英语国家社会与文化入门英国economy.ppt

Economy ¡1. Before 20th Century--rising to the strongest economy--reasons¡2. 20th Century--decline: absolute and relative decline--reasons--after WWII¡3. Current Economy--slow progressEuropean Union: 欧洲联盟，简称欧盟 是当今世界一体化程度最高的区域政治、经 济集团组织其前身是1958年成立的欧洲 共同体(European Community, EC)，即欧 洲经济共同体(European Economic Community, EEC)、煤钢共同体(European Coal no other country was yet ready to compete with her in industrial production. ② colonization¡By 1901 the Empire’s size was 12,000,000 square miles, more than 1/5 of the world, 11 times its own size. Britain’s population was 41,500,000, and the Empire’s population was 4,000,000,000, approximately 10 times its own.¡By 1900 Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”.¡Exploitation upon the colonies pushed forward its economy.1)Decline --Absolute Decline and Relativs Decline 2) Reasons (1): starting from mid-19th century UK has slowed its pace in industrial growth.periodRate of industrial growth (%)1860-187033.21870-188020.81880-189017.42. 20th Century1) Decline (2) manufacturing output percentagetimeUKUSAGermanyFranceRussia187031.823.313.210.33.71881- 188526.628.613.98.63.41896- 19009.530.116.67.15.01) Decline (3) ¡UK’s fall was fast.¡This decline was a relative one. It was still in absolute progress. (fell from 2st to 6th rank)¡2) Reasons for Decline ¡Debts as a result of war¡Decolonization¡Military expenditure¡Old industry¡Low rate of investment3) Quick Recovery after WWII¡Steady development in the 50s and 60s. By the end of 1947 the British economy had returned to its pre-war levels. In 1950 Britain’s GDP and its foreign trade ranked second and its per capita income third in the world. Economic recession in the 70sØ two oil crises (1973; 1977)1973-1979, GDP growth averaged 1.4% per year and the rate of inflation通货膨胀 15.6%.stagnant economy停滞[萧条]的经济; “British disease”¡1970s economic downturn: 1973 oil crisis due to OPEC oil embargo石油禁运  high rates of inflation (20%).¡1973, EEC membership.¡1979 – 1990: the Thatcherism: privatisation, reduced state intervention, free markets, and entrepreneurialism. (cf. Reganomics)¡1990 – 1997, Major years¡1997 – now, New Labour¡Margaret Thatcher¡The leader of Conservative party¡To office in 1979¡The UK first woman Prime Minister¡Polices to overcome the British economic problems--- high inflation and low growth¡The privatization in the 1980s¡Privatization and monetary reform¡Check trade union¡People’s capitalism¡Better the British economic situationRecovery in 80sØ Margaret Thatcher’s reforms: I.Privatization and liberalization II.Welfare: old age pensions reduced; period of unemployment benefits shortened; child benefits cutIII.Curbed抑制 the power of the trade unionsØThe result:a.The rate of inflation fell sharply from 8.6 % in 1982 to 5 % in 1983. Between 1981 and 1987 the GDP growth rate averaged 2.7 %. b.Meanwhile Britain has become a sizable oil exporter and the economy has become integrated with the global economy as well as with the EC economy.c.Unemployment increased: 3,000,000 in 1982Blair’s “Third Way”¡Tony Blair came in power in 1997; the Labor Party¡Emphasize the minimum wage and supplementing增补 low incomes¡Stress individual responsibility¡Results: ¡limiting government spending, ¡keeping inflation under control and¡reducing unemployment.3. Current Economy¡Agriculture, fishing , mining = Primary industries¡Energy production¡Manufacturing industry¡Service industry¡Foreign trade1990 GDP per capita¡1. Bermuda $23,000¡2. United States(GNP) $21,082¡13. France $14,600¡14. United Kingdom $14,300¡24. Hong Kong $10,000 ¡176. China¡China's GDP in 2005 has reached 18.2321 trillion yuan, or 2.23 trillion US dollars. This total number will surpass that of France and near Britain by known statistics, Shanghai Securities News reports. 2005 ($)¡1 卢森堡 69,056 ¡7 美国 42,076 ¡9 英国 36,977 ¡23 香港 24,581 ¡36 台湾 13,926 ¡112 中华人民共和国 1,352 Unemployment rate(%) 2003 ¡42 United Kingdom 5.20¡77 India 8.80¡81 Italy 9.10¡45 Japan 5.40¡82 France 9.10 ¡49 United States 5.80 ¡102 Spain 11.30 ¡1) agriculture ¡ efficient¡ 1.4% national wealth¡ 1 % workforce 66% food¡ high rate of production by modern technology¡Employment Breakdown (labor force)¡73%Services¡25%Industry¡2%Agriculture, Energy, Forestry, Fishing¡3/4 land for agriculture¡ 2/3 land for stock raising¡ 1/4 crops: wheat, barley ¡ east for crops¡ west for dairy¡ leading exports of livestock: ¡ cattle , sheep, pigs and horses¡ Scottish beef¡ Welsh mutton¡BSE disease 1996 ban on beef exports¡Changes in British farming¡Pioneers in modern agriculture; highly mechanized, 2% farmer。