现代语言学复习要点.doc

1 什么是语言学 what is linguistics?定义 definitionLinguistics is generally defined as scientific study of language.语言学的研究范畴 the scope of linguisticsa. The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. 把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学b.Thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication led tothe establishmentofabranchoflinguisticscalledphonetics.语音学phoneticsHowspeechsounds are producedandclassified.c.howsoundsareputtogetherand usedtoconveymeaning incommunication.howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconvey meaning.phonology 音位学 /音系学 phonology交际中语音的组合规律及传达意义的方式d.Thestudyofthe way inwhichthesesymbols arearrangedtoformwords hasconstitutedthebranchofstudycalledmorphology.形态学morphologyhow morphemesarecombinedtoformwords.这些符号通过排列组合而成构成语词，对于这种排列组合方式的研究构成了语言学研究的另一个分支，如对形态学的研究。

e.Thecombinationofthesewordsto formpermissiblesentencesinlanguages isgovernedbyrules.The study oftheserulesconstitutesamajorbranchoflinguisticstudies,syntax.句法学syntaxhow morphemesandwordsarecombinedtoform sentences.f. The study of meaning. semantics 语义学 (in abstraction) semanticsg. the study of meaning is conducted in context of use. pragmatics 语用学 pragmaticsh. the study of language with reference to society. sociolinguistics. 社 会 语言学sociolinguisticsi. the study of language with referenceto the workings of the mind.psycholinguistics 心理语言学psycholinguisticsj. the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teachingand learning. applied linguistics 应用语言学 applied linguistics语言学研究中的一些基本概念 some important distinctions in linguistics.规定性和描述性 prescriptive vs. descriptiveif a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use;如果一种语言学的研究是对人们实际使用中的语言进行的描述和分析——描述性的 descriptiveif it aims at to lay down rules for “ correct ” behaviour to tell people whatthey should say and what they should not say 如果某种研究的目的是在对所谓“正确的”行为制定一些规则——规定性的 prescriptive现代语言学通常是描述性的，与“语法”的语言研究是大相径庭的共时性和历时性 synchronic vs. diachronicthe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study;the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.现代语言学中，共时性研究比历时性研究更受人青睐。

口头语和书面语 speech and writingSpeech and writing are two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.In the past, traditional grammarians tended to overemphasize the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.语言和言语 langue and parole (both from French words)瑞士语言学家 F. de 索绪尔langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member ofa speech community. 语言，某一特定的语言社区中的所有成员所共有的那种抽象的语言系统；parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 言语，在语言实际应用中的具体体现。

语言——习惯和规则；言语——对这些习惯和规则的遵守和实际应用言语不过是一些乱七八糟的语言材料，很难对此作系统的研究；语言学家们的任务是从言语中把语言提取出来，发现指导语言实际应用的规则，并使之成为语言学研究的主题语言能力和语言运用 competence and performance 美国语言学家 - 乔姆斯基 （和语言，言语类似的概念）competence, the ideal user ’ s knowledge of the rules of his language能力是一个理想的语言使用者所具有的有关其所使用语言规则的知识；performance, the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.运用则指这种知识在语言交际过程中的实际运用Langue and parole 索绪尔 对语言的研究采取的是社会学的观点，语言是社会习惯的产物；Competence and performance 乔姆斯基 则从心理学的角度来审视语言现象，能力是每个说话者个体的心里特征2 什么是语言？ what is language?语言的定义 definitions of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是用于人类交际目的一套任意的有声符号系统。

有以下四个特征：(1) language is a system (2) language is arbitrary (3) language is vocal(4) language is human specific语言的甄别性特征 design features甄别性特征（识别性特征）— 人类语言和其他动物的交际系统区别开来的那些特征，其中五种：a. 语言的任意性（武断性） arbitrarinessb. 语言的创造性 productivityc. 语言的双重性 dualityd. 语言的位移性 displacemente. 语言的文化传递性 cultural transmissionChapter 2 Phonology 音系学1 语言的声音媒介 the phonic medium of language口语和书面语是语言作为交际工具所使用的两大主要媒介和物质手段；口语比书面语更为基本； 对于语言学家而言，对声音的研究远远比对书面语的研究重要得多，只关注人类器官发出的声音2 语音学 phonetics什么是语音学 what is phoneticsphonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language;对语言声音媒介的研究；主要研究对象是世界上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音 从三个角度来审视语音现象：(1)发音语音学articulatoryphonetics。