非谓语动词语法讲解课件.ppt

￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿非谓语动词￿￿￿￿语法讲解1非谓语动词语法讲解I.非谓语动词时态、语态形式对照表： 及物与不及物 语态类别 时 态 vt. vi.主动语态被动语态 主动语态ing 一般式一般式:(与谓语动词同时与谓语动词同时发生发生)makingbeing madegoing完成式完成式:(先与谓语动词之先与谓语动词之前发生前发生)having made(不作定语）不作定语）having been made(不作定语）不作定语）having gone(不作定语）不作定语）ed只有一般式只有一般式:(不强调时间不强调时间先后，只说明原因、条先后，只说明原因、条件等件等) ×made(表被动表被动）） gone(表完成）表完成）inf一般式一般式:(与谓语动词与谓语动词(几几乎乎)同时发生同时发生)to maketo be madeto go 完成式完成式:(先与谓语动词之先与谓语动词之前发生前发生)to have madeto have been madeto have gone进行式进行式:(在谓语动词动作在谓语动词动作发生时正在进行发生时正在进行)to be making ×to be going2非谓语动词语法讲解2. 2.非谓语动词在句中可作的语法成份非谓语动词在句中可作的语法成份 成份类别主主语语宾宾语语表表语语定定语语宾宾补补 状状 语语时时间间条条件件原原因因目目的的结结果果方方式式让让步步伴伴随随不定式×××现在分词××××过去分词××××动名词× ×3非谓语动词语法讲解1.非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等语、状语等.•1.To￿see￿you￿is￿glad.￿￿=It’s￿glad￿to￿see￿you.￿￿•2.I￿want￿to￿see￿you.•3.I￿want￿him￿to￿see￿you.￿•4.My￿hope￿is￿to￿see￿you.•5.He￿is￿the￿man￿to￿see￿you.•6.I’m￿glad￿to￿see￿you.•7.I￿went￿to￿see￿you.•8.He￿went￿so￿early￿as￿to￿see￿you（作主语）（作主语）(作宾语）作宾语）（作宾补）（作宾补）(作表语）作表语）（作定语）（作定语）（作原因状语）（作原因状语）（作目的状语）（作目的状语）（作结果状语）（作结果状语）4非谓语动词语法讲解•1.Swimming￿is￿his￿favourite￿sport.￿•2.He￿enjoys￿swimming.￿•3.I￿found￿him￿swimming￿in￿the￿river.￿•4.His￿favourite￿sport￿is￿swimming.•5.He￿is￿the￿man￿swimming￿in￿the￿river￿just￿now.￿•6.￿Swimming￿in￿Summer￿,we￿can￿get￿cool.(作主语）(作宾语）(作宾补）(作表语）(作定语）(作状语）5非谓语动词语法讲解•1.This cup is broken. •2.This is a broken cup. •3.I found the cup broken.•4.Broken by Tom, the cup can’t be used.•★过去分词一般不作主语、宾语.(作表语(作表语）(作宾语补足语）(作状语）6非谓语动词语法讲解•3.分词的用法比较•A.在时态上•1.China￿is￿a￿developing￿country￿￿￿=a￿country￿which￿is￿developing.•2.Japan￿is￿a￿developed￿country￿￿￿=a￿country￿which￿has￿developed.•3.I￿found￿him￿gone.￿￿￿=that￿he￿had￿gone.(表完成）ing分词表分词表“进行进行”ed分词表分词表“完成完成”7非谓语动词语法讲解▲B.在语态上，在语态上，ing分词表分词表“主动主动”，，ed分词表分词表“被动被动”（多为及物动词）（多为及物动词）•1.I￿saw￿him￿writing￿a￿short￿novel.￿￿￿=that￿he￿was￿writing￿a￿short￿novel.•2.He￿was￿reading￿a￿novel￿written￿by￿￿￿￿Charles￿Dickens.￿￿￿=which￿was￿written￿by￿Charles￿Dichens.▲在概念上，ing.表“抽象、习惯”,不定式表“具体、偶然、将来”. *Swimming (抽象）is my favourite sport and I like swimming(习惯）every day, but I don’t like to swim(具体）today, I would like to swim(将来）tomorrow.8非谓语动词语法讲解▲C.分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，只能用作状分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，只能用作状语语.•The platform having been built will be used to perform on. ו1.The platform built will be used to perform on. √ The platform which has been built will be used to perform on. √•2. Having given her opinion about the building, she left the meeting. Having been used for a long time, the computer needs repairing. 作定语作状语9非谓语动词语法讲解D.▲ed+主句（不强调时间先后）主句（不强调时间先后）;Being ed+主句（强调主句（强调主句和从句动作同时发生）主句和从句动作同时发生）;Having been ed+主句（强主句（强调时间先后）如不强调时间先后可用调时间先后）如不强调时间先后可用ed,一般式来代替一般式来代替. •1.Used￿as￿a￿means￿of￿traffic￿in￿China,the￿bike￿is￿very￿useful.￿￿￿￿Written￿in￿simple￿English,￿the￿book￿is￿easy￿to￿read•2.￿Being￿used￿by￿me￿now,the￿bike￿can’t￿be￿lent￿to￿you.•3.￿Having￿been￿used￿for￿many￿years,￿the￿bike￿needs￿repairing.￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿Having￿been￿told￿several￿times,￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿可以写成=Told￿several￿times,he couldn’t understand what I meant. 10非谓语动词语法讲解4.非谓语动词的用法区别非谓语动词的用法区别不定式和动名词作宾语的区别：不定式和动名词作宾语的区别：•⑴.下列动词常用不定式作宾语：￿￿￿aim ,ask, dare ,appear, arrange ,demand, help, hesitate, pay, plan, wait, fail, seek, prepare, happen, mean, prove, expect, wish, hope, decide, refuse, offer, learn, agree, choose, promise, pretend, manage, care, determine, afford等。

如：He offered to help us . I didn't expect to find you here． They refused to accept his invitation． The little boy pretended to be asleep when his mother came in．11非谓语动词语法讲解(2)(2)下列动词通常用下列动词通常用~ing~ing形式作宾语形式作宾语：：•admit,￿report,￿appreciate,￿deny,￿explain,￿mention,￿resist,￿stand,￿stop,￿imagine,￿recall,￿suggest,￿mind,￿finish,￿enjoy,￿keep,￿practise,￿miss,￿avoid,￿delay,￿excuse,￿escape,￿consider,￿advise等如￿￿￿：1）Would￿you￿mind￿my￿smoking￿here￿?￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿2）￿The￿girl￿was￿told￿to￿practise￿playing￿the￿piano￿for￿three￿￿￿hours￿every￿day．￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿3）Good￿news￿keeps￿coming.￿￿￿￿￿￿Tina￿suggested￿spending￿the￿weekend￿on￿her￿farm．￿￿￿￿12非谓语动词语法讲解(3)下列动词接不定式与接下列动词接不定式与接~ing形式意义相近：形式意义相近：•like，love,￿hate,￿dislike,￿begin,￿start,￿prefer，continue,￿intend，attempt等.￿￿￿e.g：I￿prefer￿making￿(to￿make)￿an￿outline￿before￿I￿do￿my￿oral￿composition￿．￿￿￿￿￿￿￿We￿all￿like￿playing￿(to￿play)￿table￿tennis．•但也有细微区别：•*指具体某次的行为常用不定式，指惯常的行为常用~ing形式.•如：I￿like￿reading￿books￿of￿this￿kind．(惯常行为)•￿￿￿￿I￿hate￿to￿say￿so，but￿really￿I￿can't￿go￿with￿you．(具体某次行为)13非谓语动词语法讲解I prefer to stay at home today．(具体某次行为) He prefers walking to cycling．(惯常行为)*一般说来不能用于进行时的动词如：realize，know，understand，see，lose等，多用不定式 如：I began to realize I had been wrong.We hate to lose the chance . Now we are beginning to see it more clearly. 14非谓语动词语法讲解(4)下列动词接不定式与接下列动词接不定式与接~ing形式意义不同形式意义不同：•①stop￿to￿do￿￿停下(正在做的事)去做另一件事￿/￿stop￿doing￿￿停下正在做的事e.g.：Seeing￿an￿old￿man￿carrying￿a￿big￿bag,￿I￿￿stopped￿to￿help￿him．￿￿￿￿￿￿￿Hearing￿the￿bell￿,the￿students￿stopped￿playing￿and￿ran￿into￿the￿classroom．•②forget￿to￿do忘记做某事(此事未做)/￿forget￿doing忘记曾做过某事(此事已做)￿￿￿￿He￿forgot￿to￿post￿the￿letter￿when￿he￿walked￿past￿the￿post￿office．￿￿￿I'll￿never￿forget￿seeing￿him￿for￿the￿first￿time．15非谓语动词语法讲解•③remember￿to￿do记得要做某事(此事未做)/￿remember￿doing记得某事已做过(此事已做)￿￿￿e.g.：I￿remember￿seeing￿her￿once￿somewhere．￿￿￿￿You￿must￿remember￿to￿take￿your￿umbrella￿when￿you￿leave￿home．•④go￿on￿to￿do继续做另一件事￿go￿on￿￿doing接着做同一件事e.g.￿：She￿stood￿up￿and￿shook￿hands￿with￿me,￿and￿then￿she￿went￿on￿writing￿something．￿￿￿￿￿￿AfterIfinishedmyhomework,1wentontoreadthenovel．•⑤try￿to￿do企图／想做某事￿try￿doing试着做某事(看看有什么后果发生)￿￿￿e.g.￿：We￿tried￿to￿persuade￿him￿to￿go￿with￿us,￿but￿he￿wouldn’t￿listen．￿￿Let's￿try￿doing￿the￿work￿some￿other￿way.16非谓语动词语法讲解•⑥mean￿to￿do￿￿￿(意思是)￿打算做某事￿￿￿mean￿doing意味着做某事￿e.g.￿：Revolution￿means￿librating￿the￿productive￿force．Sorry￿,I￿didn't￿mean￿to￿hurt￿you．•⑦regret￿to￿do遗憾地做某事(通常后接say￿,tell等动词)/￿regret￿doing后悔做了某事e.g.￿：I￿regret￿to￿tell￿that￿you￿didn’t￿pass￿the￿exam￿again．He￿regretted￿having￿told￿her￿the￿bad￿￿news．17非谓语动词语法讲解(5)动词如：动词如： (permit ,allow，，admit，，forbid，，imagine，，consider) advise￿sb￿to￿do￿sth\advise￿doing￿sth•①advise￿sb￿to￿do￿sthe.g.￿：The￿doctor￿advised￿me￿not￿to￿go￿to￿bed￿too￿late.￿￿￿￿￿￿Please￿permit￿￿me￿to￿introduce￿myself￿to￿you￿first．￿￿￿You￿surely￿can't￿consider￿￿him￿to￿be￿a￿selfish￿man．￿￿￿My￿parents￿forbid￿me￿to￿stay￿out￿after￿mid-night．￿￿￿I￿allowed￿the￿children￿to￿play￿in￿my￿room￿for￿another￿five￿minutes.18非谓语动词语法讲解•*￿注意：•*在imagine／consider后通常用“to￿be…”作宾语补足语。

to￿be有时可省略e.g.：You'd￿better￿imagine￿yourself￿(to￿be)￿in￿his￿place．The￿situation￿was￿considered￿(to￿be)￿pretty￿good．•*在consider后，作宾补不定式主要是to￿be，行为动词to￿do则多用to￿have￿done￿形式￿￿如:We￿all￿considered￿him￿to￿have￿told￿a￿lie￿.19非谓语动词语法讲解•advise／permit／allow／admit／forbid／imagine／consider￿doing￿sth.e.g.￿：The￿little￿boy￿admitted￿having￿￿broken￿the￿glass．•They￿shouldn't￿allow￿parking￿in￿the￿street￿;￿it's￿too￿narrow.•Can￿you￿imagine￿my￿being￿so￿stupid￿?•I￿forbid￿smoking￿in￿my￿house．•We￿do￿not￿permit￿smoking￿in￿the￿office．20非谓语动词语法讲解即时巩固练习即时巩固练习⑴⑴用所给动词的to do 或~doing 形式填空：•1)Little Tom regretted ____(waste) so much time playing computer games .•2)They were expecting ____(get) the results of the examination.•3)Will you advise me which of them ____(buy) ?•4)On the bus the young man pretended ____(not see) the old woman standing beside him.having wasted to get to buy not to see 21非谓语动词语法讲解•5)We all consider John_____ (be) an honest boy.•6)Our boss forbids_____ (chat) during office hours .•7)The rules do not permit players ____(step) out of bounds.•8)The boy begged to permit him____ (explain).•9)The young man imagined _____(live) on a lonely island.•10) It was useless to forbid children ____(play) here.to play living to explain to step chatting to be 22非谓语动词语法讲解•11) Why have they delayed _____(open) the new school ?•12) She enjoys ______(practise) _______(dance) before the large mirror.•13) By taking the back way, he escaped ______(see).•14) I’d prefer ______(stay) here waiting for his arrival.•15) As the meeting was beginning , we all stopped ____(talk).opening practicing being seen to stay talking dancing 23非谓语动词语法讲解•16) This kind of car is nice but I can’t afford ____(buy) one.•17) I’m sorry I forgot ____(tell) you about the meeting .•18) She tried ____(comfort) me by saying some funny things •19) Going on waiting here means ____(waste) our time .•20) They went on ____(work) in the fields in spite of the heavy rain.working wasting comforting to tell to buy 24非谓语动词语法讲解2)现在分词和动名词作表语的区别：现在分词和动名词作表语的区别：•（1）现在分词用来说明主语的性质，可用very￿来修饰。

•如：The￿news￿is￿surprising.￿(surprising￿用来说明The￿news￿的性质.可以说very￿surprising￿.)•His￿words￿were￿encouraging￿.(encouraging￿用来说明His￿words￿的性质.可以说very￿encouraging￿.)•*动名词和主语说的是同一件事，不可用very￿来修饰•如：My￿job￿is￿teaching￿English.(My￿job=teaching￿English,不可说very￿teaching￿English￿.)•Teaching￿is￿also￿learning￿.(Teaching￿=learning￿,不可说very￿learning.)25非谓语动词语法讲解•(2)注意现在分词和动名词作表语与现在进行时的区别•如：His￿view￿is￿very￿alarming￿(现在分词作表语表示主语的性质)•What￿he￿likes￿to￿do￿is￿staying￿at￿home￿alone￿and￿reading￿.(动名词作表语表示的是某一件事情)•He￿is￿watching￿the￿football￿game￿on￿TV.(现在进行时表示某动作在进行)•*过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别。

•如：My￿bike￿is￿broken￿.(broken￿形容词作表语，表示“状态”)•￿My￿bike￿was￿broken￿by￿Jim．(动词过去分词构成被动语态，表示“动作”)26非谓语动词语法讲解(3)还要注意现在分词和过去分词作表语在意义上的区别•￿*过去分词作表语表示人的感觉，主语通常是人现在分词作表语表示事物本身的特点，主语通常是事物•如：I'm￿interested￿in￿English．(我的感觉，觉得有趣.￿￿￿￿The￿film￿is￿interesting．(电影本身的特点是使人有趣.)•类似情况还有：surprising￿~surprised,￿exciting￿~excited,￿tiring￿~tired￿,￿disappointing￿~disappointed,￿encouraging￿~encouraged￿，￿￿￿interesting￿~interested￿，amazed￿~amazing￿,￿bored￿~boring￿,￿pleasing￿~pleased,￿astonishing￿~astonished.27非谓语动词语法讲解即时巩固练习即时巩固练习⑵⑵•用所给动词的to￿do或~doing形式填空：•1)The￿journey￿was￿quite______．(tire)•2)The￿story￿is￿very________．We￿are_______￿in￿it．(interest)•3、The￿result￿of￿the￿exam￿made￿me￿_________￿．(disappoint)•4)This￿was￿really￿an￿_______moment．(excite)•5)The￿___________boy￿couldn't￿believe￿his￿ears．(astonish)tiringtiringinterestedinteresteddisappointeddisappointedexcitingexcitingastonishedastonishedinterestinginteresting28非谓语动词语法讲解即时巩固练习即时巩固练习⑵⑵•6)It￿was￿a￿______￿story．We￿didn't￿want￿to￿listen￿again．(bore)•7)He￿seemed￿quite￿_______at￿the￿idea．(delight)•8)The￿problem￿was￿quite________．(press)•9)The￿present￿situation￿is￿_________．(encourage)•10)I￿was￿_______at￿what￿she￿said．(puzzle)boringboringdelighteddelightedpressingpressingencouragingencouragingpuzzledpuzzled29非谓语动词语法讲解4)不定式、分词和动名词作定语的区别：•(1)动词不定式作定语通常放在被修饰的名词后面。

•如：I￿have￿something￿important￿to￿tell￿you．•￿￿￿￿￿￿The￿poor￿children￿had￿little￿to￿eat．•它和被修饰的名词有时有动宾关系•如：There￿is￿some￿books￿for￿you￿to￿read．(可看成：to￿read￿some￿books)•I'd￿like￿to￿get￿something￿to￿drink．(可看成：to￿drink￿something)30非谓语动词语法讲解•如果这这个作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词，注意不可忽略不定式短语中的副词或介词•如：I￿need￿a￿pen￿to￿write￿with．(可看成：to￿write￿with￿the￿pen)•￿She￿now￿has￿nothing￿to￿worry￿about．(可看成：to￿worry￿about￿nothing)31非谓语动词语法讲解(2)现在分词和动名词作定语的区别•*现在分词和被修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系单个分词作定语放在被修饰的名词的前面，分词短语放在被修饰的名词的后面•如：A￿fishing￿boy￿￿was￿seen￿sitting￿at￿the￿end￿of￿the￿boat.•￿￿￿￿(a￿fishing￿boy￿=a￿boy￿who￿was￿fishing)•￿￿The￿soldier￿riding￿a￿horse￿was￿my￿brother￿．•(the￿soldier￿riding￿a￿horse￿=the￿soldier￿who￿was￿riding￿a￿horse)￿•*动名词用来说明用途，和被修饰的名词在逻辑上无主谓关系。

动名词作定语只能放在被修饰的名词的前面•如：There￿was￿only￿one￿fishing￿boat￿on￿the￿river．•￿￿￿￿(a￿fishing￿boat=a￿boat￿used￿for￿fishing)•￿￿￿￿The￿old￿man￿needs￿a￿walking￿stick￿when￿he￿goes￿out．•￿￿￿￿(a￿walking￿stick=a￿stick￿used￿for￿walking)32非谓语动词语法讲解(3)不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语有时在时态上有区别：•*不定式作定语表示将来的动作•如：The￿bridge￿to￿be￿built￿next￿month￿is￿the￿third￿bridge￿across￿the￿river．•*现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作•如：The￿bridge￿being￿built￿now￿is￿the￿third￿bridge￿across￿the￿river．•*过去分词作定语表示已完成的动作•如：The￿bridge￿built￿last￿year￿is￿the￿third￿bridge￿across￿the￿river．33非谓语动词语法讲解即时巩固练习即时巩固练习⑶⑶•用所给动词的正确形式填空：•1)The￿man__________￿(question)￿in￿the￿police￿station￿now￿is￿a￿spy．•2)A￿man_______￿(respect)￿others￿will￿be￿respected．•3)she￿can￿find￿no￿one￿_______(make)￿friends￿with．•4)Is￿there￿anybody￿_______￿(answer)￿the￿question￿?•5)Half￿of￿the￿guests￿_______(invite)￿￿to￿the￿conference￿were￿foreigners.being questionedbeing questionedrespectingrespectingto maketo maketo answerto answerinvitedinvited34非谓语动词语法讲解•6)She￿would￿be￿the￿best￿_______(agree)￿the￿opinion￿．•7)The￿matter￿_________(discuss)￿is￿very￿important．•8)That￿is￿the￿way￿_________(operate)￿the￿machine．•9)She￿was￿then￿a￿professor￿_______(love)￿by￿all￿her￿students．•10)With￿much￿money￿________(spend)，the￿boy￿formed￿a￿bad￿habit．to agreeto agreebeing discussedbeing discussedto operateto operatelovedlovedto spendto spend35非谓语动词语法讲解5)不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾补的区别：•*现在分词作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有主动关系，强调动作在进行。

•如：I￿saw￿him￿falling￿off￿his￿bike￿just￿at￿that￿moment￿．•￿￿￿￿(看到他时他正从自行车上掉下来)•￿￿￿￿He￿found￿himself￿lying￿on￿the￿ground￿when￿he￿came￿to￿himself．•￿￿￿￿(他苏醒过来时正躺在地上)•*不定式作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有主动关系，强调动作的过程•￿￿如：I￿saw￿him￿fall￿off￿his￿bike￿and￿hurt￿his￿left￿leg．36非谓语动词语法讲解•(看到他从自行车上掉下来，并且摔伤了腿动作有先后，是全过程)•￿￿￿￿They￿were￿made￿to￿work￿day￿and￿night￿．•￿￿￿￿(他们被迫日夜干活，天天如此，不是某个时刻正在干活)•*过去分词作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有被动关系•￿￿如：I￿heard￿my￿name￿called￿by￿someone．•￿￿(我的名字被叫，my￿name和called是被动关系)•￿￿I￿felt￿a￿great￿weight￿taken￿￿off￿my￿mind.•￿￿(重担被卸下来了，a￿great￿weight和taken￿off是被动关系。

)37非谓语动词语法讲解即时巩固练习即时巩固练习⑷⑷•用所给动词的正确形式填空：•1)I￿meant￿to￿buy￿an￿evening￿paper,￿but￿I￿didn't￿see￿anyone￿______(sell)￿them.•2)I￿know￿that￿____(be)￿a￿fact.•3)Paul￿doesn't￿have￿to￿be￿made￿______(learn).￿He￿always￿work￿hard.•4)The￿patient￿was￿warned￿_______(not￿eat)￿after￿the￿examine.•5)Just￿now￿I￿saw￿a￿man______￿(walk)￿in￿the￿street,￿with￿a￿little￿girl￿_______(seat)￿on￿his￿shoulder．sellingsellingto beto beto learnto learnnot to eatnot to eatwalkingwalkingseatedseated38非谓语动词语法讲解•6)The￿lady￿loved￿to￿have￿her￿luggage￿_______(weigh).•7￿)Who￿did￿the￿teacher￿have￿_______(clean)￿the￿blackboard￿just￿now?•8)Businesses￿are￿beginning￿______￿(develop)￿new￿methods￿of￿reaching￿customers.•9)The￿thief￿was￿caught______￿(steal)￿goods￿in￿the￿supermarket￿again￿．•10)---What￿happened￿to￿Mr.￿White￿early￿this￿morning￿?•￿￿￿---Oh，he￿was￿seen______￿(knock)￿down￿and￿the￿driver_______￿(drive)￿away．weighedcleanto developstealingknockeddrove39非谓语动词语法讲解6)不定式和现在分词作状语的区别： 不定式作状语表示：原因，结果，目的； 分词作状语表示：原因，结果，时间，伴随情况•(1)不定式和分词表示原因时的区别：•￿￿￿￿￿*不定式表示原因通常跟在某些表示感情的形容词后，用来说明产生这种感情的原因。

•如：I￿was￿so￿excited￿to￿hear￿the￿news．(不定式to￿hear￿the￿news表示激动的原因)￿．•We￿were￿surprised￿to￿see￿such￿great￿changes￿in￿that￿village．•(不定式to￿see￿such￿great￿changes￿in￿that￿village表示惊讶的原因)•￿￿￿￿*分词表示原因时，它相当于一个原因状语从句•如：Being￿a￿monitor,￿she￿takes￿lead￿in￿everything￿．•￿￿￿￿(Being￿a￿monitor=As￿she￿was￿a￿monitor)•￿￿￿Knowing￿some￿English,￿he￿offered￿to￿be￿an￿interviewer￿for￿us.•￿￿￿￿(Knowing￿some￿English=￿As￿he￿knew￿some￿English)40非谓语动词语法讲解•(2)不定式和分词表示结果时的区别：•￿￿￿￿*不定式表示结果，含有没有预料到的情况的意味•如：I￿got￿up￿only￿to￿find￿it￿was￿raining￿outside￿．(起来时没有料到在下雨。

)•￿￿￿￿He￿was￿too￿excited￿to￿say￿a￿word￿．￿(太激动了说不出话，是没有预料到的情况)•*分词表示结果包含着一种必然发生的情况•如：His￿parents￿died，leaving￿him￿a￿lot￿of￿money．(父母去世，钱留给儿子这是自然的事)•The￿output￿of￿iron￿decreased￿by￿23％last￿year,￿reaching￿80，000￿tons．•￿￿￿￿(产量下降，到了80，000吨，这是必然结果)41非谓语动词语法讲解即时巩固练习即时巩固练习⑸⑸•用所给动词的正确形式填空：•1)--Why￿was￿the￿official￿meeting￿called?•--_______(select)￿new￿officers．•2)_______(get)￿back￿my￿story,￿he￿refused￿the￿invitation．•3)￿The￿beautiful￿girl￿tried￿to￿kill￿herself￿only￿_________(save)．•4)When________(face)with￿a￿strong￿enemy,￿they￿had￿always￿retreated．•5)______(wear)out￿after￿a￿long￿walk,￿Henry￿called￿and￿said￿he￿couldn't￿come．To selectTo selectTo getTo getto be savedto be savedfacedfacedWornWorn42非谓语动词语法讲解•6)He￿was￿said￿to￿have￿refused￿a￿gift￿from￿her,￿________(know)￿that￿it￿meant￿a￿bribe.•7)￿The￿president￿expressed￿his￿satisfaction￿with￿the￿co-operation,______￿(add)￿that￿he￿had￿enjoyed￿his￿stay￿here￿．•8)The￿president￿promised￿to￿keep￿all￿the￿board￿members_______￿(inform)￿of￿￿how￿the￿negotiations￿were￿going￿on．•9)_________________(allow)to￿develop￿his￿talent,￿he￿could￿become￿an￿excellent￿artist．•10)_______________(invite)to￿go￿to￿camping,￿Paul￿ordered￿a￿new￿sleeping￿bag．knowingaddinginformedHaving been allowedHaving been invited43非谓语动词语法讲解4．使用非谓语动词的注意事项：•1)动词不定式可以和疑问代词或副词when，what,￿where,￿why,￿who,￿whom,￿which,￿how一起构•成不定式短语，但不说why￿to￿do￿(~Why￿not￿do…?，它表达一种建议，和此部分所说的to￿do•无关。

)“疑问代词或副词+to￿do”的作用相当于一个名词性从句•如：My￿teacher￿didn't￿tell￿me￿what￿to￿do￿next．(=what￿I￿should￿do￿next)•He￿said￿he￿knew￿how￿to￿do￿it．(=how￿he￿should￿do￿it)•This￿is￿the￿first￿time￿I￿have￿come￿to￿this￿dry．I￿don't￿know￿which￿way￿to￿go￿(=which￿way￿I￿should￿go)44非谓语动词语法讲解4．使用非谓语动词的注意事项：•2)形式主语和形式宾语•*形式主语：当作主语的不定式或动名词短语过长，谓语部分太短，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放到后面，以保持句子的平衡•如：It￿is￿easy￿to￿work￿out￿this￿problem￿．•It￿is￿my￿duty￿to￿help￿the￿people￿who￿are￿in￿trouble．￿•*形式宾语：当作宾语的不定式或动名词短语过长，宾补部分太短，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放到宾补后面，亦为保持句子的平衡。

•如:I￿found￿it￿easy￿to￿answer￿this￿question￿．•We￿think￿it￿no￿good￿giving￿little￿children￿too￿much￿money．45非谓语动词语法讲解3) 3)不定式符号的省略不定式符号的省略•(1)两个不定式并列时，后一个常省去to￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿I￿told￿her￿to￿stay￿and￿wait￿for￿me￿to￿come￿back．￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿但表示对比关系时，要带to￿￿￿￿￿￿￿He￿hasn't￿decided￿to￿stay￿at￿school￿or￿to￿go￿home.•(2)在下列句型中不定式符号to常省去￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿*Why￿not￿do…?￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿*￿…would￿rather￿do…than￿do…￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿*You'd￿better￿do...￿￿￿￿￿￿￿*…do￿nothing￿but￿do…/…have￿nothing￿to￿do￿but￿do…•(3)简短回答中的不定式符号to后的动词常省去，有时to亦省去￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿--Would￿you￿like￿to￿have￿dinner￿with￿us￿?￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿--I'd￿love￿to￿.46非谓语动词语法讲解•(4)有些动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to。

这些动词是：see,￿watch,￿notice，look￿at，hear,￿￿￿￿listen￿to,￿feel，make，have,￿et…等感官动词和使役动词￿￿这些动词如果用于被动语态，后面的不定式要带to￿￿￿￿His￿father￿made￿him￿write￿twenty￿more￿sentences．￿￿￿￿He￿was￿made￿to￿write￿twenty￿more￿sentences￿by￿his￿father．￿￿￿help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to也可以不带to￿￿￿￿I￿often￿help(￿to￿)do￿housework￿at￿home．•(5)被省略的不定式是作助动词用的have或be时，要保留这些助动词￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿He￿is￿not￿what￿he￿used￿to￿be￿．￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿--Did￿he￿tell￿you￿to￿attend￿the￿meeting￿?￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿-No，I￿ought￿to￿have￿been．47非谓语动词语法讲解•4)分词作状语时，分词前可加连词表示强调￿￿￿When￿heated,￿ice￿can￿be￿changed￿into￿water．￿￿Though￿tired￿,I￿went￿on￿with￿the￿work.￿￿￿While￿walking￿in￿￿the￿street,￿I￿saw￿a￿road￿accident．•5)分词表伴随情况，其动作和谓语动作须同时发生。

￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿I￿had￿to￿stay￿in￿the￿hotel，waiting￿for￿the￿car￿to￿come．￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿They￿stood￿there,￿listening￿to￿the￿broadcast￿．￿￿￿但是如果是连续的有先后的几个动作，就不能用分词表伴随情况￿￿￿￿He￿finished￿his￿work￿quickly,￿then￿went￿to￿the￿kitchen￿and￿began￿to￿cook￿supper．￿￿￿￿The￿boy￿fell￿off￿the￿tree￿and￿broke￿his￿left￿leg.48非谓语动词语法讲解•6)不定式、分词和动名词的时态和语态：(1)不定式-to￿have￿done，to￿be￿done，￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿to￿have￿been￿done￿现在分词-having￿done,￿being￿done，￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿having￿been￿done￿￿￿过去分词只有一种形式-done￿￿.(2)在plan,￿hope,￿expect,￿would￿(should)￿like,mean等动词后的不定式的完成时表示没有实现的行为。

￿￿￿￿I￿hoped￿to￿have￿seen￿her．(But￿I￿didn't￿see￿her)￿￿￿￿They￿expected￿to￿have￿found￿him￿in￿the￿cave．(But￿they￿failed￿to￿find￿him．)￿49非谓语动词语法讲解7) 7)不定式，现在分词和动名词的逻辑主语：不定式，现在分词和动名词的逻辑主语：￿￿￿￿￿￿￿(1)不定式的逻辑主语：-for\of￿sb￿+to￿do￿sth￿￿如：It's￿impossible￿for￿him￿to￿move￿￿such￿a￿big￿stone￿．￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿The￿question￿is￿too￿hard￿for￿a￿little￿child￿to￿answer．•*但表示性质的adj￿(good，nice,￿kind,￿rude,￿polite,￿impolite,￿clever,￿wise,￿stupid,silly,￿foolish,￿right,￿wrong)等而用介词of￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿It's￿clever￿of￿him￿to￿do￿so．￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿It's￿polite￿of￿you￿to￿make￿room￿for￿the￿old￿man￿￿￿￿￿￿(2)动名词的逻辑主语：-sb's￿+doing￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿如：Little￿Franz's￿being￿late￿again￿for￿the￿school￿made￿the￿teacher￿very￿angry.•￿￿*但动名词作宾语时逻辑主语可用普通格或人称代词的宾格，逻辑主语用普通格。

￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿I￿suggested￿him￿(his)￿going￿there￿by￿taxi.￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿Did￿you￿enjoy￿Zhou￿￿jielun￿singing￿at￿the￿concert?50非谓语动词语法讲解•(3)￿现在分词的逻辑主语：一分词的独立结构当分词的动作执行者和句子的动作执行者不一致时，分词前必须有自己的主语，称为分词的独立结构•￿￿￿￿￿Weather￿permitting,￿we'll￿have￿a￿field￿trip￿tomorrow￿．•￿￿￿￿Mother￿being￿in，I￿had￿to￿stay￿at￿home￿to￿look￿after￿her．•*但有些分词作状语属习惯用法，分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语可以不一致•如：Judging￿from￿the￿expression￿on￿his￿face,￿he￿had￿failed￿the￿driving￿test￿again．•￿￿￿￿Generally￿speaking￿,girls￿are￿more￿careful￿than￿boys￿.51非谓语动词语法讲解8) 8)注意以下几种情况不定式的用法注意以下几种情况不定式的用法•*在the￿first,￿the￿second…，the￿last和only之后，只能用to￿do。

￿￿￿￿￿如：He￿was￿the￿last￿to￿leave￿the￿classroom￿．•*如果understand，realize,￿know用在begin,￿start,￿attempt,￿intend后，只能用to￿do￿￿￿￿如：I￿began￿to￿understand￿the￿truth．•*表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用not￿to￿do,而用in￿order￿not￿to￿do或so￿as￿not￿to￿do￿￿￿如：(√)In￿order￿not￿to￿be￿seen,￿he￿came￿into￿the￿room￿through￿the￿window．￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿(×)Not￿to￿be￿seen,￿he￿came￿into￿the￿room￿through￿the￿window．￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿(√)He￿came￿into￿the￿room￿through￿the￿window￿so￿as￿not￿to￿be￿seen．•*so￿as￿to￿do一般不放在句首￿￿￿￿(√)He￿get￿up￿at￿five￿this￿morning￿so￿as￿to￿catch￿the￿early￿bus．￿￿￿￿￿(X)￿So￿as￿to￿catch￿the￿early￿bus，he￿got￿up￿at￿five￿this￿morning．52非谓语动词语法讲解9)非谓语动词的常用句型•*It￿takes+时间+to￿do…•*…spend／waste+时间，金钱+doing…•*…had￿better+￿do…．•*…would￿rather+￿do…than￿do…．•*…prefer+￿to￿do／doing…．•*It's￿no￿use／good￿+doing…•*It's￿a￿waste￿of￿time￿+doing…•*…be￿worth+￿doing…．／be￿worthy￿of+￿being￿done．／53非谓语动词语法讲解非谓语动词的常用句型•*It's￿worth￿while￿+￿doing•*￿Would￿you￿mind￿+￿doing￿...?•*￿Would￿you￿like/care￿+￿to￿do￿...?•*￿...￿have￿no￿choice￿but￿+￿to￿do..../..,￿do￿nothing￿but￿+￿do•*￿...￿too...+￿to￿do•*￿...￿need/want/require￿+￿doing•*￿...￿be￿used￿to￿+￿doing(习惯做－－)•*￿...￿have￿sb￿+￿do￿￿/have￿sb(sth)￿+￿doing￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿have￿sth￿+￿done￿•*￿...￿happened￿+￿to￿do54非谓语动词语法讲解即时巩固练习即时巩固练习⑹⑹￿•用所给动词的正确形式填空：•1)￿The￿flu￿is￿believed________￿(cause)￿by￿viruses￿that￿like￿to￿reproduce￿in￿the￿cells￿inside￿the￿human￿nose￿and￿throat.•2)￿When￿first_________￿(introduce)￿the￿market,￿these￿products￿enjoyed￿great￿success.•3)￿Helen￿had￿to￿shout￿_______￿(make)￿herself￿_______￿(hear)￿above￿the￿sound￿of￿the￿music.•4)￿When￿______(compare)￿with￿the￿size￿of￿the￿whole￿￿earth,￿the￿biggest￿ocean￿does￿not￿seem￿big￿at￿all.•5)￿You￿were￿silly￿not__________￿(lock)￿your￿car.to be causedto be causedintroducedintroducedto maketo makeheardheardcomparedcomparedto have lockedto have locked55非谓语动词语法讲解•6)￿Victor￿apologized￿his_______￿(not￿be)￿able￿to￿inform￿me￿of￿the￿change￿in￿the￿plan.•7)￿After￿his￿journey￿from￿abroad,￿Richard￿Jones￿returned￿home,_________￿(exhaust).•8)￿The￿discovery￿of￿new￿evidence￿led￿to￿the￿thief__________￿(catch).•9)￿Generally______￿(speak),￿When￿_____(take)￿according￿to￿the￿directions,￿the￿drug￿has￿no￿side￿effect.•10)￿She￿will￿tell￿us￿why￿she￿feels￿so￿strongly￿that￿each￿of￿us￿has￿a￿role_______￿(play)￿in￿making￿the￿earth￿a￿better￿place______￿(live).not beingnot beingexhaustedexhaustedbeing caughtbeing caughtspeakingtakento playto play56非谓语动词语法讲解•11￿)￿Though_______￿(lack)￿money,￿his￿parents￿managed______￿(send)￿him￿to￿university.•12)￿--￿How￿do￿you￿deal￿with￿the￿disagreement￿between￿the￿company￿and￿the￿customers?•--￿The￿key________￿(solve)￿the￿problem￿is￿_______(meet)￿the￿demand￿________(make)￿by￿the￿customers.•13)￿With￿a￿lot￿of￿difficult￿problems__________￿(settle),￿the￿newly-elected￿president￿is￿having￿a￿hard￿time.•14)￿_____￿(suffer)￿such￿heavy￿pollution￿already,￿it￿may￿now￿be￿too￿late___￿(clear)￿up￿the￿river.•15)￿Do￿let￿your￿mother____(know)￿all￿the￿truth.￿She￿appears__________￿(tell)￿everything.lackingto sendto solvingto meetmadeto settleHaving sufferedto clearknowto have been told57非谓语动词语法讲解•16)￿Sandy￿could￿do￿nothing￿but______￿(admit)￿to￿his￿teacher￿that￿he￿was￿wrong.•17)￿Mr.￿Reed￿made￿up￿his￿mind￿________(devote)￿all￿he￿had￿to_____￿(set)￿up￿some￿schools￿for￿poor￿children.•18)￿One￿learns￿a￿language￿by______￿(make)￿mistakes￿and________￿(correct)￿them.•19)￿I've￿worked￿with￿children￿before,￿so￿I￿know￿what__________￿(expect)￿in￿my￿new￿job.•20)￿Tony￿was￿very￿unhappy￿for_____________￿(not￿invite)￿to￿the￿party.admitto devotesettingmakingcorrectingto expectnot having been invited58非谓语动词语法讲解•21)_____￿(give)￿the￿general￿state￿of￿his￿health,￿it￿may￿take￿him￿a￿while__________￿￿(recover)￿from￿the￿operation.•22)￿There￿are￿five￿pairs￿of￿shoes___________￿(choose)￿from,￿but￿I'm￿at￿a￿loss￿which_______￿(buy).•23)￿Cleaning￿women￿in￿big￿cities￿usually￿get_________￿(pay)￿by￿the￿hour.•24)￿What￿worried￿the￿child￿most￿was￿his__________￿(not￿allow)￿visit￿his￿mother￿in￿the￿hospital•25￿)￿He￿claimed__________________￿(treat)￿in￿the￿supermarket￿when￿he￿was￿doing￿shopping￿yesterday.Givento recoverto chooseto buypaidnot being allowedto have badly treated59非谓语动词语法讲解•26)￿_______￿(fetch)￿water￿before￿breakfast￿seemed￿to￿me￿a￿rule￿never__________￿(break).•27)￿While_______￿(shop),￿people￿sometimes￿can't￿help￿_____________(persuade)￿into￿buying￿something￿they￿don't￿really￿need.•28)￿She￿looks￿forward￿every￿spring￿to____￿(walk)￿in￿the￿flower-lined￿garden.•29)￿Once￿your￿business￿becomes￿international,￿____(fly)￿constantly￿will￿part￿of￿your￿life•30)￿The￿little￿time￿we￿have￿together￿we￿try_________￿(spend)￿wisely.To fetchto be brokenshoppingbeing persuadedwalkingflyingto spend60非谓语动词语法讲解。