不定式作定语的用法.doc

不定式作定语的用法不定式及其短语作定语，与其他短语作定语一样，一般都放在被修饰的词之后，通常表示一个将来 的动作，有时也可以表示某一过去的特定动作一些名词后常用不定式作定语，如： chance(机会)，way(方法)，time(时间)等；另外，the first,the sec on d,the last,the only 等作名词或者它们作形容词用来修饰代词，它们或它们所修饰的代词后，也常用不定式作定语不定式作定语时，不定式与被修饰词之间存在的关系复杂，有的是主谓关系；有的是动宾关系；有 的是动状关系，还有的不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系1、主谓关系的(1)We must find a person to do the work.(2) There is no one to take care of her.(3) In my family,my mother is always the first one to get up.(4) He is always the first to come and the last to leave.(5) We n eed some one to go and get a doctor.2、动宾关系的如果不定式与被修饰的词在逻辑上存在动宾关系， 不定式里的动词必须是及物动词。

注意：是及物动词的，后面不要再加宾语，因为前面的被修饰词是它的宾语；是不及物动词的， 要加上适当的介词或副词让它变成及物动词，只有这样，它才能带上前面的宾语1) He has a lot of books to read.(2) I would like a magazine to look at.(3) Here is some advice for you to follow.(4) Do you have any thi ng else to say?(5) There is no one to take care of.(6) She has nothing to worry about.3、 动状关系的 被修饰词如果是不定式里动词的状语，应多用介词短语由于被修饰词前没有介词，所以只能在不定式里的动词后加介词 1) Please give me some paper to write on.(2) Let"s find a room to put these thi ngs in (3 ) I have no house to live in.(4) He has no pen to write with.(5) There are five pairs to choose from.4、 不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系的 被修饰词与不定式里的动词不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系的，被修饰词多是些抽象名词。

(1) I have no time to go to the movie.(2)There"s no need to send for a doctor. (3) Where"s the best place to meet?(4) Is that the way to do it?(5 ) I"m not sure about his ability to complete the task alone.现在分词作定语 状语的用法现在分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用现在分词用定语时相当于一个定语从句； 作状语表示时间、原因、条件等时相当于一个状语从句然而，我们在使用现在分词时 应注意两方面的问题现在分词短语作后置定语 时，应注意下列三点：1. 现在分词表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作是一先一后发生而不是同时发生时， 不能用现在分词作定语，应使用定语从句表示如：The teacher criticized the stude nt hav ing broke n the win dow.The teacher criticized the stude nt who had broke n the win dow. Do you know anyone hav ing lost a car ?Do you know anyone who have lost a car ?2. be ing可用状语或补语，但不可作定语。

如：Anybody being outside after ten o clock will be criticized. Anybody who is outside after ten o' clock will be criticized.3. 表示经常性或已完成的非进行动作的时候，不用现在分词作定语例如： The boy bringing us milk everyday is my brother. The boy who brings us milk everyday is my brother.1. 现在分词作状语与谓语动词的时间关系现在分词用一般式 如： The secretary worked late into the night, preparing a long speech for the president. He sent me an E-mail, hoping to get further information.Having suffered from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him whenever he goes.Having finished his homework, the boy went out to play football.2. 现在分词作状语与主语的关系。

现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子主语必须 保持一致如果不一致，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构如：Looking out of the window of our hotel room, we could see lots of mountains around. They came into the classroom, talking and laughing.Mr. Smith being absent, the meeting had to be put off. It being a fine day, we all wanted to go outing.3. 现在分词作状语时，前面可用连词 when, while, once 等如： When talking to you, I always feel happy.Be careful while crossing the street.4•现在分词作状语时与主语之间不能有并列连词 or, and, but等，因为并列连词连接的是两个并列的成分，而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分，但分词与主语之间可用逗 号如：Having been told many times, but he still couldn 't understand it.Having been told many times, he still couldn 't understand it.过去分词的主要用法 非谓语动词除了包括不定式、 动名词和现在分词之外 ,还包括过去分词。

过去分词又 称-ed分词，在句中可以构成句子的谓语和复合宾语，也可以用作句子的表语、定语和状 语一、过去分词构成谓语和作表语的情况1. 和某些助动词一起构成句子的谓语 :I have n' t bee n out much rece ntly我最近没太出「门分析:过去分词been和have的否定形式haven' t —起构成句子的谓语（完成否定形 式 ）"haven' t been"It was said that he had bee n arrestee据 说他被捕了分析:过去分词arrested和 be的完成形式had beer一起构成句子的谓语（用了被动语 态）2. 在句中用作表语 :I am awfully worried. Daddy is ill. 我很着急,我爸爸病了分析 : 过去分词worried作表语，和am 一起构成系表结构二、过去分词和它所补充说明的名词一起构成复合宾语 这种用法又可分为两种情况 :1. 过去分词和名词一起构成复合宾语 例如 :She didn't want her daughter taken out after dark.她不希望天黑后女儿被带出门。

分析：过去分词短语taken out作名词短语her daughter的补语，并和该名词短语一起构成复合宾语2. 介词 with 后有时也可以跟这类复合宾语例如 ：He sat with his arms clasped round his knees. 他双手抱膝坐着That year ended with nothing settled. 那一年什么事也没解决就结束了分析:在这两句话中,过去分词clasped和settled分别作his arms和nothing的补语， 并一起构成介词的复合宾语三、过去分词用作定语修饰名词1. 表示情绪的过去分词可以作定语 ,这些过去分词主要有satisfied,frightened,worried,pleased,confused,embarrassed,surprised,astonished, agitated,puzzled等例女口 :Marti n ' s con fused sorrows turned to optimism马 丁烦乱的悲哀情绪转而变成乐观情 绪He did n' t notice the surprised look on her face他 没有注意到她脸上惊讶的表情。

分析:在这两个例句中，过去分词confused和surprised均作定语,分别修饰名词 sorrows 和 look2. 一些过去分词用作定语并与其修饰的名词构成固定搭配 例如:boiled water开水canned food 罐头食品 required courses必修课 united front 统一战线3. 过去分词和名词、形容词、副词等一起构成复合形容词例如 :a simply-fur ni shed apartme nt—套陈设简单的房间a cautiously-worded stateme nt措辞谨慎的声明stro ngly-motivated stude nts学习动力很强的学生4. 带有完成意义的一些过去分词也可以作定语例如 :the rise n sun ( = the sun that has just rise初 升的太阳vani shed jewels消失了的珠宝an exploded bomb (a bomb that has explode爆 炸了的炸弹 returned stude nts归国留学生注:有些以-ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变来的形容词。

例如：armored cars装 甲车a gifted boy有天赋的孩子 salaried class工薪阶层 a detailed account 详细的叙述 a bearded man留络腮胡子的男人5. 有些过去分词短语用在所修饰词后面作定语 ,作用相当于一个定语从句例如 :Sudde nly there appeared 。