语法系列讲座稿.doc
48页第一部分 句子结构小结一、 英语语句基本结构分析:(一)主谓宾结构: 1、主语:主语是句子表达的主体,即 “谁,什么”可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),数词,动词不定式,动名词等主语一般在句首注意可数单数名词不单用)! eg: The boy comes from America. He made a speech. Tow and tow is four. To be a teacher is my dream. Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story. 2、谓语:谓语由动词构成,是表达主语做什么或如何的动词 是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后谓语可以是不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,也可以是及物动词(vt)构成主谓宾句也可以是及物动词构成主谓宾结构英语中大多数动词兼有及物和不及物的功能,如hope , wish,enter 等,但有的动词只作不及物动词如 come, go, happen ,take place 等,而有的动词只能作vt,如 spend ,want 等。
对于动词的掌握应首先从此入手,从句子中观察,对于重点动词如大纲要求的动词则要要需要查词典找资料弄明白它的详细用法1)及物还是不及物,2)不及物接哪个介词后可以接逻辑宾语;及物又是如何接宾语的 eg: He entered. He entered the room . He returned. He returned my book. 注(以下这些词是不及物动词:表发生、出现的,如:take place, appear, happen, break out; 表来、去,如:come, go 等) 3、宾语:(1)宾语位于及物动词之后,是回答动词“谁,什么“的部分,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me,him,them等除了代词宾格可以作宾语外,名词,动名词,不定式等可以作宾语 eg:I will do it tomorrow. The boy needs a pen. I like swimming. I like to swim this afternoon. (2)直接宾语和间接宾语: 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:give给,pass递,bring带,show显示。
这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前 一般的顺序为:动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 eg: Give me a cup of tea, please. 强调间接宾语顺序为:动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语eg:Show this house to Mr.Smith.Mr. 4. 宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语 (A)名词/代词宾格 + 名词 The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士. (B)名词/代词宾格 + 形容词 New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松. (C)名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语 I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作. (D)名词/代词宾格 + 副词What kept him abroad . 什么使得他呆在国外呢?(E)名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式 The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户. (F)名词/代词宾格 + 分词 I saw a cat running across the road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路. His mother kept him locked at home and went out . 及物动词宾语的问题1.特殊的同源宾语现象: live, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run等 如: fight a fight , dream a dream , living a happy life died a sudden death laugh a foolish laugh;smile a forced smile breathed his last(breath)(前有最高级可以省略。
etc.2. 某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语,不能接动名词作宾语. 这类动词有:(无需记忆) hope offer help expect learn demand decide refuse ask prepare plan choose manage pretend fail wish agree 等. 3. 某些及物动词后只能跟动名词作宾语,不能跟不定式作宾语.这类动词有( 务必想法记住) 特殊动词接“动名”,使用它们要记清, “放弃”“享受”可“后悔”, “坚持”“练习”必“完成”, “延期”“避免”非“介意” 掌握它们今必行建议冒险去献身,忍受期待不停顿; 放弃延期悔失去,坚持欣赏实践成; 注意原谅避反对,考虑要求不自禁; 允许习惯不介意,价值开始想动名 如:建议:advise,suggest,冒险:risk,献身:devote oneself tomind suggest avoid excuse finish allow admit resist missenjoy consider imagine advise permit prevent delay appreciate give up put off feel like consist on can’t help consider , can’t help , can’t stand enjoy, excuse, escape practise , put off mind risk , 等有些动词须以动名词宾语,它们可用“MP\4R\ café\ disk” 来记,即“ 宪兵带着4把手枪,在咖啡馆里看光盘” (把字母r 想象成手枪)M 指 mind, miss, mention When I mention playing football, he says he's too busy.He just missed being run over by a truck. P 指 prevent, permit, postpone, pardon, practice We don’t permit smoking in the office. Practice throwing the ball into the net . 4R 指 risk, resist, resent, resume: Informing the truth risks destroying the patients’ hope. Jill couldn’t resist making jokes about his baldness. Nurses may bitterly resent having to take part in deceiving patients. Sherman resumed walking toward First Avenue. c 指 consider,contemplate we’re considering going to USA. I don’t contemplate ( 预料 ) him opposing my plan. a 指 admit, avoid, appreciate, anticipate He admitted having done wrong. I appreciate hearing from you again. We anticipate deriving much instruction from the lecture. f 指 face, fancy, finish Fancy his being so rude! 想不到他会如此粗鲁。
e 指 excuse, enjoy, escape He escaped being punished. Excuse my interrupting you. d 指 delay, defer, deny, dispute (不同意), detest (痛恨) She defers (暂缓) making a decision. Why have you delayed opening the school. He denied ( 否认 ) knowing anything about it. i 指 imagine,involve I can’t imagine living anywhere but Australia. The job involves me living in London. s 指 suggest I suggested taking the children to the zoo. k 指 keep The inserts keep reproducing themselves. 4. 某些动词后既可以接不定式又可以接动名词,其意义差别不大,可以互换.这类动词有: like love hate dislike begin start continue 等. 有 16 个动词既可以动名词宾语,也可用不定式作宾语,意思基本不变。
因为接动名词、不定式均可,情况又变得简单起来,只需记住一句话就行,即:(口诀三)双方一旦开始 (begin, start ) ,无论喜欢 (like, prefer ) 与否 (hate, dislike) ,都得继续 (continue) 下去都不能打算( intend , attempt, propose )忽视( neglect )开始( commence )的爱( love )习惯 (be accustom to) 也好,害怕 (afraid to do \ of doing) 也好,难以容忍 ( can’t bear) 也好I’m afraid to tell \ of telling her. She can’t bear to get \getting her coat dirty. He is accustom to work \to working hard. 5. 某些动词如: allo。

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