, with measurement as 50 x 40 x 30cm. The air freight rate is quoted at USD2.00/KG (W/M). How much would the total air freight cost? 20整理ppt5.2.1 Air TransportationlSolution¡W: 15 kg ¡M: (50 x 40 x 30) /6000 = 10kg¡W> M, so W will be adopted for the calculation of air freight ¡Total air freight =Total Quantity × Basic Freight Rate = 50 cartons×15kg ×USD2.00 = USD1500 ¡Answer: the total air freight cost is USD1500.21整理ppt5.2.2 Rail Transportation & Road Transportation lRail transportation ¡from a dispatching station to a destination station¡large capacity ¡relatively high speed ¡punctual and economical¡less prone to bad weather, but¡confined to railroads, therefore less flexible22整理ppt5.2.2 Rail Transportation & Road Transportation lRoad transportation ¡from an inland point to the sea port, airport and railway station ¡high flexibility and distributive ability ¡facilitating door-to-door service ¡ideal for cargoes in small quantities, but¡limited in capacity ¡vulnerable to high risk of pilferage and damage in transit ¡relatively higher operation cost23整理ppt5.2.3 International Multimodal Transportation lonly one multi-modal transportation operatorlonly one carriage contractlone freight rate for the whole journey lhigh operating efficiencyllow operating cost lshort time period for cargo movementlmore and more popular in shipping practice24整理ppt5.2.4 Container Transportation lDefinition¡a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form adopting an inter-modal system¡providing a possible combination of sea, road and other modes of transportationlFeatures¡variety in service¡involving one operator ¡low risk of damage and pilferage¡substantial cost savings 25整理ppt5.2.4 Container Transportation lTypes of containers¡dry cargo container¡refrigerated/reefer container¡tanker container ¡car containerlSizes of containers¡ISO/TC104 （13 sizes of 13 series） ¡Standard sizes (most popular)lFEU 8’ x 8’ x 40’ lTEU 8’ x 8’ x 20’ 26整理ppt5.2.4 Container Transportation lTypes of serviceAccording to place of shipment and destination¡CY to CY (Container Yard to Container Yard) ¡CFS to CFS (Container Freight Station to Container Freight Station) ¡DR to DR (Door to Door) ¡DR to CFS (Door to Container Freight Station) ¡CFS to DR (Container Freight Station to door)27整理ppt5.2.4 Container Transportation According to the capacity needed¡FCL lfor goods of full container loadlfreight based on container capacity¡LCLlfor cargo in small quantity (less than a container load)lCarriers’ consolidating goods of different shippers to be delivered to the same destination28整理ppt5.2.4 Container Transportation ¡Container freight¡FCL: determined mainly by lthe capacity of the container lthe place of shipment lDestination…¡LCL: similar to those of the ocean liner service lW, M or W/M lthe distance of voyage…lsurcharges and additional if applicable29整理ppt5.3 Transportation documentslBill of lading (B/L)¡Definitionla document issued by an ocean carrier to a shipper with whom the carrier has entered into a contract for the carriage of goods. ¡Functionla receipt of cargo lan evidence of contract of carriage la document title to the goods30整理ppt5.3 Transportation documentslContents ¡on the face lInformation concerning contracted parties, full particulars of the cargo, terms of carriage contract…¡ on the back lthe general terms and conditions31整理pptTypes of Bill of Ladinglaccording to whether the goods have been loaded on board the carrying vessel¡shipped B/L lIssued after goods shipped on board the vessellIndicating date of shipment and name of the vessel ¡received for Shipment B/LlGoods being received but not yet loaded lDifficult to anticipate date of arrival, so not favorable by buyerlWays of becoming Shipped B/L•Exchange for a Shipped B/L after goods are shipped on board •Wording such as “Goods shipped on board S/S Red Star on May 10, 2011” added and signed by the carrier or the agent on the received B/L32整理pptTypes of Bill of Ladinglaccording to the condition of the exterior packing of the received cargo ¡clean B/L lProof that goods have been “shipped in apparent good order and condition” or “clean on board” or the likelFavored by buyers and banks for financial settlement¡unclean B/LlMarked as “unclean”, “foul” etc.e.g.. 2 cases missing, 3 cartons wet, 1 case broken, cases inadequately packedlUsually unacceptable to buyers and banks33整理pptTypes of Bill of Ladinglaccording to the address of the consignee¡straight B/LlMade out to a designated consigneelOnly the named consignee is entitled to the cargolNot transferable¡open B/LlNo name of a definite consigneelThe consignee box left blank or open, or bearing the wording “To bearer” lCan be transferred without endorsementlHigh risk → unfavorable in international trade34整理pptTypes of Bill of Lading¡Order B/L lMade out to the order of a named personlNo definite consignee, “To order” “To order of the shipper” or “To order of the consignee” insteadlNegotiable and transferable，but need endorsement •Special endorsement: signature of the endorser and name of the endorsee •Blank endorsement: signature of the endorser but no name of the endorsee lWidely used in international trade35整理pptTypes of Bill of Ladinglaccording to whether transshipment is involved in transit ¡direct B/L lport of shipment → port of destinationlPreferred by the buyer¡transshipment B/L lport of shipment → intermediate port → port of destinationlInvolving additional charges, longer time and higher risks in transit, therefore unfavorable to the buyerlAcceptable only when there is no direct service36整理pptTypes of Bill of Ladinglaccording to the perplexity or simplicity of the content¡long form B/L ldetailed shipping contract clause printed on both the face and the back¡Short form B/L l simplified and abbreviated l no detailed shipping contract clause esp. on the backl not suitable for evidence of contract of carriage37整理pptTypes of Bill of Ladinglaccording to the payment condition of freight¡freight prepaid B/L lIssued only after freight having been paid lNormally suitable for Sales Contracts on trade terms (e.g. CFR/CIF ) where the seller is obliged to arrange contract of carriage and pay the freight.¡freight to be collected B/L lWording such as “Freight payable at destination” or “Freight to collect at destination” is indicatedlNormally suitable for Sales Contracts (e.g. FOB) where contract of carriage is arranged by the seller on behalf of the buyer 38整理pptTypes of Bill of Ladinglaccording to the validity¡original B/L lValid only after being singed by the shipping company or its agentlShowing “Original” and the number of the signed originals lNormally made out in a set of three originalslAn evidence showing the ownership of goodslPresented for taking the delivery of the goods at destination, one is used, the others becomes void automatically¡Copy B/LlBearing “Copy” “Duplicate” or “Non-negotiable” lNormally only used for reference or for recordslmade out in several to be a full set of together with the originals39整理pptTypes of Bill of LadinglStale B/L¡presented later than the latest presentation date specified in the L/C ¡or presented later than the goods’ arrival at the destination¡UCP 600: the B/L shall be presented within 21 days after issuance, unless otherwise stipulated in the credit¡necessary to add a clause that a “Stale B/L is acceptable” in the contract for short voyages40整理pptTypes of Bill of LadinglAnti-dated B/L¡the shipment date shown on the bill being earlier than the actual one¡issued at the request of the shipper to meet the time of shipment stipulated in the credit¡for the avoidance of a non-payment¡constitute a fraud 41整理pptTypes of Bill of LadinglAdvanced B/L¡issued before actual loading of the goods is completed or even before the commencement of the actual loading operation¡issued when the time of shipment stipulated in the L/C is almost due but the actual loading of the goods is not yet completed or the goods are not ready for shipment. ¡issued at the request of the seller¡for the avoidance of a non-payment ¡constitute a fraud 42整理pptTypes of Bill of LadinglOn deck B/L¡indicating that the goods are stowed and shipped on deck¡carrier being responsible for the damage & losses ¡usu. unacceptable to buyer and bank unless the credit stipulates otherwise¡special arrangement for insurance is needed if applicable43整理ppt5.3 Transportation documentslOther types of transportation documents ¡Sea Waybill¡Air Waybill¡Consignment Note (Rail Waybill)¡Road Consignment Note ¡Multimodal Transportation Document (MTD) 44整理ppt5.4 Shipment clause in the sales contractltime of shipment vs. time of delivery¡for shipment contracts time of shipment = time of delivery¡for all arrival contracts time of shipment ≠ time of delivery45整理ppt5.4 Shipment clause in contractlStipulating methods¡specifying a fixed period of time or a deadlinelShipment is to be made during January/February/March 2011lShipment not later than 31st July, 2011¡setting a time period upon receipt of paymentlShipment is to be made within 30 days after receipt of the L/C. The relevant L/C must reach the seller not later than 30th June, 2011.46整理ppt5.4 Shipment clause in contractlIssues concerning time of shipment ¡Sufficiency in terms of lavailability of goodslavailability of shipping space lPayment •Normally L/C should arrive at least 15 days before the time of shipment to allow time for examining and modifying L/C ¡Flexibility: avoid “shipment on May 15th”¡Claritylavoid wording like “Immediate shipment”, “Prompt shipment”, “Shipment as soon as possible” etc. 47整理ppt5.4 Shipment clause in contractlIssues concerning port of shipment and destination:¡close to the origin of the goods¡considering port facilities, regulations, specific transportation conditions, charges and possible sanctions..¡definite and specific¡being aware of different ports in the same name48整理ppt5.4 Shipment clause in contractlPartial Shipment¡the commodities under a contract are to be shipped in more than one lotlReasons for partial shipment¡the lack of means of conveyance ¡shipping space unavailable¡the limitation of loading or unloading facilities at the port of shipment or destination¡the restriction of market capacity ¡production ability ¡… 49整理ppt5.4 Shipment clause in contractlPartial Shipment: relevant rules & practice¡UCP600 Article 31, “transportation documents, which appear on their face to indicate that shipment commencing on the same means of conveyance and for the same journey, provided they indicate the same destination, will not be regarded as covering a partial shipment, even if they indicate different dates of shipment or different ports of loading, places of taking in charge or dispatch.” 50整理ppt5.4 Shipment clause in contractlTransshipment¡unloading and reloading from one vessel to another vessel during the course of ocean carriage from the port of loading to the port of discharge stipulated. lReasons for transshipment:¡ships sailing direct not available¡direct sailings being few and far between¡no suitable ships available at the stipulated period¡destination not along the sailing route of the liner service51整理ppt5.4 Shipment clause in contractlpartial shipment and transshipment: issues¡relevant contractual laws & practice ¡stipulating specific time and quantity for each lot in case of partial shipment allowede.g. ¡partial shipments are allowed in two monthly equal lots in May and June ¡(1500 MT) In three equal monthly lots¡in three lots, 500 MT for each month52整理ppt5.4 Shipment clause in contractlLay time, demurrage and dispatch:¡only applicable in the case of voyage charter¡for C/P adopting terms F.I.O. or F.I. or F.O. when the ship-owner is not responsible for loading or unloading ¡and when the party responsible for loading or unloading is not the charter, but the other party (either the seller or the buyer) in a sales contract. e.g. S/C: FOB & C/P: F.I.l Charterer: Buyerl Loading: Seller53整理ppt。