新篇简明英语语言学-Chapter--Four---Syntax.doc
13页Chapter Four Syntax 句法学一、定义 1. syntax句法学:Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 句法学是一门研究语言的规则,这些规则控制句子的形成把单词凑在一起形成句子)二、知识点 4.2 Category 范畴Syntactic category 句法类型: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called Syntactic category. 单词可以被构成数量相对较小的类别,称为句法类型This classification reflects a variety of factors, (1) including the type of meaning that words express, (2) the type of affies that they take, (3) and the type of structures in which they can occur.这种分类反映出多种不同的因素:(1)涉及单词所体现的意义的类别,(2)它们所带词缀的类别,(3)它们所能浮现的构造的类别。
4.2.1 word level category词层面类型(对于句法学而言最核心的类型)1. Major lexical categories 重要词汇类型(词性):名、动、形、副词 N, V, Adj, Adv(open开放性词类 ,can add new words)P43图(在句子构成中起重要作用)1)重要词类又称开放词类,可以不断地浮现新词在英语,它们重要有四类: 名词(N): student linguistics lecture 动词(V): like red go 形容词(adj): tall lovely red 副词(adv): loudly constantly hardP134中2. Minor lexical categories 次要词汇类型(词性): 限定、限度、量词、助动、介、代、连、叹Det, Deg, Qual, Aux, Prep, Pron, Conj, Int (close封闭性词类, words are fixed不添加新词)P43图2)次要词类又称闭合词类。
这些词的数量一般来说是固定不变的,也不容许有新词加入在英语中,它们重要有六类: 限定词(Det.):the, a, this, his 助词(Aux):can, will, do, be, have 介词(Prep):in, at, to, on 代词(Pron):he, she, us, mine 连词(Conj):and, or, but, while 叹词(lnt):oh, ah, eh P134中✿~ To determine a word’s catrgory, three criteria are uaually empolyed决定一种词的类型,一般采用三个原则: ①meaning意义 ②inflection屈折变化 ③distribution分布4.2.2 Phrase categories anf their structures短语类型和它们的构造Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases. 环绕某一词类型构成的句法单位称为短语Phrase categories短语类型:[NP 名词短语 the pretty girl ][VP 动词短语 often dream ][AP 形容词短语 very pessimistic ][PP 介词短语 mainly about ]词组类型:词类不同的词可以合成某一词组,在英语的句法分析中,常有四种词组类型,它们分别为: 名词词组(NP):a red brick, the beautiful lake 动词词组(VP):sing a song, write in ink 介词词组(PP):on the table, at the gate 形容词词组(AP):very clever, quite able (词组是一种句法概念。
它可以由一种或一种以上的词构成无论哪一类词组,都必须含词组名称所示的词,及名词词组必须含一种名词,动词词组必须含一种动词,介词词组必须含一种介词,形容词词组必须含一种形容词名词词组和动词词组属句子中最重要的词组)无论是由一种单词还是多种单词构成,它们都由两个层面two levels构成,即:Phrase level短语层面 and word level词层面 P45英图 p136中NP VP AP PP N V A PPhrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements: head, specifier and complement.由多种单词构成短语一般涉及如下成分:中心语、标志语、补语(短语构成所环绕的词叫中心语,浮现于中心语左边的词用作标志语,浮现于中心语右边的词是补语详情见4.4)p45笔记4.3 phrase structure rule 短语构造规则p45英 p137中4.3.1 XP rule XP规则4.3.2 coordinator rule并列规则Some structures are fromed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and or or. Such phrases are called coordinate structures and this phenomenon is known as coordination. Coordination exhibits the following four important properties: 除了上述的S H C 之外,英语还涉及着其她类型的构造,例如有些构造是借助于像and 或者or这样的连词将同种类型的两个或多种成分连接起来而构成的。
这样的短语被成为并列构造,这种现象被成为并列并列有四个重要特性:1. there is no limit on the nunber of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjjunction.可以出目前连词前面的并列范畴在数量上没有限制2. a category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.在任何层面(一种中心语或一整个XP)的范畴都可以是并列的3. coordinated categories must be of the same type.并列范畴都必须是同一类型的4. the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.并列短语的范畴类别与所连接成分的范畴类别相似Coordination rule(并列规则的公式):p47英p140中4.4 phrase elements短语成分4.4.1 Specifiers 标志语从语义上讲,它们有助于使中心语的意义更为精确。
从句法上讲,它们清晰地标志了短语边界在英语中,标志语出目前她们各自短语的左界,依附于短语构造的顶层,位于中心语的左边Specifiers标志语Head 中心语Examples 例子Determiner 限定词Nthe tree, this book, no waterQualifier 修饰词Valways fail, never surrender放弃, often drinkDegree word 限度词Aless interesting, quite good, very sensitivePalmost in, quite above4.4.2 Complements补语补语自身就是短语,她们为中心语的意义中所必然涉及的实体与位置提供了信息在英语中它们依附在中心语的右边P48例子The information about a word’s complement is included in the head and termed subcategorization.有关词的补语的信息是涉及在中心语之中的,称为次范畴化由于英语中某些中心词如put可以接不止一种补语,因此用补语背面的“*”来表达多种这样的成分是被容许的。
在英语中无论有多少补语,她们都只出目前中心语的右边The XP rules(revised经修订的):XP →(specifier)X (complement*)XP →(标志语)X ( 补语* )英语中,有时一种像句子同样的构造可以用作补语,它们都只出目前中心语的右边eg. Miss Hebert believes that she will win.Word which introduce the sentence complement are termed complementizers (shortened as Cs)引导句子补语的词被称为补语化成分缩写为Cs)The sentence introduced by the complementizer is called a complement clause.由补语化成分引导的句子称为补语从句形容词、名词和介词可以带CP补语的例子p49中p142英Items项目Head中心语Examples例子Adjectives形容词afraid, certain, awareI was afraid that nobody would believe me.Nouns名词fact, claim, beliefShe can’t believe the fact that she would fail in the exam.Prepositions介词over, aboutThey argued over whether she had come to class.4.4.3 Modi。





