英文文法的基本概念.docx

本文格式为Word版，下载可任意编辑英文文法的基本概念 英文文法的根本概念－英文的八大詞類 英文單字依其在句中的作用可分為八大詞類－名詞、代名詞、形容詞、 動詞、副詞、介系詞、連接詞、感嘆詞等 一、名詞 Noun ( n )：表示人、地、事、物等名稱的字 1. 名詞的種類及特點： 名 詞 的 種 類 特 點 可數名詞 1.普遍名詞Common Noun 1.單數名詞： Countable 如boy, desk, country (只有一個) Nouns 2.集合名詞Collective Noun a/an + N 如family, people, class the + N 2.複數名詞： (二個或以上) N + s / N + es 不成數名詞 3.專著名詞Proper Noun 1.無複數 Uncountable 如China, Taiwan, John 2.不加a/an等等 Nouns 4.物質名詞Material Noun 3.指特定事物， 如water, air, iron 則須加the 5.抽象名詞Abstract Noun 如health, happiness, honesty ＊冠詞： 不定冠詞 a + 單數(子音字首) an + (單數母音字首) (一…) (一…) (這,那) 定冠詞 the + 單數名詞 My brother is a student. She eats an apple every day. I bought a dozen eggs in the market. There are 5 families in this apartment. My family are all well. My family is a large one. Taiwan is an island. I need some water. The water in the bottle is clean. Health is more important than wealth. 1 2. 複數名詞的形成： 例字 + s books, pens buses, boxes, watches, 2.字尾s、x、 + es brushes, sexes ch、sh、z 例外stomachs heroes, potatoes 規則變化 3.子音+ o + es 例外pianos, photos 4.子音+ y 去y + ies baby→ babies, city→ cities leaf→ leaves, life→ lives 5.字尾f、fe 去f、fe + ves 例外roofs, chiefs, beliefs, handkerchiefs man men 例外Roman → Romans woman women German → Germans foot feet 規則變化book → books tooth teeth cook → cooks goose geese pool → pools mouse mice 不規則變化 ox oxen child children deer deer dish fish fishes多種魚 sheep sheep Chinese Chinese 3. 名詞的用法： 用 法 1.當作主詞 2.稱謂 3.主詞同位語 4.當作受詞 5.受詞同位語 6.當作補語 形 成 單 數 1. 複數 a.動詞的受詞 b.介系詞的受詞 a.主詞補語 b.受詞補語 2 例 句 John has a bicycle. Come here, John. Mr. Lin, our English teacher, is very kind. Mary likes John. She is fond of music. We like Mr. Chang, our new teacher. John is a good boy. We call the boy George. 4. 名詞的格： 種 類 主格 全体格 受格 用 法 1.當作主詞 2.當作主詞補語 例 句 Mary is a girl. The girl is Mary. 1. a bird’s nest 全体格當形容詞用，修飾名詞 2. a boys’ school 1.當作動詞的受詞 John likes Mary. 2.當作介系詞的受詞 She is fond of music. 5. 名詞全体格的形成： (1) 有生命的全体格： 種 類 1. 單數 例 句 Helen’s doctor _____’ s a dog’s tail the teacher’s dress ladies’ hats 1. _____ s’ a girls’ school women’s clubs 2. _____’ s children’s toys (複數名詞字尾沒有s時) men’s room my father-in-law’s car 最後一字 +﹝’ s﹞ somebody else’s pen Helen and Mary’s school Helen’s and Mary’s school 用 法 2. 複數 3. 複合字 1.共同全体： 以and連接最後一個名詞加﹝’ s﹞ 4. 兩個名詞 2.個別全体： 各加﹝’ s﹞ (2) 無生命的全体格： a. 無生命的全体格： 句型 the + 全体物 + of + the/that/my…+ 全体者 1.the door of this classroom 2. the leaves of that tree 3. the name of our school 例句 3 b. 表示價格、距離、時間、重量的名詞 +﹝__’ s﹞或﹝__s’﹞： 用 法 1. 擬人化 例 字 Nature’s law 自然律 Heaven’s will 天意 the earth’s surface today’s newspaper thirty minutes’ walk twenty miles’ journey three pounds’ weight ten dollars’ worth of sugar to one’s heart’s content 心滿意足 at one’s wit’s end 智窮才竭；不知所措 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 時間 距離 重量 價格 慣用語 (3) 全体格後面名詞的省略： 用 法 1. 制止重複 後面遇有store, shop, house, hospital, church 例 句 1. This truck is John’s (truck). 2. Tom’s (family) is a large family. 1. He is staying at his uncle’s (house). 2. I am going to the barber’s (shop). 2. (4) 雙重全体格： 句｛a, an, this, that, these, those,｝+ 名詞＋of +｛全体代名詞｝ 型 ｛ some, any, no, many, ｝ ｛名詞全体格｝ 1. I met a friend of mine. (mine = my friends) 2. That watch of his has been stolen. (his = his watches) 例3. I met a friend of my brother’s. 句 (my brother’s = my brother’s friends) 4. Many clothes of my aunt’s were bought in Paris. (my aunt’s = my aunt’s clothes) (5) 與名詞有關的句型： 4 句型 1. 例句 句型 2. 例句 句型 3. 例句 句型 4. 例句 句型 5. 例句 of + no + 抽象名詞 = not + 形容詞 (沒有~) His suggestion was of no use. = His suggestion was not useful. of + 抽象名詞 = 形容詞 He is a man of learning. = He is a learned man. of + great +抽象名詞 = very + 形容詞 The book is of great use. = The book is very useful. all + 抽象名詞= very + 形容詞 抽象名詞 + itself = very + 形容詞 She is all beauty. = She is very beautiful. She is beauty itself. = She is very beautiful. with( in, by, on…) + 抽象名詞 = 副詞 You do everything with care. = You do everything carefully. 二、 代名詞 Pronoun ( pron.)：代替名詞的字 種 類 1.人稱代名詞 Personal Pronoun 1.人稱代名詞 如I, you, he等 Personal Pronoun 2.全体代名詞 Possessive Pronoun 如mine, yours, 等 3.複合人稱代名詞/反身代名詞 Compound Personal Pronoun 如myself, yourself, himself等 2.指示代名詞 如this, that, these, those等 Demonstrative Pronoun 3.不定代名詞 Indefinite Pronoun 如one, some, all等 4.疑問代名詞 如who, what等 Interrogative Pronoun 5.關係代名詞 Relative Pronoun 如who, which, that, what等 1.人稱代名詞 (1) 人稱代名詞 5 — 6 —。