
热学基础知识.doc
5页热固性 热固性 指加热时不能软化和反复塑制,也不在溶剂中溶解的性能,体型聚合物具有这种性能 热固性塑料 第一次加热时可以软化流动,加热到一定温度,产生化学反应一交链固化而变硬,这种变化是不可逆的,此后,再次加热时,已不能再变软流动了正是借助这种特性进行成型加工,利用第一次加热时的塑化流动,在压力下充满型腔,进而固化成为确定形状和尺寸的制品这种材料称为热固性塑料 热固性塑料的树脂固化前是线型或带支链的,固化后分子链之间形成化学键,成为三维的网状结构,不仅不能再熔触,在溶剂中也不能溶解 主要用于隔热、耐磨、绝缘、耐高压电等在恶劣环境中使用的塑料,大部分是热固性塑料,最常用的应该是炒锅锅把手和高低压电器 常用的热固性塑料品种有酚醛树脂、脲醛树脂、三聚氰胺树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂、有机硅树脂、聚氨酯等 热固性材料遇火表现热固性材料遇火后,会碳化,不熔融,不产生溶滴,并根据材料不同碳化层深度不同,部分材料会产生阴燃例:聚氨酯遇火后会在表面形成一层碳化层,阻止火焰深入酚醛树脂遇火后碳化,并继续阴燃热塑性 thermoplasticity 物质在加热时能发生流动变形,冷却后可以保持一定形状的性质。
大多数线型聚合物均表现出热塑性,很容易进行挤出、注射或吹塑等成型加工. 在一定温度范围内,能反复加热软化和冷却硬化的性能,线形或支链型聚合物具有这种性能 日常生活中,像塑料袋、塑料衣挂等物都具有热塑性因此,它们可以通过加热熔化来进行封口、粘合等操作. 一般的聚乙烯塑料和聚氯乙烯塑料都是热塑性 热塑性材料遇火表现热塑性材料遇火后熔融,并产生溶滴,溶滴遇火会再次燃烧TG 玻璃态转化温度 TG指玻璃态转化温度,是板材在高温受热下的玻璃化温度,一般TG的板材为130度以上,高TG一般大于170度,中等TG约大于150度. TG值越高,板材的耐温度性能越好 ,尤其在无铅制程中,高TG应用比较多 An important material property often discussed in semiconductor packaging circles is the glass transition temperature, or simply Tg. Below are some key points about Tg: 1) The glass transition temperature (Tg) of a non-crystalline material is the critical temperature at which the material changes its behavior from being ’glassy' to being ’rubbery'。
’Glassy’ in this context means hard and brittle (and therefore relatively easy to break), while 'rubbery' means elastic and flexible 2) Note that the concept of Tg only applies to non—crystalline solids, which are mostly either glasses or rubbers. A glass is defined as a material that has no long-range atomic or molecular order and is below the temperature at which a rearrangement of its atoms or molecules can occur On the other hand, a rubber is a non—crystalline solid whose atoms or molecules can undergo rearrangement. 3) Non-crystalline solids are also known as 'amorphous materials'。
Amorphous materials are materials that do not have their atoms or molecules arranged on a lattice that repeats periodically in space. 4) At room temperature, hammering a piece of glass will break it, while hammering a piece of rubber won't. The rubber would simply absorb the energy by momentarily deforming or stretching However, if the same piece of rubber is submerged in liquid nitrogen (LN2), it will behave like brittle glass - easy to shatter with a hammer. This is because LN2—cooled rubber is below its Tg. 5) For all amorphous solids, whether glasses, organic polymers, or even metals, Tg is the critical temperature that separates their glassy and rubbery behaviors. 6) If a material is at a temperature below its Tg, large—scale molecular motion is not possible because the material is essentially frozen。
If it is at a temperature above its Tg, molecular motion on the scale of its repeat unit (such as a single mer in a polymer) takes place, allowing it to be ’soft’ or 'rubbery'. 7) Since the definition of Tg involves atomic or molecular motion, time does have an effect on its value, i.e., the mechanical behavior of an amorphous material depends on how fast a load is applied to it. Simply put, the faster a load is applied to a material at its Tg, the more glass—like its behavior would be because its atoms or molecules are not given enough time to 'move.’ Thus, even if an amorphous material is at its Tg, it can break in a 'glass-like' fashion if the loading rate applied to it is too high. 8) In the semiconductor industry, knowledge of the Tg's of the various materials used in packaging (such as die attach materials, molding compounds, and encapsulating resins) is important not only in optimizing manufacturing processes, but in understanding the reliability implications of exposure of the products to thermo-mechanical stresses as well.FTIR 傅氏转换红外线光谱分析仪高斯链 Gauss link;Gaussian chain 高分子链段分布符合高斯分布函数的高分子链,也称为等效自由结合链。
柔性的非晶状线型高分子链,不论处于什么形态(如玻璃态、高弹态、熔融态或高分子溶液),相同分子量的高分子链段都取平均尺寸近乎相等的无规线团构象,称为“等效自由结合链”因为等效自由结合链的链段分布符合高斯分布函数,又称为高斯链. 把它作为自由结合链进行统计处理后得h2=N·l2.h是柔性高分子链两末端的直线距离,称为链的末端距,它是一个统计平均值.这个末端距平方的平均值称为均方末端距,以〈h2>表示介电常数介质在外加电场时会产生感应电荷而削弱电场,原外加电场(真空中)与最终介质中电场比值即为介电常数(permittivity),又称诱电率.如果有高介电常数的材料放在电场中,场的强度会在电介质内有可观的下降玻璃纤维玻璃纤维(英文原名为:glass fiber或fiberglass )是一种性能优异的无机非金属材料,种类繁多,优点是绝缘性好、耐热性强、抗腐蚀性好,机械强度高,但缺点是性脆,耐磨性较差.它是以玻璃球或废旧玻璃为原料经高温熔制、拉丝、络纱、织布等工艺制造成的,其单丝的直径为几个微米到二十几米个微米,相当于一根头发丝的 1/20—1/5 ,每束纤维原丝都由数百根甚至上千根单丝组成。
玻璃纤维通常用作复合材料中的增强材料,电绝缘材料和绝热保温材料,电路基板等国民经济各个领域玻璃一般人的观念为质硬易碎物体,并不适于作为结构用材,但如其抽成丝后,则其强度大为增加且具有柔软性,故配合树脂赋予形状以后终于可以成为优良之结构用材.玻璃纤维随其直径变小其强度增高特点介绍 原料及其应用玻璃纤维比有机纤维耐温高,不燃,抗腐,隔热、隔音性好(特别是玻璃棉),抗拉强度高,电绝缘性好(如无碱玻璃纤维).但性脆,耐磨性较差玻璃纤维主要用作电绝缘材料,工业过滤材料,防腐、 防潮、 隔热、隔音、减震材料还可作为增强材料,用来制造增强塑料(见彩图)或增强橡胶、增强石膏和增强水泥等制品用有机材料被覆玻璃纤维可提高其柔韧性,用以制成包装布、窗纱、贴墙布、覆盖布、防护服和绝电、隔音材料作为补强材玻璃纤维具有以下之特点,这些特点使玻璃纤维之使用远较其他种类纤维来得广泛,发展速度亦遥遥领先其特性列举如下: (1)拉伸强度高,伸长小(3%) (2)弹性系数高,刚性佳 (3)弹性限度内伸长量大且拉伸强度高,故吸收冲击能量大 (4)为无机纤维,具不燃性,耐化学性佳 (5)吸水性小 (6)尺度安定性,耐热性均佳。
(7)加工性佳,可作成股、束、毡、织布等不同形态之产品 (8)透明可透过光线 (9)与树脂接着性良好之表面处理剂之开发完成 (10)价格便宜 (11)不易燃烧,高温下可熔成玻璃状小珠。












