英语文体学Chapter 4 Linguistic Description课件.ppt

WANG Yao SDUTEnglish StylisticsChapter 4 Linguistic DescriptionContentsAims of stylistics in linguistic description1Levels of language2Stylistic features3Practical description and analysis in this book5Procedure of linguistic description44.1 The aims of stylistics in linguistic descriptionoStylistics aims to providena methodology of analysisna technique of descriptionna procedure for stylistic significanceoStylistics replaces a sporadic approach with a systematic one and seeks to avoid over-reliance on intuitive ability in stylistic analysisoThe ordered approach (p.42)4.2 Levels of languageo3 aspects in a speech eventnSubstantial, formal, situationaloAspects of speech event are related to levels of language and linguistic descriptionnSubstantial: phonology & graphologynFormal: lexis & grammarnSituational: semantics4.2 Levels of languageo4.2.1 Level of phonology/graphologyoPhonologynThe study of rules for the organization of sound systems of a languageoGraphologynThe study of writing system of a language4.2 Levels of languageo4.2.2 Level of lexis/grammaroGrammarnThe study of structure of units in a language, and the way they function in sequencesoGrammar is divided into morphology and syntaxnMorphology: internal structure of words and rules governing their formationnSyntax: external relationships of words in a sentenceoLexicologynThe study of the choices of specific lexical items in a text, their distribution and meaning4.2 Levels of languageo4.2.3 Level of semanticsoSemanticsnThe study of the overall meaning of a text, the meaning derived not from the formal properties of words and structures but from the way sentences/utterances are used and the way they are related to the context in which they are used/uttered4.3 Stylistic featuresoStylistic featuresnA situational variety of language can be seen as a complex of features describable by reference to a number of contextual categories, which are defined with reference to sets of linguistic features, operating at some or all of the levels of language. These situationally bound features are called Stylistically Significant Features.4.3 Stylistic featuresoStylistic features can be found at 3 levelsnPhonological/graphological levelnLexciogrammatical levelnSemantic level4.3 Stylistic featureso4.3.1 Phonological/Graphological levelo4.3.1.1 Phonological featuresoSegmentalsnSounds broken into smallest units, called phonemes (vowels and consonants)oSuper-segmentals/prosodic featuresnSounds extending over longer stretches of spoken text (stress, rhythm, intonation)4.3 Stylistic featuresoSegmental featureso1. onomatopoeianIsolated sounds reflecting aspects of realitynUse of words imitating natural soundso2. sound symbolismnSounds in some way appropriate to the meaning expressed4.3 Stylistic featuresoSegmental featureso3. assimilationnChange of one sound into another at word boundaries in connected speech because of the influence of an adjacent soundoelisionnOmission of sounds4.3 Stylistic featuresoSegmental featureso4. alliterationnRepetition of initial consonantoassonancenRepetition of stressed vowel with different end consonantoconsonancenRepetition of final consonant with different vowelorhymenRepetition of syllable4.3 Stylistic featuresoSuper-segmental featureso1. stressnProminence given to one part of a word or longer utterancenWord stress vs. Sentence stresso2. rhythmnPattern formed by the stresses perceived as peaks of prominence or beatsnStressed syllables occur at regular internalsn3 types of rhythms (p.46-47)4.3 Stylistic featuresp e.g. A man put on his hat and walked along the strand and there he met another man whose hat was in his hand4.3 Stylistic featuresoSuper-segmental featureso3. intonationnDistinctive pattern of rise and fall in pitch taking place in connected speechnTonic unitsoBrief stretches usually corresponding to units of informationoEach contains one syllable (tonic syllable) for pitch prominence with pitch movemento5 tones (p.48-49)4.3 Stylistic featuresoSuper-segmental featureso4. pitch height nThe point of the pitch scale at which a stressed syllable occurs in relation to the previous syllableopitch rangenThe width of pitch movement on the tonic syllable or from stress to stress4.3 Stylistic featuresoSuper-segmental featureso5. pause nTemporary stop or silence in the flow of speech utterance together with tone unitnForms (p.50)nPublic speaking, drama, and film4.3 Stylistic featuresoSuper-segmental featureso6. tempo nRelative speed of utterancenSlow tempo: special care, seriousnessnFast tempo: off-hand dismissal, cheerful levitynTempo and emotion4.3 Stylistic featureso4.3.1.2 Graphological featuresoGraphological features concerns the use of alphabet, number system, punctuation, capitalization, headlining, italicizing, bracketing, diagramming, paragraphing, spacingoStylistics describes patterns of writing that assist in distinguishing varieties of languageoDifferent registers make particular use of graphological features4.3 Stylistic features4。