中世纪大学简介 (英文).ppt

Medieval universities,Origin,Latin: UNIVERSITAS = Versus + Unum,Versus：against, facing, confronting Unum： one,Function of University : Community of teachers and scholarsGathering intellectuals &Collecting knowledge,The oldest University: The University of Bologna (founded in 1088),The University of Bologna adopted the Constitutio Habita.It guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education.Today this is claimed as the origin of “academic freedom“.,Origin,European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools.,Medieval universities,The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull .The development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception,The University of Paris,Later they were also founded by Kings Like Charles University in Prague,Medieval universities,Or founded by municipal administrationsLike University of Cologne,Medieval universities,In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools.Usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education.,Medieval universities,Most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education.,Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries.,Medieval universities,Early universities:University of Bologna (1088), the University of Paris (c. 1150) the University of Oxford (1167), the University of Modena (1175), the University of Palencia (1208), the University of Cambridge(1209), the University of Salamanca (1218), the University of Montpellier (1220), the University of Padua (1222), the University of Naples Federico II (1224), the University of Toulouse (1229).,Medieval universities,博洛尼亚大学（1088）， 巴黎大学（约1150） 牛津大学（1167）， 摩德纳大学（1175）， 帕伦西亚大学（1208）， 剑桥大学（1209） 萨拉曼卡大学（1218）， 蒙彼利埃大学（1220）， 帕多瓦大学（1222）， 费德里科那不勒斯第二大学（1224）， 图卢兹大学（1229）。

Medieval universities,The original purpose,The University of Bologna began as a law school teaching the ius gentium (Roman law) of peoples which was in demand across Europe for those defending the right of incipient nations against empire and church.,Subjects,Trivium: preparatory arts; grammar, Rhetoric, dialectic or logic–.Quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.,古希腊倡导博雅教育(Liberal Education)，旨在培养具有广博知识和优雅气质的人，让学生摆脱庸俗、唤醒卓异其所成就的，不是没有灵魂的专门家，而是成为一个有文化的人七艺：语法、逻辑、修辞、算术、几何、 音乐及天文三学或三艺（拉丁文：trivium，意为“三条道路”） 是欧洲中世纪大学首先要教授的三门学科：语法、逻辑和修辞，构成中世纪博雅教育的基础，为进一步学习四艺做准备。

四术或四艺（拉丁文：quadrivium，意为四条道路）指中世纪欧洲大学继三艺之后所教的四门学科，以完成博雅教育四艺包括算术、几何、 音乐及天文在学习四艺之前，要学习三艺，包括语法、逻辑和修辞；而在学习四艺之后，可以进一步学习哲学和神学Aristotle and scholasticism,The rediscovery of Aristotle's works - more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated - fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had already begun to emerge in the 12th century.,It accelerated the process and practice of attempting to reconcile the thoughts of Greek antiquity.,The efforts of this “scholasticism“ were focused on applying Aristotelian logic and thoughts about natural processes to biblical passages and attempting to prove the viability of those passages through reason. This became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students.,Aristotle and scholasticism,Thank you!,。