全国大学英语竞赛.ppt

全国大学英语竞赛•Examining the composition theme•Ideas•Structures•Templates•Grammars•Complex Sentences•PhrasesExamining the theme of composition•审题的要点所在———— 题目的主体和方向•Some people think about people at the age of 55 and over should be encouraged to retire in order to give opportunities to a new generation. Do you agree or disagree?•I agree that old people should be encouraged to retire because they no longer have healthy bodies to complete some complicated and difficult jobs.Ideas• reasonable• abundant content 1.细节联想法 快速思考与题目主体与方面相关的所有具体信息确定写作方向从信息中总结出论点并排列论点顺序What are your opinion about the advantages and disadvantages of fast food?•Fast food chains, like McDonald and KFC•Cheeze burges, soft drinks, french fries and ketchup•takeaway, have breakfast on the way to work•lots of children; noisy; •open for 24 hours, a good place to go at mid-night•do not get used to 2. 逆向思维联想法 In 1995, an Englishman killed a burglar who broke into his house. He was sentenced. Do you think he should be sentenced? How can we protect our property?3. 分类法 A= B+C+D+...... Some people think old buildings should be destroyed and replaced with modern buildings. Do you agree or disagree?Part 1: Introduction. There are a vast number of old structures in urban areas today. Whether they should be demolished is a controversial issue. Part 2: Some should be demolished. a. unsafe b. spoil the appearance of citiesPart 3: Some should be preserved a. buildings of historical significance b. old buildings of special artistic value c. unique ethnic architecturePart 4：Conclusion•Some high-school graduates go to travel or work for a period of time before they go to study in universities. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of this practice to their studies in university.•high-school graduates who plan to study humanities or social science in university; high-school graduates who intend to study science and engineering in university4. 反驳命题- 替代-est(形容词最高级),only (唯一的),ban /stop Some people think motorized flight was the greatest invention in the 20th century and it has the biggest impact on our lives. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Part 1 Introduction are used extensively; is highly debatablePart 2 让步段Admittedly, motorised flight was a groundbreaking invention in the twentieth century.a. promote international tradeb. facilitate regional international cultural communicationPart 3 However, there were inventions even more influential than motorised flight.Part 4 Conclusion•Some people think stricter punishment for driving offenders is the only effective way to improve safety on the roads. To what extent do you agree or disagree?•Part 1 Introduction•Part 2 让步段 Admittedly, giving driving offenders stricter punishment contributes to road safety.•Part 3 On the other hand, there are plenty of other options that can improve safety on the roads a. One should not be negligent in traffic regulations b. raise working efficiency of road policing officers c. improve road conditions•Increasing the price of petrol is the best way to solve growing traffic and pollution problems. To what extent do you agree or disagree? What other measures do you think might be effective?•油价飙升油价飙升•petrol price hike•交通、食品、旅行等费用的全面上涨交通、食品、旅行等费用的全面上涨•across-the-board rises in transport costs, food prices and travel expenses•引发一系列经济与社会问题引发一系列经济与社会问题•trigger a series of socio-economic problems, such as high inflation, reduced industry profits and less travel•导致经济衰退导致经济衰退•drag the economy into recession•一种更清洁，更在环境层面上可持续的能源一种更清洁，更在环境层面上可持续的能源•a cleaner and more environmentally sustainable energy•电动汽车电动汽车•electric cars / vehicles (hybrid vehicles)•提高公众环保意识提高公众环保意识•raise the public awareness of environmental protection•提高公交效劳的质量提高公交效劳的质量•improve the public transport services available to citizens Money; Mind Rights; Responsibilities Safety; Society Environment; Efficiency Culture; CompetitionMoney•expensive; industry; have fun• 花一大笔钱......•spend a large sum of money on sth./ in doing sth.•把沉重的经济负担加在....上•lay a heavy / great financial burden on•减轻...的经济负担•release the financial burden of •对政府的收入有奉献•contribute much to the government's revenueMind•soul; spirit; psychological /mental health; broaden one's horizon; think for oneself; physical health遭受很大压力suffer from great pressure导致一些心理问题如孤独与寂寞lead to psychological problems such as loneliness and isolation有助于培养...的独立性help to cultivate one's independenceRights•civil rights; laws and regulations; fair/ unfair...是公平的/ 合理的 It is a fair / reasonable practice to do sth.违背了...的权利和自由violate one's rights and freedomResponsibilities•....是...的责任。

•It is one's duty / responsibilities / obligation to do sth.Safety•crime; offense; •确保...的平安•ensure /guarantee one's safety•对...构成威胁•pose threat to sb./sth.Efficiency•time-saving; convenient; new technology ......是一种方便且有效的方法It is a convenient and efficient way to do sth.Culture•language; education; entertainment开阔视野broaden one's horizon / vision丰富我们的文化生活enrich our cultural life拓宽知识面widen one's scope of knowledgeCompetition•competitive; employment, unemployment•剧烈的竞争•intense / fierce competitionExercise请快速思考下面题目的主体段各自分论点，并用英文简要表达： 1. Some people think students should focus on a few subjects while others think they should study a wide range of subjects. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.•efficiencyConcentrating on certain subjects allows students to gain specialised knowledge and skills more efficiently. •mind•Focusing on specific subjects enables them to lay a more solid foundation of these subjects.•Mind•Studying a wide range of subjects gives students the opportunity to expand their intellectual outlook.•Competition•A sound understanding of a wide variety of subjects helps students to find a job more easily after graduation.•Culture•Studying subjects such as music and painting deepens students' understanding of arts and culture in general.2. The media should not report crimes in detail. To what extent do you agree or disagree?•Mind•Detailed media reports on crimes may leave citizens apprehensive about their own safety.•Safety•Media coverage of a crime is often biased and thus may mislead the public opinion about the offence.•Rights•Crime victims may be emotionally hurt by inappropriate reporting.•Mind•The public will be better informed about criminal acts, which can help law-abiding citizens to protect themselves and their communities against future crimes.•Money Such reports tend to increase the audience size, which means more advertising revenue for media companies and more job opportunities in the news industry.Structure折中法 vs. 一边倒应熟练掌握一两个构造明确其中每句话起到的逻辑作用1. 开头段开头段 2-4句句•1. background (可略)•2. 引入topic (必写)•3-4. 转述原题观点并引出下文 (可略)•假设是一边倒的观点，要在第一段末句强调出来。

第二段第二段 1+n句句•论述自己更倾向的那一方的观点•1. topic sentence 概括本段观点•2. 这种观点的第一个分论点即理由一•3. 写一句话来支持第一分论点•4. 理由二•5. 写一句话支持第二分论点•第三段第三段 1+n句句•让步段 陈述自己不太倾向的那一方的观点•1. 概括这种观点•2. 理由一；即分论点一•3. 写一句话来支持分论点•4. 写一句话提出这种观点中存在什么不妥的地方•5. 写一句话来支持第四句结尾段结尾段 2-3句句•1. 概括让步段中自己不是很同意的观点可略)•2. 重申自己更倾向的一方观点 (必写)•3. 提出我们 / 政府/ 媒体/ 家长等应该如何做开头段的同义词替换开头段的同义词替换•在当代•Today•nowadays•at present•in the present age•in current society•in modern-day society•in contemporary society•众所周知•It is generally believed that...•widely•commonly•extensively•universally•accepted•recognised•acknowledged•It is a well-known fact that...•越来越重要•play an increasingly important role in ...•crucial•essential•significant•critical•indispensable•以惊人的速度向前开展•is advancing at a astonishing speed•rapid•astounding•accelerated•unprecedented•...的问题越来越严重•The problem of ... is becoming increasingly severe•grave•serious•worrying•disturbing•worrisome开头段第二句引出辩论话题的句型开头段第二句引出辩论话题的句型•...的问题引起了剧烈的争论。

•the issue of whether... has aroused heated debate.•sparked•provoked•triggered•given rise to•对... (话题)，不同的人持不同观点•When it comes to ..., people holds different views.•with respect to•regarding•concerning•as for•opposing•conflicting•contradictory•divergent引入话题的其他句型引入话题的其他句型•The debate over whether... has been raging for quite some time in my country.•The issue of whether ... has been an on-going debate for quite some time in China.•Public debate about whether ... has been growing in intensity.•Few issues have aroused more bitter controversy than the issue of whether.开头段第三句开头段第三句•一些人认为... 。

然而，另外一些人持有不同观点，他们认为...•Some people argue that.. . But others stand on a very different ground. They assert that... .•contend•insist•maintain•claim•suggest•believe•proclaim•advocate•hold the view•hold the opinion•are confident•are of the opinion•point out•take the view开头第四句说明观点开头第四句说明观点•我支持前者•I am in favour of the former view.•favour•support•incline towards the view that如果原题只有一种观点，而你持支持态度如果原题只有一种观点，而你持支持态度•Overall, I would agree with their view.•I can agree with their view, but with reservation.•Personally, I think their view has considerable merit.•I think that their opinion merits consideration.•To my mind, the merits (strengths)of their view outweigh (prevail over/outbalance) the demerits (weaknesses).如果原题只有一个观点，而你持反对态度如果原题只有一个观点，而你持反对态度•Personally, I think their view is only partly true.•Personally, I find this view ill-founded.•I think their view is overly simplistic.•I think their view is over generalised.•I find their view unconvincing (unpersuasive/ problematic / untenable).第二段同义词替换第二段同义词替换•...是毋庸置疑的。

•There is no doubt that...•There is no denying that...•It is true (evident / apparent/ obvious/ clear) that...•Undeniably,...•Indisputably,...•首先•In the first place•To begin with•To start with•The first point regarding this is that...•其次•In the second place•Then•Moreover•Further•Furthermore•Besides•For another•...also...•... as well.•最后•Lastly•Finally•More importantly•Additionally•因此 〔用于支持句前〕•therefore•thus•hence•consequently•as a consequence•as a result•更确切的说(用于支持句之前)•Specifically•More precisely•More exactly•事实上 〔用于支持句之前〕•In fact•This is true in that...•This makes sense in that...•As a matter of fact•换句话说〔用于支持句之前〕•In other words•... that is to say...•By that I mean第三段让步段第三段让步段•我成认...•I concede (admit /recognise / acknowledge) that...•Admittedly,•转折连词•Even so,•Nevertheless•Nonetheless•However•Still•Despite that,•举例子•For instance•For example•One illustration of this is...•A case in point is...结尾段结尾段•In summary•To sum up•In sum•In the final analysis•Based on all the arguments offered above•On the basis of the above discussion•Having considered all the arguments aboveGrammatical mistakes•1. 名词•Employee can get more benefits from telecommuting than employer.•2. 动词•Work at home using modern technology can greatly enhance our efficiency.•Children who are raise in impoverished families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.•The problems that are created by environmental contamination is very hard to resolve.•Many students are like studying home economics.•Cultures around the world were becoming increasingly similar today.•3. 形容词与副词•Intelligent students should not be treated different by their teachers.•4. 短语•Countries should pay attention on the disadvantages globalisation may create.•pay attention to•reason for...•solution to•The internet has instead of teachers in many classrooms.•5. 代词•Some parents do not obey traffic rules himself.•6. 句子•Some people think the Internet only has positive impact, other people believe it also has negative influence on our lives.•7. there be 句型•There are many parents think that the main purpose of education should be to provide children with knowledge.改错练习改错练习•1.Conflicts may arise between tourist and local resident.•2. Grow up in a poor family makes some children feel they are not as capable as other children.•3. Some events are not report by the media in a dependable way.•4. The governments of all countries on this planet is beginning to realise the severity of water shortage.•5. In general, computers help students learn things more effectively, computer games may lower their efficiency.•6. There are numerous countries in the world suffer from poverty.•7. Fast food is insteading of traditional food in many Chinese cities.•Students should pay attention _____ how much progress they make instead of how much time they spend studying.•The reason _____ the proliferation of pollution varies from country to country.•Scientists have presented many possible solutions _____ the severe population problems on earth.•The majority of people believe that museums and art galleries are very important _____ them.十种闪光语法点十种闪光语法点•a. 句首状语提前•Overall, Europe suffered more from farmland degradation than the other regions, and the main cause was deforestation.•instead, unfortunately, oddly enough, surely, interestingly, similarly, obviously, specifically, traditionally, essentially, in essence, in spite of this, in addition to (the financial benefits), in many ways, in some cases, as a result of ( media attention)•b. 句子植入短语•Sport stars and pop stars, for example, are soon replaced by next younger, more energetic generation.•c. 用短语完毕句子•A person needs to feel that they are doing valuable work, so positive feedback from superiors is very important in this respect.•A sense of fulfillment is also encouraged if a worker feels the job is worth doing because it contributes to society or the economy as a whole.•From our own school experience, we can find plenty of evidence to support the view that a child can acquire these skills with continued teaching and guided practice.•Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists. •e. 倒装•Only in this way can this problem be effectively solved.•We can see that not only are there very large differences between these economies, but that these gaps are widening.•Strange as it may seem, parents' attention sometimes hinders students' academic development.•Be it Clint Eastwood, David Beckham or David Cameron, one individual cannot have done all alone what seems to have been achieved by himself.•f. 强调•It is ... that...; It is ... who...•It is the interaction of the two that shapes a person's personality and dictates how that personality develops.•g. 虚拟•If sufficient underground train systems were built and effectively maintained in our major cities, traffic on the roads would be dramatically reduced.•h. 单词多样性•1〕动词与名词之间相互变换•improve improvement•intend to intention•graduate graduation•decide decision•explore exploration•discover discovery•aspire to aspiration•provide provision•2) 形容词与抽象名词间的相互转换•mature maturity•chaotic chaos•generous generosity•possible possibility•happy happiness•applicable applicability•optimistic optimism•stable stability•disastrous disaster•affordable affordability•People are concerned because the traditional values are gradually disappearing from.•People are concerned about the gradual disappearance of the traditional values. •Telecommuting can bring numerous benefits to both employees and employers.•Both employees and employers can benefit from telecommuting.•Telecommuting is beneficial to both employees and employers.•Both employees and employers can be beneficiaries of telecommuting.•i. of +抽象名词•importance; help; value; use; interest; significance; necessity; quality; impact•Some technologies, such as weapons of mass destruction are of negative impact.•Of crucial importance is, in my view, how we define "responsible for bringing the children up".•j. 双重否认 〔推荐三种句型〕•In Europe, it is not unusual for children to be bilingual.•It is not unrealistic to promote more job satisfaction in any job.•These days, it is not uncommon that young people have a break from studying after graduating from high school.Complex sentences•1.因果关系(cause and effect)•原因：as; since; due to; owing to; •结果：hence; thus; therefore; as a consequence; as a result; consequently; so that•目的：thereby 以此到达...目的，不能用在句首，后面接-ing或名词•We forget that this is a source of pollution and difficult to dispose of ; therefore, governments need to raise this awareness in the general public.•Our body can sweat, thereby losing heat by evaporation.•2.举例子(exemplification)•take ... for example; for instance; such as; •This point is best illustrated with the example of ... 名词•This point can be confirmed by the example of ...•consider... for example•... is a case in point.•3.比照关系(comparison and contrast)•while; whereas; whilst•by / in contrast;•unlike; A differ from B in that...•4. 让步关系(concession)•despite; in spite of ; •nonetheless; nevertheless;•even though; even if; no matter how /what/ when/ where; as long as;•adj. / n. + as + 主语 +be动词/ seem = although + 主系表•The cost of travelling, even though it is at present increasing due to an economic slow-down globally, is still relatively affordable to many people.•Talented as these children may be, they are unwilling or unable to co-operate with their peers in group activities.•5. 假设关系(supposition)•provided that... ; if..., (then)...; on condition that...; •The government will increase its support for public education, provided that such funds can be put to good use.•6. 修饰关系(modification)•定语从句•that, who, which, why•They tend to be more independent, which is a very important factor in academic study and research.•I think there may be some reasons why entertainment stars earn high salaries but overall I agree that they are overpaid.•7. 取舍关系(Addition and Exclusion)•apart from...; rather than...; instead of...;Instead, .../ Rather... otherwise; similarly; likewise; accordingly;specifically; particularly; in particular; •Labour relations may be poor and lead to resentment and insecurity rather than to job satisfaction.•Sports salaries are not determined by the level of responsibility that a person holds. Instead, they reflect the public popularity of sport in general.•8. 下定义关系 (definition)•..., which means,...; • ..., which shows that...; • ..., which suggests that ...; •..., which constitutes...; •...; which is best characterised by ...; •..., which is , essentially, ... ; • ..., which reflects ...填空练习填空练习•Today the media are often filled with violence and pornography. _______, many people argue that the government should censor the media, which they believe will prevent violent or indecent material from reaching children.•Most employers would be more impressed by an applicant ______ has a university degree than by a candidate ______ only has high school qualifications.•This cultural difference is one of the reasons ________ some immigrants from the same country create their own community ______ their valued traditions can be kept.•_________ overpopulation, many parts of the world are losing essential resources, _____ forests and freshwater.•_________ newspapers and magazines may aim to report events accurately, their main goal is to attract more readers.•4. Even though it is essential to promote gender equality on campus, universitites should not accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject.•5. Some artists have succeeded not only because of their natural talent for art, but also because of the strict training that they had undergone.需要特别强调的四个短语需要特别强调的四个短语 •On the one hand, ... . On the other hand, ... .•On the one hand, moving large companies to the countryside may reduce the tax revenue of the city government. On the other hand, this measure can effectively relieve the pressure on the urban transport system.•On the one hand, they work slowly. On the other hand, they always finish the job.•regardless of +名词 、动名词或从句•They are allowed to have whatever they want, regardless of price.•Others think the true function of a university should be to give access to knowledge for its own sake, regardless of whether the course is useful to employers.•in terms of + 名词短语或动名词短语•Their adult world will be changing constantly in terms of technology and the Internet is the key to all the knowledge and information available in the world today.•for the sake of •Today, many elderly people prefer to live in the countryside for the sake of their health.•in other words, that is to say, by that I mean•These children are often spoiled, not in terms of love and attention but in more material ways. That is to say, they are allowed to have whatever they want and to behave as they please.•Young adults may end up never returning to their studies or finding it difficult to readapt to an academic environment. By that I mean they may think that it is better to continue in a particular job.•In many countries, children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and taking responsibility. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. The issue of children doing paid work is a complex and sensitive one. It is difficult to say who has the right to judge whether children working is "wrong" or "valuable". Opinions will also differ as to "learning" benefits. No doubt teachers and factory owners, for example, would have varying concerns.  An important consideration is the kind of work undertaken. Young children doing arduous and repetitive tasks on a factory production line, for example, are less likely to be "learning" than older children helping in an old people's home. There are health and safety issues to be considered as well. It is an unfortunate fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying them less than adults and it is this type of exploitation that should be discouraged. However, in many countries children work because their families need the additional income, no matter how small. This was certainly the case in the past in many industrialized countries, and it is very difficult to judge that it is wrong for children today to contribute to the family income in this way. Nevertheless, in better economic circumstances, few parents would choose to send their children out to do full-time paid work. If learning responsibilities and work experience are considered to be important, then children can acquire these by having light, part-time jobs or even doing tasks such as helping their parents around the family home, which are unpaid, but undoubtedly of value in children's development. Phrases --- Education•课外活动•extra-curricular activities•这些课外活动给了学生们一个施展自己创造力和问题解决能力的窗口。

•These extra-curricular activities offer students an outlet for creativity and problem-solving.•青春期，青春时光•adolescence•这本书讲述了伴着青春时光所到来的甜美与忧伤•The book deals with the joys and sorrows of adolescence.•同龄人•sb.’s peer•这些孩子进入了一个更大的群体中，来自教师和同龄人的影响将会和父母在家中的影响一样重要•They are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influences as their parents do at home.•某人逃避某种责任•shirk one’s responsibilities for sth.•家长不应该逃避教育自己孩子的重任•Parents should not shirk their responsibilities for educating their children.•...是一个需要付出艰辛努力的过程。

•sth. be an arduous process•考入一所名牌大学通常是一次需要付出艰辛努力但回报也同样丰厚的过程•Attending a university with a top-tier reputation often is an arduous but rewarding process.•梦想，追求•someone's aspiration / pursuit•相比其他地方的孩子，农村的孩子在教育上的追求与渴望是大不一样的•The educational aspirations / pursuits of rural youth tend to be different from those of students living elsewhere.•到达...的期望•meet one's expectations•他的学习成绩没有到达他父母的期望•His academic performance failed to meet his parents' expectations.•压制个性•repress individuality•统一校服可能会压制学生个性的表现并否认他们自由选择的权利。

•School uniforms may repress individuality and deny students the freedom of choise.•与某种需求一致， 符合某种需求•be geared to sth.•教育应根据学生的需求与能力量体裁衣•Education should be geared to the students' needs and abilities.•把理论运用到实践中去•put theory into practice•integrate theory with practice•研讨会可以帮助学生更好地让理论联系实际在那里他们可以通过实际操作来检验自己的想法和方案•The workshop helps students to put theory into practice. They can test their ideas or plans for practical applications there.•唤起某人对某事物的兴趣•kindle someone’s interest in sth.•Emma用她精湛的教学技巧重新燃起了学生们对数学的兴趣。

•The students’ interest in mathematics was kindled by Emma’s excellent teaching.社会类常用短语社会类常用短语•juvenile delinquency•青少年的犯罪率正在上升•Rates of juvenile delinquency are on the rise.•be hopelessly addicted to ...•这个小孩开场对恐惧片彻底上瘾•The kid has become hopelessly addicted to horror films.•rules and regulations•在相关法规被制定之前，这项工作是十分危险的•The job had been very dangerous before rules and regulations were introduced.•underprivileged•在一些国家，政府来运作学校的伙食工程，这样那些弱势群体出身的孩子就可以吃上足够的食物了•In some countries, the government runs school feeding programmes so that underprivileges children can have enough food.•be estranged from sb.•看到一些长大成年的孩子与他们的父母疏远了关系真是令人伤感。

•It is sad to see some grown-up children estranged from their parents.•empty-nest syndrome•Mrs. Johnson 正在经受空巢综合症所来的煎熬•Mrs. Johnson is suffering from empty-nest syndrome.•the sense of obligation•家长的责任感会使得他们对子女要求过高•Parents' sense of obligation could make them overly demanding.科技类词汇科技类词汇•尖端的技术•cutting-edge technology•sophisticated technology•科技开展•technological advances•technological progressions•科技创新 /突破•technological innovations/ breakthroughs•让人类从繁重的体力劳动中解放出来•liberate humans from heavy manual labour•互联网的广泛使用•the extensive use of the Internet•the proliferation of the Internet•信息爆炸 / 超载•information explosion / overload•虚拟的世界•virtual world•社交网站•social networking website•网络诈骗•online fraud•实时的信息交流(MSN, Skype,Tencent )•real-time communication •instant messaging •基因工程•genetic engineering•转基因食品•genetically-modified food•有机食品•organic food•化肥•chemical fertiliser•提高农作物产量•boost crop yield•随着越来越多科技突破的出现，对自然科学的研究在近些年开场变得备受关注。

•With more scientific breakthroughs, the study of natural sciences has become more sought-after.•基因工程可以用来培养出生产力和抗病性更强的牲畜•Genetic engineering can be used to create more productive and disease-resistant farm animals.•像Facebook和Twitter这样的社交网站给了人们一个好的方式去联系其他有着共同兴趣目标的人•Social networking websites like Facebook and Twitter are a good way to make connections with people similar interests and goals.•在未来孩子们可能会感觉人类间的关系过于麻烦，令人困惑，于是他们更愿意待在自己的虚拟环境中•In the future children may find human relationships inconvenient and confusing, and prefer to stay inside a virtual reality.•农民们很热切地把杀虫剂作为一定会提高农作物产量的措施来使用。

•The farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield.•文化类词汇文化类词汇•祖先 forefathers / ancestors•后代 descendants •少数民族 ethnic minorities•文化融合 cultural integration and synthesis•Cultural heritage can be divided into two groups: tangible cultural heritage, such as historic sites, and intangible cultural heritage, such as customs, rituals, rules of etiquette and moral values.最容易用错的单词最容易用错的单词•benefit•benefit from 从......中获益； 主语为人或机构•benefit vt. 对......有益；后面跟宾语，不加from•The system will mainly benefit residents in rural communities.•lack•做及物动词时，后面绝对不能跟介词•做名词是，lack后的介词必须接of•affect vt. 影响•不可数名词•knowledge; data; information; equipment; progress; garbage•extinct adj. •become extinct; go extinct ; extinction•economy •economics 经济学； economic 与经济相关的； economical 省钱的•discriminate vi.•discriminate against sb.•Under the law, it is illegal to discriminate against minorities and women.•technique 方法，技巧 可数名词•technology 科技 不可数名词•concern•be concerned about 关注......•be concerned with 关于......•rise / raise / arise•rise vi. 〔自身〕升高•raise vt. •arise vi. 〔某个现象〕出现•outweigh vt. •outweight adj. •in a word •relative adj. 相对而言的•the relative peace in this country•relatively 相对地•related adj. 与......相关的•staff 员工 集合名词•preferable adj. 更好的，更可取的•It is up to the parents or the children to decide which model is preferable.15个抽象词个抽象词•wellbeing•n. 泛指一种良好状态•Job satisfaction is indeed very important to the well-being of that person.•reality•n. 现实状态•It is not unrealistic to promote more job satisfaction in any job.•affordability•n. 可承受性，可负担能力•Long-distance train and coach service should be made attractive and affordable alternatives to driving our own car for long journeys.•misery•n. 不幸•the misery of unemployment•the misery of poverty•equilibrium•n. 均衡， 平衡•In regions where the environmental equilibrium is in danger, some types of extreme climatic changes are likely to occur.•insecurity•n. 不平安感，不安定感•Some jobs are repetitive, and labor relations may be poor and lead to insecurity rather than job satisfaction.•mechanism•n. 机制•The government should set up mechanisms to ensure that the tax revenue can be used properly.•incidence•n. 〔坏事的发生〕率•There is an increasing incidence of bullying in schools, which has made both teachers and parents very concerned.•exposure•n. 接触，暴露于•The player is usually the "hero" of the game and too much exposure to such games can encourage children to be self-centred and insensitive to others.•reward•n. & vt. 给予回报•There is a sense of progression and purpose that rewards a worker.•fulfil (BrE) fulfill (ArE)•vt. 实现，完成•A sense of fulfilment is also encouraged if a worker feels the job is worth doing.•justify•vt. 让......合理； 证明......的合理性•It often seems that the amount of money they are able to earn in a short time cannot possibly be justified by the amount of work they do.•chronic•adj. 慢性的， 持续存在的〔坏现象〕•In these countries, there has been a chronic shortage of teachers in schools.•virtual•adj. 虚拟的•Parents must ensure that their children learn to enjoy other kinds of activities and not simply sit at home, learning to live in a virtual world.•-oriented•adj. 以某事物为导向的•test-oriented•market-oriented economy•customer-oriented service称呼的写法〔三种情况〕(1)写给陌生人A．男士： Dear SirB．女士： Dear MadamC．不知道男女： Dear Sir or Madam•(2)写给认识但不熟悉的人•A．知道职务或职称•Dear Manager( Zhao)•Dear President•Dear Human Resources Director•B. 不知道职务或职称•男士： Dear Mr. Zhao•女士： Dear Ms. Zhao•(3)写给熟悉的人•A．同辈〔直呼其名〕：•Dear Michael Dear Xiao Hua•B．长辈〔把关系写出来〕•Dear father Dear mother 平平头式／完全式／完全齐列式列式Dear Xiao Hua,You have no idea what a thrill I got when I learnt you were accepted by Beijing University. Hard work finally paid off. My sincere congratulations to you on this important milestone in your life, a milestone many failed to cross.You probably feel lucky that Bei Da chose you. I see it from a different perspective: Bei Da is lucky to have you. Again, congratulations. I am so very proud of you.Sincerely,Li Ming缩进式／不完全齐列式Dear Xiao Hua, You have no idea what a thrill I got when I learnt you were accepted by Beijing University. Hard work finally paid off. My sincere congratulations to you on this important milestone in your life, a milestone many failed to cross. You probably feel lucky that Bei Da chose you. I see it from a different perspective: Bei Da is lucky to have you. Again, congratulations. I am so very proud of you. Sincerely, Li Ming 投诉信投诉信•投诉信的根本框架构造•第一局部 自我介绍，说明投诉，个人感受•第二局部 列举事实，陈述原因•第三局部 提出建议投诉信常用句型投诉信常用句型lI am writing to you to complain about...lHere are some problems with...that I wish to bring to attention.lYou can imagine my disappointment when I realized that...lI shall be very grateful if you can...投诉信常用词汇投诉信常用词汇•dispute•dissatisfaction•out of sb's expectation•awful•bad mannered•poor service • poor sanitary situation•annoying, troublesome, irritating•nuisance•put up with, bear, tolerate•remedy•disturb, interrupt, distract•look into, go into, investigate例题例题You bought a CD PLAYER from a local store last week and found it was broken.Write a letter to the store to• describe what the problem with the player is• what the salesman did to you• what you want them to do.Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to you to complain about the CD player which I bought in your store in September. Only after two days, things started to go wrong. For one, the sound quality is poor. I recorded a CD onto a cassette, and it gave out sounds with terrible noises, which was not what I was expecting. For two, certain buttons seem to have bad quality. Just a few days after my purchase, the speed and pause buttons stopped working. Then, I returned the player to you for repair. Your assistant said I would have to wait for a week. However, the spare parts had not arrived until two weeks later. To make things worse, when I got it two weeks later, there was no obvious improvement in the recording quality, which is still not completely fixed and does not suit my needs. I am not satisfied with the equipment and the service I have received. I am therefore writing to ask for a full refund. I will return the player to your shop on Saturday and I expect to receive a cheque for $120. Yours faithfully, George感谢信感谢信根本构造第一局部 自我介绍，说明谢意第二局部 事件描述以及个人感受第三局部 感谢方式感谢信常用句型感谢信常用句型•I take this opportunity to express my deep appreciation to you for the kind assistance you rendered me.•Please accept my most cordial thanks for your timely help, which I will always remember.•Words fail to convey my gratitude for...•I hope to have an opportunity to reward your assistance.常用词汇常用词汇•obliged〔充满谢意的〕•touching〔令人感动的〕•beyond words•courtesy 〔礼貌〕•generosity•hospitalityYou stayed with a local family when you participated in a training programme in New Zealand. You left New Zealand in a hurry and found that you left your laptop in the family.Write a letter to the family thanking them for their hospitality andDescribe your computer•Where it is•Ask the host to send it back to you.Dear Mr. And Mrs. Prately, I have arrived home safely. I am writing this letter to thank you for your warm hospitality to accommodate and receive me in your beautiful home. During my stay, I was overwhelmed by the enthusiasm expressed by you and your family. We had interesting discussions on my training programme. I have found these discussions very informative and useful. I sincerely hope we could have more exchanges like this one day later. Moreover, there is one thing I need your help. I left my laptop computer in the bedroom I lived in your home. It is a pink one with white keyboard. I wonder if you could send it back to me. Enclosed please find a cheque of $ 35. I hope it will cover the postage. I am looking forward to your early visit to the UK when I will be able to pay back some of the hospitality I received during my memorable stay in your beautiful country. With kind personal regards. Yours faithfully Susan抱歉信根本构造抱歉信根本构造•第一局部 自我介绍，说明歉意•第二局部 事件描述，解释原因•第三局部 弥补方式抱歉信常用句型抱歉信常用句型•I am awfully/terribly sorry for what I have done.•I am afraid what I have done has caused many inconveniences to you.•Please accept my most cordial and humblest apologies for once more.•I will try my utmost not to make such a stupid mistake again.常用词汇常用词汇•make an apology•inconsiderateness•ignorant•thoughtless•negligent〔疏忽的〕•regret•remedy•make up for•shoulder the responsibility You received a complaint letter that your client’s central heating system has not been completed as schedule. You find that it’s your mistake that caused the problem.Write to your client toexplain what happenedpromise when the project will be finished.Dear Mr. Or Ms. Jones, I am the manager of the installment company. I received your letter yesterday complaining that the central heating system in your new house had not been completed by the date promised. I feel awfully sorry for what we have done. I mistook your date of completion for next week due to my inattention, so the delay occurred because the work team installed the system according to the wrong date. Please forgive me for the inconvenience and we will do everything possible to avoid any further delay. I assure you that we will complete the installation by next weekend. This is all my fault and I hope the settlement of this matter can meet your wish. I will try my utmost not to make such a stupid mistake again. Yours faithfully, Johnny求职信根本构造求职信根本构造•第一局部 求职信息来源，说明对岗位的兴趣•第二局部 自我介绍•第三局部 表达被录用的意愿常用句型常用句型•I have read your advertisement in ... for a position of...•I am very interested in exploring the possibility of obtaining a position as ... with your company.•I got my degree in ... from ... University in …•During my apprenticeship I obtained practical training in all aspects of ...•I believe I am well-prepared, both psychologically and professionally, for the post.•I believe I have the appropriate qualifications and experience for this post, and ，therefore，here I am enclosing my CV.•I am especially keen to work in an organization such as yours which has a reputation for ...•I am available for an interview every afternoon. Please contact me.常用词汇常用词汇•vacancy, opening〔职位空缺〕•applicant〔申请者〕•cv, resume〔简历〕•qualification〔资格〕•competent〔有能力的，胜任的〕•be qualified for〔有资格的〕•meet the requirements〔符合要求〕•have a good command of〔很好地掌握了〕•a solid theoretical foundation 坚实的理论根底•an intimate knowledge of〔非常熟悉〕 You will be graduating from a University this year. You saw an advertisement in Student Daily for a Network Maintenance Engineer.Write n letter to apply for the job.Dear Sir or Madam, Your advertisement for a Network Maintenance Engineer in the Student Daily interested me because the position that you described sounds exactly like the kind of job I am seeking for. According to the advertisement, your requires the candidate to have a good university degree, bachelor or above in computer science or equivalent field. I feel that I am competent to meet the requirements. I will graduate from a famous university this year with a MSC. My studies have included courses in computer control and management, and I designed a computer system. During my education, I have not only grasped the principles but also gained practical skills. Besides, I can communicate fluently in English. I would welcome an opportunity for an interview.Enclosed is my resume and if there is any additional information you require, please contact me. Yours faithfully, Ashley咨询信根本构造咨询信根本构造•第一局部 自我介绍，说明目的•第二局部 咨询信息•第三局部 表示感谢常用句型常用句型•I would like some detailed information on/about… •I would be much obliged to you if you could let me know the procedures I have to go through.•I am looking forward to a prompt reply/response at your earliest convenience.•Many thanks to your assistance.常用词汇常用词汇•prompt，immediate•with regard to, with respect to, regarding, concerning •look forward to sth.．• take into account of sth.•You are an undergraduate student of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. You want to attend a professor’s African Literature and Culture course.•Write n letter to the professor to•Ask him for some information about the course•Ask about the other course on Chinese literature.Dear Professor Moss, I am Tiffany, a junior student of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. I am writing to enquire about your African Literature and Culture course. Just a few days ago, I found the course when we were asked to choose optional courses for next semester. The name of African Literature and Culture aroused my great interest. Because of your reputation and my enthusiasm in literature, I hope I could study this course in the next semester, and I want to get more details about the course. First of all, I would like to know the brief outline of the course. Moreover, I wonder if there are some relevant books that you can recommend for me to read before the course. I also heard that another course of yours, Chinese Literature, is held every Friday afternoon. If the registration of this course hasn’t closed yet, I will be so glad to participate in your class. Sorry to bother you. Your help will be greatly appreciated. Sincerely yours, Tiffany•数学题•空间逻辑题•语言文字题◆数列4 9 6 2 3 4 7 8 2 1 9 6 4 3 2Multiply by 7 the number of odd numbers which are immediately followed by an even number in the list above. What is the answer? •数字与图形结合•Clock A was correct at midnight, but lost exactly l minute an hour from then on. It stopped 1 hour ago (B) , having run for less than 12 hours. What is the time now? •应用题•A farmer has a field containing a certain number of pigs and hens. Between them they have 36 heads and 100 feet. How many pigs and hens does the farmer have? •〔二〕空间逻辑题•Connect the following 12 dots all using only five straight lines, which go through every dot only once. • •语言文字题•根据单词的音形义•Change MILK to WINE, one letter at a time, in three steps.•MILK, MILE, MINE, WINE•MILK, MINK, WINK, WINEWhich three letter word, when placed in the brackets, forms two different words: one with the letter on the left outside the brackets and the other with the letters on the right?Y(…) RINGS•Change one letter in each of the following words to produce a well-known phrase: •CAKE CARD•根据字母的排列顺序•If all the letters of the alphabet were written out backwards, which would be the next but one letter after the third vowel? •If FRTZZ is the code for ESSAY, what is the code for PAPER?•QZQDS•If 13 P 15 o is the code for M O O N, what is the code for S H O E? •A．18 G 14 E•B．19 1 15 F•C．17 E 13 D•D．15 D 12 C•根据语言逻辑•I have a horse. Do you know what color it is? Tom said, “I guess it is not black. “ Brian said, “It is either brown or grey.〞 Chris said,“I know it is brown." I said, “At least one of you is right and at least one of you is wrong. “ What is the color of my horse if the color is one of the above? •Mr. Jones' daughter was born two months after the month which begins with the second letter after the thirteenth letter of the alphabet. When was Mr. Jones' daughter born?•In a supermarket, the aisles are numbered one to six from the entrance. Washing powder is next to bottles and it is not the first item you see when entering the supermarket. You will see the meat aisle before the bread aisle. Tins are two aisles before bottles and meat is four aisles after fruit. What is in the last aisle ( aisle six)?•猜谜题•Why￿did￿the￿little￿boy￿throw￿the￿butter￿out￿of￿the￿window?•What is the phrase that is represented by the picture? L O V E•What can be measured, but has no length, width, or thickness? •Here is a puzzle.• My first is in ACT but not in PLAY.• My second is in APRIL but not in MAY.• My third is in NOBLE and also in LORD.• My fourth is in CARD but not in BOARD.• My last is in STACK but not in HAY.•You look at me every single day.•What am I? •Women should be allowed to join the army, the navy and the air force just like men. What is your opinion?1. Whether women should be allowed to serve in the military has been a topic of discussion.2. ... ...bring many benefits. a. Many cases in history have been proved women can perform well in the military. b. Women should have equal rights. c. In the information age, women could operate automated weapons.3. ....carries certain risks. a. increase crime rate b. may have health hazards4. Although...., I convinced ...Thank You！！谢谢观赏谢谢观赏。