二语习得概念.doc

1.What is mother tongue/native language?Generally, mother tongue is the first language a child has learned from birth. Because of this, it is often called first language. In most case, a person’s L1 and his mother tongue mean the same. But there is still different, for example, a child was born in a foreign country.2. what is SLA?Second language acquisition refers both to the study of individuals and groups who are learning a language subsequent to learning their first one as young children, and to the process of learning that language. The additional language is called a second language (L2), even though it may actually be the third, fourth, or tenth to be acquired. It is also commonly called a target language, which refers to any language that is the aim or goal of learning.3. what’s first language?A language which is acquired during early childhood-normally beginning before the age of about three years-and that they are learned as part of growing up among people who speak them.4. what’ s second language?It is typically an official or societally dominant language needed for education, employment, and other basic purpose. It is often acquired by minority group members or immigrants who speak anther language natively. In this more restricted sense, the term is contrasted with other terms in this list.5. the difference between acquisition and learning?Acquisition: picking up a second language through exposure; learning: conscious study of a language.6. multilingualism: refers to the ability to use two or more languages. Bilingualism: the ability to use two languages. Monolingualism: the ability to use only one language. Simultaneous multilingualism: refers to the acquisition of two or more languages at the same time. Sequltaneous multilingualism refer to the acquisition of two or more languages one after another.7.the motivations of adding second language at an older age. A.: invasion or conquest of one’s country by speakers of another language. B: a need or desire to contact speakers of other language in economic or other specific domains. C: immigration to a country where use of a language other than one’s L1 is required. D: adoption of religious beliefs and practices which involve use of another language. E: a need or desire to pursue educational experiences where access requires proficiency in another language. F: a desire for occupational or social advancement which is further by knowledge of another language. G: an interest in knowing more about peoples of other cultures and having access to their technologies literatures.8. how do you think children acquire their first language? 1) children’s natural desire to please their clotting parents.2) children’s language acquisition is purposive, that they develop language because of their urge to communicate their wants and needs to the people who take care of them. 3).children learn language by imitation.9.The role of natural ability.Human are born with a natural ability or innate capacity to learn language. Such a predisposition must be assumed in order to explain several facts.1) children begin to learn their L1 at the same age, and in much the same way, whether it is English, Korean, or any other language in the world. 2) Children master the basic phonological and grammatical operations in their L1 by the age of about five or six, as noted above, regardless of what the language is . 3)children can understand and create novel utterances: they are not limited to repeating what they have heard, and indeed the utterances that children produce are often systematically different from those of the adults around them. 4) there is a cut-off age for L1 acquisition, beyond which it can never be complete 5)acquisition 10. the role of social experience A: not all of L1 acquisition can be attributed to innate ability, for language specific learning also plays a crucial role. B: social experience, including L1 input and interaction is thus a necessary condition for acquisition.L1 VS L2 IN THREE STAGESInitial stage :L1 :innate capacity： L2 :L1 knowledge :world knowledge interaction skillsIntermediate stage: L1 child grammar basic process; maturation: input, reciprocal interaction. L2: transfer (positive & negative) input, feedback, aptitude, motivation, instructionFinal stage: L1: native competence. L2: multilingual competence, fossilization in SLA.Positive transfer, when an L1 structure or rule is used in an L2 utterance and that use is appropriate or “correct” in the L2 : Negative transfer ,when an L1 structure or rule is used in an L2 utterance and that use is inappropriate and considered an “error”.Facilitating conditions: 1) feedback including correction of L2 learners’ errors: 2) aptitude, including memory capacity and analytic ability: 3) motivation, or need and desire to learn: 4) instruction, or explicit teaching in school settings.11.Why some linguistic believe children have the inna。