
M3U1Grammarandusage.ppt
69页At lunchtime, the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. She wondered if the buses would still be running. ‘Sorry, Miss,’ replied the man, ‘the truth is that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far.’We call these sentences —— noun clauses.宾语从句宾语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句句(Noun Clauses)名词性从句的名词性从句的功能相功能相当于名词或名词词组当于名词或名词词组, , 它在复合句中能担它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
His job is important.What he does is important.This is his job.This is what he does every day. { { {I don’t like his job.I don’t like what he does every day.I don’t know about the man, Mr. White.I don’t know about the fact that he is a teacher. {1 That he will succeed is certain.2 Whether he will go there is not known.3 What he said is not true.4 Where he hid the money is to be found out .5 Whoever comes is welcome.6 How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting. 7 When they’ll start the project has not been decided yet.请你归纳请你归纳 在在名名词词性性从从句句中中,,除除了了关关联联词词在在从从句句之之首首外外,,其其它它部部分分应应用用________的语序的语序。
陈述句陈述句 名词性从句的连接词名词性从句的连接词一、主语从句一、主语从句1.连词连词that(无词义无词义,无成分无成分,不能省不能省);2. whether(是否是否),不用不用if.3.1. he will come and help us is certain.4.2. we will succeed is still a question.注意注意: : 已确定的事由已确定的事由thatthat引导引导; ; 没决定的事由没决定的事由whetherwhether引导引导 ThatWhether2. 连接代词连接代词指物指物: what (ever) 在从句中做主语或宾语在从句中做主语或宾语 指人指人: who (ever)表所属:表所属:whose, 哪哪…which+n1. he did has nothing to do with you.2. ticket this is has not been found out.3.3. team will win the match is unknown.4.4. finish the task first should be praised.WhatWhoseWhichWhoever3.连接副词连接副词when, where, why, how , •When the test will be given is not yet decided.•How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting. 为避免主语冗长为避免主语冗长, ,句子头重脚轻句子头重脚轻, ,经常经常用用it作形式主语作形式主语, ,主语从句放在后面作主语从句放在后面作真正的主语。
真正的主语1. It is certain that he will succeed.2. It is not known whether he will go there.“It” is used as empty subject.形式主语形式主语It’s likely / possible / important / necessary / clear that… 很可能很可能/ /重要的是重要的是………/…/必要的是必要的是………/…/很清楚很清楚…………It’s said / reported that… 据说据说/ /据报道据报道…………It seems / appears / happens that… 似乎似乎/ /好好像像/ /碰巧碰巧............It’s been announced / declared that…已经通知已经通知/ /宣布宣布…………It’s no wonder that… 并不奇怪并不奇怪/ /无疑无疑…………It’s a pity / a fact / common knowledge (众所众所周知周知) )/ a common saying (俗话说俗话说) that…宾语宾语从句从句在句中充当宾语成分在句中充当宾语成分that, ( 无词义,无成分,常可省略无词义,无成分,常可省略)whether, if 一般可互换一般可互换 人:人:who(ever), 物:物:what(ever), which(哪)(哪), whosewhen where why how1.They know the bad habit will kill them.2.It all depends on it will rain.3.He didn’t know you want. 4.He asked the meeting will be held.5. The teacher asked knows the answer.6.He made clear to the public he did an important and necessary job. thatwhetherwhatwhenwhoit that后有后有or/or not时时,只用只用whether,不用不用if.I don’t know whether I will stay or not. 介词介词后面的宾语从句,后面的宾语从句,只用只用 whether,,I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 1. whether和和if都可以引导宾语从句都可以引导宾语从句 在在主主+谓谓+it (形式宾语形式宾语) +宾补宾补+that从从句句(真正宾语真正宾语)的句型中的句型中不省略不省略We thought it good news that he finally came back. 由连词由连词and连接的两个由连接的两个由that引导引导的宾语从句中的宾语从句中,第二个第二个that不省略不省略。
He told me (that) he would come and that he would come on time.特殊句式特殊句式1.I hate ____ when people talk with their mouths full.(.(MET98)) A. it B. that C. these D. them 2. I feel ____ strange that he should be so careless. A. / B. it C. that D. how 3. It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning grey.((MET92)) A..while B. that C..if D..forABBThe question is whether we can rely on him. That’s because we were in need of money at that time.He looked as if he was going to cry.That’s why I was late.表语从句表语从句: :在句中充当表语成分,一般放在句中充当表语成分,一般放在系动词之后。
在系动词之后 作用作用: :对主语进行解释说明对主语进行解释说明when / where / why / how / because that / whether / as if / as though (if不不引导表语从句引导表语从句)who / what / whose / which 同位语从句同位语从句在句中充当同位语成分,其一般跟在一些在句中充当同位语成分,其一般跟在一些抽象名词抽象名词( (idea; belief; fact; truth; problem; news等等) )后面,对名词作进一步解释说明后面,对名词作进一步解释说明同位语从句常用同位语从句常用that引导或用连接副词引导或用连接副词when / where / why / how / whether 1)The idea that computers can recognize 2) human voices surprises many people.2) News came that the manager was coming to inspect (视察视察) them.3) Sydney kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lucy to make sure of her happiness.1. Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./ The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.2. The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China./ We heard the news last night._______________________________________________The fact that two thirds of all girls are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot._____________________________________________________________We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China.连接副词连接副词when / where / why / how / I have no idea when he will come back.I have no idea where he has gone.She had no idea how she should do.同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句与定语从句的区别He told me the news that our team won the game. He told me the news that was true.1.______ the baby could speak made his 2. parents very happy. A. That B. What C. Why D. If2. I wonder ____ you will go shopping or stay at home. A. that B. if C. whether D. what主语从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句3. This is _____ he was often late for school. A. what B. that C. why D. whether4. We all know the truth ____ the earth ____ around the sun. A. if; moved B. that; moves C. why; move D. whether; move表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句reduce paina scientific studybreath insniff pleasant smelltake the painbe related to be linked to减少疼痛减少疼痛一次科学研究一次科学研究吸进吸进闻香味闻香味忍受疼痛忍受疼痛与与……相关相关和和……有联系的有联系的 分析下列宾语从句中的连词分析下列宾语从句中的连词1.I don’t doubt (that) you will succeed.2.I don’t know whether/if he will come tonight.3.I doubt if /whether you will keep your promise.3个句子中的连词个句子中的连词that, whether, if (是否是否)在名词性从句在名词性从句中只起连接作用,在句中不担任成分中只起连接作用,在句中不担任成分,被称为被称为连接词。
连接词注意注意: A. that 本身无意义,在宾语从句中可以省略,本身无意义,在宾语从句中可以省略,但在别的三种名词性从句中不可以省略但在别的三种名词性从句中不可以省略B. whether 和和if有是否的意义,在宾语从句中二者通常可以互换有是否的意义,在宾语从句中二者通常可以互换但但whether 可以用于所有的四种名词性从句可以用于所有的四种名词性从句,而而if 仅可仅可以用于宾语从句以用于宾语从句一、名词性从句的语序一、名词性从句的语序(1) 名词性从句构成有两种名词性从句构成有两种a. That + 陈述句陈述句That light travels in straight lines is known to all. This is what we are looking for.b. 疑问词疑问词+句子的剩余成分句子的剩余成分Could you tell me where he lives? ( )Could you tell me where does he live? ( )(2) 疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用陈疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用陈述述 句语序,不能用一般疑问句语序。
句语序,不能用一般疑问句语序How was he successful is still a puzzle. ( )How he was successful is still a puzzle. ( )你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗?你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗?FTTF他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜二、名词性从句连接词的选用二、名词性从句连接词的选用(1) that 和和what 的选用的选用that 和和 what 都可引导所有的名词性都可引导所有的名词性从句但是,从句但是,what除起连接作用外,除起连接作用外,还在名词性从句中充当成分,可作从还在名词性从句中充当成分,可作从句的主语、宾语、或表语而句的主语、宾语、或表语而that在在名词性从句中不充当任何成分,只起名词性从句中不充当任何成分,只起连接作用连接作用that / what1. ______ he wants is a book.2. ______ he wants to go there is obvious.3. The result is ______ we won the game.4. This is _____ we want to know.5. Is _____ he told us true?6. We should pay attention to ______ the teacher is saying.7. I have no doubt _____ he will come.8. I have no idea ____ he did that afternoon.WhatThatthatwhatwhatwhatthatwhata. 主语从句主语从句b. 表语从句表语从句c. 同位语从句同位语从句d. 介词后的宾语从句介词后的宾语从句e. whether to do 做动词宾语不能用做动词宾语不能用if to do.f. 与与 or not 连在一起引导宾语从句连在一起引导宾语从句 时不用时不用if.不能使用不能使用if 的情况的情况:1. I asked her __________ she had a bike.2. ________ we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.3. We’re worried about ________ he is safe.4. I don’t know ___________ he is well or not.5. I don’t know ________ or not he is well.6. The question is ________ he should do it.7. The doctor can hardly answer the question ________ the old man will recover soon.8. I haven’t decided _______ to go there.if / whetherWhetherwhetherwhether / ifwhetherwhetherwhetherwhether其它连接代词和副词的使用其它连接代词和副词的使用主要根据名词性从句中的具体意义,主要根据名词性从句中的具体意义,正确的选择正确的选择 who, which, when, where, why, how 等连接词,这些连接词既具等连接词,这些连接词既具有疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在有疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在从句中充当各种成分。
从句中充当各种成分我们何时举行运动会还没有决定我们何时举行运动会还没有决定 we shall hold our sports meeting is not decided.我不知道昨天谁打破了玻璃我不知道昨天谁打破了玻璃I don’t know ________ broke the glass yesterday.我不知道他长的什么样子我不知道他长的什么样子I have no idea _________ he looks like.这就是我忘记眼镜的地方这就是我忘记眼镜的地方This is _________ I left my glasses.Whenwhowhatwherethat可省略的情况:可省略的情况:that不可省略的情况:不可省略的情况:主语从句主语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句用用it做形式宾语的宾语从句做形式宾语的宾语从句并列的宾语从句中的后几个从句的并列的宾语从句中的后几个从句的引导词引导词that不能省略不能省略单个宾语从句中的单个宾语从句中的that可省略可省略1. I don’t think _______ she is coming.2. It is a pity _______ he has made such a mistake.3. The reason is _______ he is careless.4. The news _______ our team won the match inspired us.5. I don’t think it necessary _____ you should read English aloud.6. He told me ______ his father had died and _____ he had to make a living alone.(that)thatthatthatthat(that)that1.1.同位语从句的格式:同位语从句的格式:2.2.能接同位语从句的名词有:能接同位语从句的名词有:3.3.连接词通常是连接词通常是that, ,也可根据含义选用也可根据含义选用n. + 连接词连接词 + 从句从句fact, idea, news, order, belief, suggestion, advice, information等等whether, what, when, where等来引导等来引导同位语从句。
同位语从句1. I have no idea _______ he comes from.2. He can’t answer the question _____ he got the money.3. He gave us many suggestions _______ we should get up earlier and take more exercise.4. I have no doubt ______ he will win.5. I have some doubt ________ he will win.wherehowthatthatwhether1.定语从句是先行词的修饰语定语从句是先行词的修饰语, 它不涉及它不涉及2. 先行词的具体内容定语从句中先行词的具体内容定语从句中that不但起连接作用不但起连接作用, 而且在定语从句中充当而且在定语从句中充当一个句子成分一个句子成分, 充当从句的宾语成分时可充当从句的宾语成分时可省略2. 同位语从句对中心词的内容作进一步的同位语从句对中心词的内容作进一步的 解释和说明解释和说明, 表明中心词的具体内容。
表明中心词的具体内容 引导同位语从句的引导同位语从句的that在同位语从句中在同位语从句中 不做任何成分不做任何成分, 只起连接作用只起连接作用, 无具体含无具体含 义义, 且不可省略且不可省略1.We expressed the hope that they had expressed.2.2. We expressed the hope that they would come to China again.1. The information has been announced that more middle school graduates will be admitted into university.2. The information that he revealed at the meeting is of great value.ATAPAPATHe gave me a suggestion that I (should) be calm now.名词名词demand, suggestion, proposal, advice等词后的同位语从句的语气等词后的同位语从句的语气要用虚拟语气要用虚拟语气, 结构为结构为 should + do, should可省略可省略 a.a.他相信他的梦想总有一天会实现的。
他相信他的梦想总有一天会实现的 He believes _______________________________ . b.b.请告诉我你昨天这个时候在干什么请告诉我你昨天这个时候在干什么Please tell me _______________________________ .his dream will come true some dayat this time yesterday1. 如果主句时态是现在时或将来时如果主句时态是现在时或将来时,从句谓语可根据句意需要而选用任从句谓语可根据句意需要而选用任一种时态一种时态what you were doing他告诉我他正在为考试做准备他告诉我他正在为考试做准备He told me _________________________________. .他说他已离开家乡十年了他说他已离开家乡十年了He told me _________________________________.老师告诉我们光是沿直线运行的老师告诉我们光是沿直线运行的The teacher told us _________________________.he was preparing for the examination he had been away from his hometown for ten yearslight travels in a straight line2. 如果主句谓语是过去时如果主句谓语是过去时,从句谓语动词一般用从句谓语动词一般用过去的某种时态过去的某种时态,但从句表达的是客观事实、真但从句表达的是客观事实、真理、自然规律等时理、自然规律等时,从句谓语通常用一般现在时。
从句谓语通常用一般现在时1.The reason _____ we didn’t trust him was _____ he often lied..2. The reason ____ he gave for his absence was ______ he was ill.reason后后面面的的表表语语从从句句只只能能用用that引引导导, 不不能能用用why引引导导, 但但reason后后面面的的定定语语从从句可以用句可以用why或者或者that 引导在在名名词词性性从从句句中中,,我我们们还还需需特特别别注意以下问题:注意以下问题:whythatthatthatPart A and Part B on page 11.have anything to do withoverall healthmake the most ofmisuse our sensesignore our sense of touchrather thanwear a nightshirtbe pleasant to touchsleep deeplygive sb. chance to do sth.与与…………有任何关系有任何关系全身健康全身健康充分利用充分利用误用我们的器官误用我们的器官忽视我们的触觉忽视我们的触觉而不是而不是/ /胜过胜过穿着睡衣穿着睡衣手感好手感好睡得深睡得深给某人机会做某事给某人机会做某事at the North Polemake one’s way toget to my destinationwalk through the thick snowbecome worseIt is/becomes impossible to do sth.lose sight ofcontinue walking sweat with fear在北极在北极朝某地走去朝某地走去到达我的目的地到达我的目的地走过厚厚的积雪走过厚厚的积雪变得更糟变得更糟做某事不可能做某事不可能看不见看不见继续走继续走害怕得出汗害怕得出汗1.By improving reading skills, you can read faster and understand more of ______ you read. (2007上海春上海春) A. that B. what C. which D. whether2. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That’s ______ the best jobs are. (2007浙浙江江) A. where B. what C. when D. why 3. You can only be sure of ________ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _____ you might get in the future. (2007安徽安徽) A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that4. It is none of your business ______ other people think about you. Believe yourself. (2007福建福建) A. how B. what C. whichD. when1.They expressed the hope ___ they would come over to China. A. which B. that C. whom D. when2. The fact ___ he didn’t see Tom yesterday is true. A. that B. which C. when D. what3. I have no idea ____ he will come back. A. where B. when C. what D. if4. One of the men held the view ___ the book said was right. A. what that B. that which C. that what D. which that5. Word has come _____ some American guests will come for a visit to our college next week. A. what B. whether C. that D. which6. The question is ____ the film is worth seeing. A. if B. what C. whether D. how 7. They received orders _____ the work be done at once. A. which B. when C. / D. that 8. The reason ____ I have to go is ____ my mother is ill in bed. A. why; why B. why; because C. why; that D. that; because 9. ___ I can’t understand is ___ she wants to change her mind. A. What; why B. Which; how C. That; why D. What; because10. ____ his dream of going to college will come true is uncertain. A. That B. Whether C. If D. Even if11. It is known to us ___ where there is pollution, there is harm. A. which B. where C. what D. that12. I have the information ____. A. of what he’ll come soon B. that he’ll come soon C. of that he’ll come soon D. his coming soon13. --- I saw your neighbor break your window with a basketball. --- ____ it made me nearly mad. A. That he broke B. What he broke C. He broke D. His break14. It remains a question ____ we can get so much money in such a short time. A. how B. that C. when D. what15. --- Can I help you? --- Yes, do you know ____? A. when comes the bus B. when will come the bus C. when does the bus come D. when the bus comes16. He made a promise ___ anyone set him free he would make him very rich. A. that B. if C. what D. that if17. They lost their way in the forest and ____ made matters worse was ___ night began to fall. A. what; that B. it; that C. what; when D. which; what18. It now appears ______ they are in need of help. A. that B. which C. what D. how19. It is good news ______ they will arrive in a few days. A. which B. what C. that D. how20. It ______ Joe drives badly. A. thought that B. thinks that C. was thought that D. is thought that21. You must do well ______ the teacher asks you to do. A. which B. what C. that D. where22. This is ______ she was born. A. where B. which C. that D. what23. The question is ______ we can’t go there today. A. that B. what C. which D. when24. The question is ______ it is worth doing. A. if B. whether C. which D. what25. The reason he has made such great progress is _______ he has never wasted his time. A. because B. why C. that D. what26. My suggestion is ______ we should turn the land into rice fields. A. what B. that C. which D. where27. His proposal is that the dam ______ at the foot of the mountain. A. build B. will build C. be built D. will be built28. My advice is that he ______ regular house. A. keep B. would keep C. keeps D. kept29. ______ knows the truth will tell you about it. A. Who that B. Whoever C. Whom that D. That who30. We all know the truth _____ the earth goes round the sun. A. that B. which C. what D. whether31. We heard the news ______ our team had won. A. which B. that C. what D. where32. The problem ______ it is right or wrong has not yet been decided. A. which B. that C. whether D. if1.重要的是你做什么,而不是说什么。
重要的是你做什么,而不是说什么2. 他出生在何时何地还不知道他出生在何时何地还不知道The important thing is what you do, not what you say.When and where he was born has not been found.3. 那个人何时被谋杀,为什么被谋杀尚那个人何时被谋杀,为什么被谋杀尚 不知道4. 问题是他对那个小男孩做了些什么问题是他对那个小男孩做了些什么5. 我们相信他已经挣了足够的钱来盖所我们相信他已经挣了足够的钱来盖所 房子When and why the person was murdered is still unknown.The problem is what he has done to the little boy.We believed that he had earned enough money to build a house.。
