拒绝接受历史记忆的俄罗斯.docx

拒绝接受历史记忆的俄罗斯我在俄罗斯最痛苦的经历，是1998年参观斯大林时期唯一保存下来的“柏姆36号”强制劳改营当时我在乌拉尔山区小城柏姆参加莫斯科政治研究学院组织的一次研讨活动学院的创建者是著名的列娜·内米洛夫斯卡娅，创建的目的是引导后共产主义时期的俄罗斯年轻人，认识民主、自治和资本主义在一个寒冷的三月天，我和几个朋友一道前往劳改营20世纪40年代初建时还是“常规”劳改营的柏姆36号，于1972年被改建为关押政治犯的集中营1987年，即戈尔巴乔夫执政三年后，那里释放了最后一名政治犯现在持不同政见的物理学家安德烈·萨哈罗夫所创立的人权组织“纪念”，将其改建为警醒俄国人勿忘极权主义过去的古拉格博物馆我们在导游的引导下，参观了安全级别最高的监区这个监区周围环绕着带刺的铁丝网，当时主要关押俄罗斯以外的苏维埃共和国被视为“特别危险惯犯”的政治犯乌克兰电视摄制组1989年拍摄这座监狱后，部分区域遭到了故意破坏这里关押的囚犯显然遭受到极度的物质困难和心理折磨每间囚室中小得可怜的暖气炉，很难抵挡住10月到4月的严寒囚犯睡在木质或铁质的床铺上他们的衣服和被褥用的不是羊毛而是棉花，监室的厕所就是一个敞开的洞口。

我们的导游玛雅解释说，当局故意把关系不好的囚犯集中在一起白天他们穿过走廊，到全然相同的个别监室，从事制作铁器等毫无意义的活动他们每天有1个小时获准进入“锻炼区”，一个9英尺（合2.7米）的方形盒子，周围衬有马口铁，头顶是带刺的铁丝网和哨兵的岗亭除此之外，唯一的娱乐就是每周放映宣传电影20世纪80年代柏姆36号关押的56名“危险惯犯”中死亡7人其中一位是乌克兰诗人兼民族主义者瓦西里·斯塔茨（Vasyl Stus）当局说他是自杀，但幸存者说，是警卫为了取乐，拧开了墙上的木板，斯塔茨在熟睡时被木板砸到了头我边听玛雅讲述这个可怕的故事，边看身边陪同的两名年轻男警卫的表情他们的脸就像外面冰封的大地一样毫无表情他们是在想着足球还是和女朋友做爱？如果喝下足够的伏特加，他们是否也会杀人取乐？我担心答案是肯定的邪恶的体制要找到所需要的僵尸追随者，从来都不难像“纪念”和莫斯科政治研究学院这样的组织，在普京领导的俄罗斯无法立足官方认为他们是“外国代理”，他们在法律上受到诸多骚扰，以致于很难正常发挥作用今天，古拉格博物馆更换了管理层米哈伊尔·丹尼洛维奇和罗伯特·卡尔森写道：“新的解说词，并未着重介绍斯大林时代压迫性的强制劳改做法，转而介绍这里的木材生产以及对二战苏联胜利所起到的作用。

而在存续了20年后，莫斯科政治研究学院已被迫中止在俄国运营博物馆和学院的命运，是普京在第三届总统任期大规模取缔言论和行动自由的组成部分在当局领导的宗教、传统和偏执言论中，持不同政见者往往被贴上离经叛道、内奸和叛徒的标签这预示着俄国和后苏联时代早期相比，已经发生了重大变化俄国首位民主总理盖达尔所领导的自由俄罗斯选择党，在1993年大选中赢得了15.5%的选票，并和盟友一道成为杜马（编按：俄国国会）的主要力量当时舆论普遍认为，这是一次灾难性的失败而今天，自由派候选人甚至都无法进入到国家杜马当中怎么会变成这样？戈尔巴乔夫改革开放的希望，怎么会遭到如此残酷的扼杀？人们普遍认为，俄罗斯仅仅是恢复原状：“自由”有史以来在俄国字母表中，从来都不过是转瞬即逝的元音字母但这样的解释非常浅薄的确，由于无能和派系林立，俄国自由主义自己走向了灭亡但西方也从未起到好的作用20世纪90年代，西方未能资助自己所倡导的俄罗斯经济改革2002年将波罗的海国家纳入北约——也是该组织首次侵入前苏联领土——是一次灾难性的错误，导致俄罗斯人不可能在亲西方的同时保持爱国西方这些故意和疏漏之举，损害了俄罗斯政治自由主义的基础，导致普京主义日渐抬头。

迄今为止，普京准确无误地把握着限度他让俄国人既保留伟大的梦想，又避免陷入到麻烦之中在他领导下的俄国对西方的制裁毫不理会，与中国缔结新的联盟，并在叙利亚骚扰、而非公开挑战西方国家但了解普京的人说他绝不容忍任何争论；他是限度的唯一把控者没有人能像他那样，持续掌握最高权力而不陷入腐化目前，没有其他势力能与普京主义竞争但尽管“纪念”组织和莫斯科政治研究学院所代表的力量已经被边缘化，但它们并未被完全根除作者罗伯特·斯基德尔斯基 Robert Skidelsky 是英国上议院议员、华威大学政治经济学名誉退休教授英文原题：From Memory to Denial in RussiaFrom Memory to Denial in RussiaMy most painful experience in Russia was a visit to Perm-36, the only one of Stalin’s forced-labor camps to have been preserved, in 1998. I was in Perm, a city in the Urals, to take part in a seminar of the Moscow School of Political Studies. Founded by the remarkable Lena Nemirovskaya, the school’s purpose was to introduce young post-communist Russians to democracy, self-government, and capitalism.One bitterly cold March day, I joined a few friends on a trip to the former camp. Built in the early 1940s as a “regular” labor camp, Perm-36 was converted into a concentration camp for political prisoners in 1972.The last prisoners were released in 1987, three years into Mikhail Gorbachev’s rule. Now it was being restored as a Gulag Museum by Memorial, a human-rights group founded by the dissident physicist Andrei Sakharov, to remind Russians of their totalitarian past.We were shown around the maximum-security wing. Surrounded by a barbed-wire perimeter, it had housed the political prisoners, mostly from the non-Russian Soviet republics, who were considered to be “particularly dangerous recidivists.” After a Ukrainian television crew filmed the site in 1989, part of it was deliberately destroyed.It was obvious that the prisoners had been subject to psychological torture and extreme physical hardship. The tiny radiator in each cell could hardly have dented the October-to-April frost. The prisoners slept on wooden planks or iron bunks. Their clothes and bedcovers were made of cotton, not wool, and an open hole served as the cell’s lavatory.Our guide, Maya, explained that the authorities liked to put together prisoners who got on each other’s nerves. During the day, they were moved across the corridor to identical cells in which they uselessly worked making iron implements. For one hour each day, they were allowed into an “exercise block,” a nine-foot (2.7 meters), tin-lined cube, with a barbed-wire roof and a guard post on top. The only other “recreation” was a weekly show of propaganda films.Of the 56 “dangerous recidivists” held in Perm-36 in the 1980s, seven died. One was the Ukrainian poet and nationalist Vasyl Stus. The authorities called it a suicide, but survivors say that, for fun, the guards unscrewed one of the wooden planks from the wall and dropped it on Stus’s head as he lay sleeping.As Maya recounted the grisly story, I watched the faces of the two young male guards who accompanied us. Their expressions were as frozen as the ground outside. Were they thinking about football or about making love to their girlfriends? Given enough vodka, would they, too, have been capable of murder for fun? The answer, I fear, is probably yes. Evil systems never seem to struggle to find the zombie henchmen they need.Organizations like Memorial and the Moscow School of Political Studies have no place in Vladimir Putin’s Russia. Officially, they are deemed “foreign agents” and have been subject to so。