专升本英语串讲及练习.ppt
116页
串讲 总体要求 考生应掌握基本的英语语言基础知识并具有一定的语言运用能力，包括基本的语音、语法和词汇， 一定的阅读理解、口语交际以及初步的写作能力考试内容语音语音考生应能掌握下列语音规则：元音字母在单词中得读音辅音字母在单词中得读音常见字母组合的读音词汇词汇考生应掌握约3800个英语单词的基本用法和相应的常用词组 总体要求语法语法考生应掌握下列基本语法规则：词法名词冠词代词数词形容词副词介词动词连词感叹词句法基本句型句子按用途分类陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句 总体要求句子按结构分类简单句并列句复合句构词法派生法合成法转换法阅读阅读 考生应能读懂各种题材（包括社会生活、人物传记、科普、史地、政经、文化等）和体裁（包括记叙文、说明文、描写文、议论文、应用文等）、生词量不超过所阅读材料2%的文字材料考生应能理解所读材料的的主旨大意，掌握主要事实和有关细节，辨识作者的基本态度和观点，能根据有关信息进行一定的推理、判断或引申写作写作考生应能理解所给出得语言情景，能够运用相关的语言知识完成所规定的写作任务 语法复习词汇 1. 名词名词复数的规则变化名词复数的规则变化情况 构成方法 读音 例词__________________________________________________一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps 2.浊辅音和元音后 bag-bags 读 /z/; car-cars___________________________________________________ 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches___________________________________________________以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses___________________________________________________以辅音字母+y 变y 为i结尾的词 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies 名词复数名词复数1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化其它名词复数的规则变化以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数： 如： two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 比较： 层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories 2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos； b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs； b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves； c. 均可,如： handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves 名词复数名词复数1.3 名词复数的不规则变化名词复数的不规则变化 child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。
如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans2）单复同形 如： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数 如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用 如： The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的 名词复数名词复数 4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书 5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼 不可数名词不可数名词不可数名词量的表示不可数名词量的表示1）物质名词当物质名词转化为个体名词时 比较： Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。
(不可数) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃 (可数) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数 This factory produces steel. (不可数) We need various steels. (可数) c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数 Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶2） 抽象名词有时也可数 four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量 如： a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice 一条建议 名词名词1.5 定语名词的复数定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外 1) 用复数作定语 如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如：men workers women teachers gentlemen officials 3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留 如：goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷 4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式 如：two-dozen eggs 两打/（二十四个鸡蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划 个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child 名词复数名词复数1.6 不同国家的人的单复数不同国家的人的单复数名称 总称(谓语用复数） 一个人 两个人 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss澳大利亚人the an two Australians Australian Australians 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese美国人 the Americans an American two Americans印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 名词名词1.7 名词的格名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。
名词所有格的规则如下： 1） 单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所 2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加"'"，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争 3） 凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字 4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店 5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有' 如：John's and Mary's room（两间） John and Mary's room（一间） 6） 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾 如：a month or two's absence 2. 冠词冠词2.1 不定冠词的用法冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article）。
不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en] 1) 表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 2) 代表一类人或物 A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer. 3) 词组或成语 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden 定冠词定冠词2.2 定冠词的用法定冠词的用法定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1）特指双方都明白的人或物： Take the medicine. 把药吃了 2）上文提到过的人或事： He bought a house. I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子我去过那幢房子 3）指世上独一物二的事物： the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth 4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元;the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者 5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面： Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层 That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西 6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体： They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师) 定冠词定冠词7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。
8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前： the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 9）用在表示乐器的名词之前： She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴 10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇) 11) 用在惯用语中： in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water，field，country) in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end,on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre 零冠词零冠词2.3 零冠词的用法零冠词的用法国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary； 2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词； They are teachers. 他们是教师。
3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词； Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母 4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词； Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存 5）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词； We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课 6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词； The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里 7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如：have breakfast，play chess 8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词； I can't write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字 零冠词零冠词 9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词；by bus，by train； 10）有些个体名词不用冠词；如： school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义； go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的) 11)不用冠词的序数词； a. 序数词前有物主代词 b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race. c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first,first of all, from first to last2.4 冠词与形容词冠词与形容词+名词结构名词结构两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫 The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的2) 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物 He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫 冠词冠词 2.5 冠词位置冠词位置 1) 不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前注意： a. 位于下列形容词之后： such，what，many，half， I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job. b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后： It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance. c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。
但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可如：quite a lot d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后： Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖 当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后 零冠词零冠词 2) 定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前 All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了 模拟试题1.According to the report, drivers who use ____mobile phones on ____road aremore likely to have accidents. ( D )A. a; the B. the; / C. / ; / D / ; the2.Have you heard ____ news? The price of ____petrol is going up again. ( C )A. the; the B./ ; the C. the; / D. / ; /3.---What do you see when you think of ____ forest?----Of course, ____ trees. ( A )A. a ; / B. the; the C. / ; / ; the（二）专有名词和抽象名词个体化a/ an+（或有形容词）+ 专有名词 表示某一位，某一个，某一种。
a/ an+ 抽象名词 表示一个人或一件事[模拟试题]4、----Hello, is that Ms Blackburn, the head teacher speaking?----I'm sorry. There isn't ____ Ms Blackburn in our school. ( B )A. the B. a C. one D. /5、Hawking is ____ success, ____ disabled man though he is. ( A )A. a ; / B. / ; a C. the; a D. a; the6、The success of holding the 2008 Olympic Games is ____ great pleasure andencouragement to ____ Chinese people. ( C )A. the ; the B. a ; a C. a ; the D. / ; a 模拟试题1.According to the report, drivers who use ____mobile phones on ____road aremore likely to have accidents. A. a; the B. the; / C. / ; / D / ; the2.Have you heard ____ news? The price of ____petrol is going up again. A. the; the B./ ; the C. the; / D. / ; /3.---What do you see when you think of ____ forest?----Of course, ____ trees. A. a ; / B. the; the C. / ; / ; the 模拟试题1.According to the report, drivers who use ____mobile phones on ____road aremore likely to have accidents. ( D )A. a; the B. the; / C. / ; / D / ; the2.Have you heard ____ news? The price of ____petrol is going up again. ( C )A. the; the B./ ; the C. the; / D. / ; /3.---What do you see when you think of ____ forest?----Of course, ____ trees. ( A )A. a ; / B. the; the C. / ; / ; the 被抽象的名词前常常不用冠词7、Since graduation from ____ college, he has worked as _____ reporter in a newspaper office.A. / ; a B. / ; the C. a ; the D. the ; the8、The taxi driver was put in ____prison because his car had knocked down a child.His wife went to ____ prison to see him twice a week. A. / ; / B. the ; the C./ ; the D. the ; /9、It is reported that a bus went out of ____ control on a high way _____ southof the city last night. A. / ; / B. / ; the C. the ; / D. the ; the 被抽象的名词前常常不用冠词7、Since graduation from ____ college, he has worked as _____ reporter in a newspaper office.A. / ; a B. / ; the C. a ; the D. the ; the8、The taxi driver was put in ____prison because his car had knocked down a child.His wife went to ____ prison to see him twice a week. A. / ; / B. the ; the C./ ; the D. the ; /9、It is reported that a bus went out of ____ control on a high way _____ southof the city last night. A. / ; / B. / ; the C. the ; / D. the ; the 3. 数词数词 表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。
表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词 一、基数词 1）基数词写法和读法： 345 three hundred and forty-five； 2）基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数： a. 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连 用，如scores of people 指许多人； b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里； 如：They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到达了 c. 表示"几十岁"； d. 表示"年代"，用 in +the +数词复数； e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen. 二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式： first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st 3. 数词数词 数词的用法 1）倍数表示法 a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。
b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of… The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍 c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than… The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8% d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍 2）分数表示法 构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数： 1/3 one-third ； 3/37 three and three-sevenths. （一）one ,it , this , thatone 常用来指代泛指的单数可数名词（ones 指代泛指的复数可数名词）,it 常用来指代时间，距离，自然现象，前文所提到的事或前文所提到的同类同物 , this 常用来指代具体某人或某事或下文要提到的事物, that 常用来指代上文提到的某人某事或指代同类但不同物的不可数名词。
[模拟试题]1、If you want a friend, you'll find ____ in me .( A )A. one B. it C. that D. him2、I want to know _____: Has Mr Jones been here the whole morning? ( D )A. it B. one C. that D. this3、Look at the price of that bike ! It is practically the same as _____ of anew motorcycle. ( D )A. one B. this C. tt D. that （二）(the) other ,(the) others, both, either, neither, any, all, noneother 其他的 作形容词 后接可数名词复数泛指三者或三者以上的人或物the other 另一个 特指两者中的另一人或物others 其他的 作代词 泛指三者或三者以上的人或物the others 另一些 特指三者或三者以上的人或物both 两者都 作代词或形容词 当复数看 表肯定either 两者中任一 作代词， 当单数看 表肯定neither 两者中任一不 作代词 当单数 表否定any 任一 作代词或形容词 后可接复数名词或不可数名词 接可数名词指三者或三者以上的人或物all 全部， 所有 作代词或形容词后可接复数名词或不可数名词 接可数名词指三者或三者以上的人或物none （其中）没有一个人或物 作代词 后可接of 可指代可数名词或不可数名词 指代可数名词时指三者或三者以上的人或物 不定代词不定代词every , no, all, both, neither, nor 1）不定代词有 all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
2） 不定代词的功能与用法 a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词every和no在句中只能作定语 I have no idea about it. b. all 都，指三者以上 all 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定 All goes well. 一切进展得很好 all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book 但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night，all the year； 但习惯上不说 all hour，all century all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all China， all the city， all my life， all the way 不定代词不定代词every , no, all, both, neither, nor 3) both 都，指两者 a. both 与复数动词连用，但 both… and…可与单数名词连用 b. both, all 都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前， be 动词之后。
如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省 去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前 Who can speak Japanese? We both (all) can. 4) neither 两者都不 a. neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数 b. 作定语与单数名词连用，但neither… nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用其谓语采用就近原则 c. 可用于下列句型，避免重复 She can't sing，neither (can) he. neither 与nor d. 如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor If you don't do it，neither should I. 如果你不干，我也不干 e. 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither He can't sing，nor dance，nor skate. 不定代词不定代词every , no, all, both, neither, nor none, few, some, any, one, ones一、 none 无 1) none作主语，多与of 构成短语 none of。
在答语中，none可单独使用 Are there any pictures on the wall? None. 2) none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致 It is none of your business. 二、few 一些，少数 few 作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于肯定句三、some 一些 1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用 2) 当做"某一"解时，也可与单数名词连用 a certain） You will be sorry for this some day. 总有一天，你会后悔这件事的 A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 某些人不同意你的看法 不定代词不定代词every , no, all, both, neither, nor 注意： (1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any (2)some用于其他句式中: a. 肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时 Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如： Would you like some coffee? b. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如： If you need some help，let me know. c. some位于主语部分, Some students haven't been there before. d. 当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。
如： I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years. 这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信四、any 一些 1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中 当句中含有任何的意思时，any可用于肯定句 Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说，你可任读一本五、one, ones 为复数形式 ones必须和形容词连用如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some, any，而不 用ones Have you bought any rulers? Yes，I 've bought some. 模拟试题 1、----Oh no ! This stupid computer has crashed again !----Well, you can try ____ one , since there are somany available. A. another B. other C. the other D. others2、----Which of the two ties would you like to take ?----_____. You know I'm not particular about ties.A. Any B. Neither C. Both D. Either3、I invited Joe and Linda as well as Tom to dinner , but_____ of them came. A. neither B. none C. either D. both 模拟试题 1、----Oh no ! This stupid computer has crashed again !----Well, you can try ____ one , since there are somany available. ( A )A. another B. other C. the other D. others2、----Which of the two ties would you like to take ?----_____. You know I'm not particular about ties.( D )A. Any B. Neither C. Both D. Either3、I invited Joe and Linda as well as Tom to dinner , but_____ of them came. ( B )A. neither B. none C. either D. both some, any, every, no 与thing, body，one 的组合someone/somebody, anyone/ anybody, everyone/everybody ,no one nobodysomething , anything , everything , nothing 模拟试题7、If you need help for example , money or _____ , let me know , will you ? B. anythingC. everything D. Nothing8、Teenagers are wanted to be careful when making friends online , because whenyou can't see a person , they could be _____. A. everybody B. anybodyC. somebody D. nobody9、What he said is _____ but practical since _____ depends on "if " . A. nothing ; everythingB. anything ; everythingC. everything ; anythingD. none ; everything 模拟试题7、If you need help for example , money or _____ , let me know , will you ?( B ) B. anythingC. everything D. Nothing8、Teenagers are wanted to be careful when making friends online , because whenyou can't see a person , they could be _____. ( B )A. everybody B. anybodyC. somebody D. nobody9、What he said is _____ but practical since _____ depends on "if " . ( B )A. nothing ; everythingB. anything ; everythingC. everything ; anythingD. none ; everything 副词及其基本用法副词及其基本用法 副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。
一、副词的位置：1） 在动词之前2） 在be动词、助动词之后 3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后注意： a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾 He speaks English well.二、副词的排列顺序：1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接 Please write slowly and carefully.3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词 改错：(错) I very like English. (对) I like English very much.注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可 I don't know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. as + 形容词或副词原级形容词或副词原级 + as1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。
He cannot run so/as fast as you.2）当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式 as +形容词+ a +单数名词 as + many/much +名词 This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can..3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面 This room is twice as big as that one. Your room is the same size as mine. 4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ then + of This bridge is three times as long as that one. This bridge is three times the length of that one. Your room is twice as large as mine. Your room is twice the size of mine. 可修饰比较级的词可修饰比较级的词1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3）以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面典型例题: 1） ---- Are you feeling ____? ---- Yes，I‘m fine now. A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better 2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time 可修饰比较级的词可修饰比较级的词1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3）以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面典型例题: 1） ---- Are you feeling ____? ---- Yes，I'm fine now. A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better 答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better. 2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much答案：C. much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time答案：D。
the + 最高级最高级 + 比较范围比较范围 1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用 形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常" It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem.注意： 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内 (错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. (对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.2) 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.注意： a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同 This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。
Africa is the second largest continent.3) 句型转换： Mike is the most intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.4) "否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+ so… as"结构表示最高级含义 Nothing is so easy as this. =Nothing is easier than this. =This is the easiest thing. 和和more有关的词组有关的词组1) the more… the more… 越……就越…… The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B less A than B He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.3) no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor. no less… than… 与……一样…… He is no less diligent than you.4) more than 不只是，非常 She is more than kind to us all.典型例题 The weather in China is different from____. A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America 2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as 和和more有关的词组有关的词组1) the more… the more… 越……就越…… The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B less A than B He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.3) no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor. no less… than… 与……一样…… He is no less diligent than you.4) more than 不只是，非常 She is more than kind to us all.典型例题 The weather in China is different from____. A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America 答案：D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。
"比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as 答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍" 表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型所以此句答案为C This ruler is three times as long as that one. （一）倍数表达法1．---times +as+形容词/副词原级+as---2. -----times +形容词/副词比较级+ than---3 ---times +the +性质名词（size/weight）+of[模拟试题]1、----Do you regret _____2000RMB for the trip?---- No. I would gladly have paid _____ for it . pay ; twice so muchB. to have paid ; as much twiceC. paying ; twice as muchD. having paid ; so much twice2、Hit by a hammer, my foot became _____ . A. 3 times bigger thanB. as big as 3 timesC. the normal size 3 timesD. 3 times the normal size （一）倍数表达法1．---times +as+形容词/副词原级+as---2. -----times +形容词/副词比较级+ than---3 ---times +the +性质名词（size/weight）+of[模拟试题]1、----Do you regret _____2000RMB for the trip?---- No. I would gladly have paid _____ for it . ( C ) pay ; twice so muchB. to have paid ; as much twiceC. paying ; twice as muchD. having paid ; so much twice2、Hit by a hammer, my foot became _____ . ( D )A. 3 times bigger thanB. as big as 3 timesC. the normal size 3 timesD. 3 times the normal size 用形容词表示类别和整体用形容词表示类别和整体某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。
如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope.2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为： 限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例题1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys. A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two 2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old 3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao? ---- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last 典型例题1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys. A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two 答案：C。
由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --性质--名词"的公式可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有C符合答案2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old 答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao? ---- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last答案：B本题考查多个形容词的排序问题一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表：限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+those + three + beautiful + large + square 新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词old + brown + wood + table 多个修饰语排序限— 数— 性— 大— 形— 老— 颜— 国— 材— 用— 中心名词[模拟试题]1、----How was your holiday in Qingdao ?----It was great . I visited some friends , and spent the _____days at theseaside. A. few last sunnyB. last sunny fewC. last few sunnyD. sunny last few2、-----Is it Jim who is driving the new car ?-----Probably. I know he has recently bought a _____ car black GermanB. black shiny GermanC. shiny German blackD. black German shiny 多个修饰语排序限— 数— 性— 大— 形— 老— 颜— 国— 材— 用— 中心名词[模拟试题]1、----How was your holiday in Qingdao ?----It was great . I visited some friends , and spent the _____days at theseaside. A. few last sunnyB. last sunny fewC. last few sunnyD. sunny last few2、-----Is it Jim who is driving the new car ?-----Probably. I know he has recently bought a _____ carA.shiny black GermanB. black shiny GermanC. shiny German blackD. black German shiny 模拟试题比较级和最高级1．注意比较范围，两者还是多者比较2．注意是否有排它性1、Of the two lectures , the first was by far ____ one , partly because the personwho delivered it had such a pleasant voice . better B. the betterC. the best D. the worse6. Of all the novels , I like this one ____. It's not worth reading at all. B. best C. worst D. least7. It is ____ that he has been addicted to the drugs and has difficulty quitingit. A. obviously B. apparently C. possibly D. likely8. Mary can't speak English _____ her friends , but her written work is perfect. well as B. as often asC. so much as D. as good as9. China is larger than ____ in Africa. other country B. any countryC. other country D. the other countries 模拟试题比较级和最高级1．注意比较范围，两者还是多者比较2．注意是否有排它性5、Of the two lectures , the first was by far ____ one , partly because the personwho delivered it had such a pleasant voice . ( B ) better B. the betterC. the best D. the worse6. Of all the novels , I like this one ____. It's not worth reading at all.( D ) B. best C. worst D. least7. It is ____ that he has been addicted to the drugs and has difficulty quitingit. ( D )A. obviously B. apparently C. possibly D. likely8. Mary can't speak English _____ her friends , but her written work is perfect.( A ) well as B. as often asC. so much as D. as good as9. China is larger than ____ in Africa. ( B ) other country B. any countryC. other country D. the other countries 非谓语动词：动名词 不定式 分词 动名词动名词 1）作主语 Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。
2）作宾语 a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sthadmit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 prevent阻止fancy 想象 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续举例： (1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? (2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 动名词动名词 b. 词组后接doing admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to busy look forward to(to为介词）no good, no use, It's worth…, as well as, can't help, It's no use /good be tired of be fond of be capable of be afraid of be proud of think of / about hold off put off keep on insist on count on / upon set about be successful in good at take upgive up burst out prevent … from… 3）作表语 Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children. 动名词动名词 worth 的用法的用法 worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj. 意为"值得"。
1. worth： be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示"…… 值得……" be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做" The question is not worth discussing again and again.2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……" be worthy to be done "某事值得被做" The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth "值得做某事" worth while： It is worth while doing sth It is worth while sb to do sth.典型例题It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again. -while while 动名词动名词 worth 的用法的用法 worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj. 意为"值得"。
1. worth： be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示"…… 值得……" be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做" The question is not worth discussing again and again.2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……" be worthy to be done "某事值得被做" The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth "值得做某事" worth while： It is worth while doing sth It is worth while sb to do sth.典型例题It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again. -while while答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组be worth-while to do sth.。
因此选C 动词不定式动词不定式不定式作宾语1) 动词+ 不定式 afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake举例： The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案2）动词+不定式 ； 动词+宾语+不定式ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish… I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话 动词不定式动词不定式3） 动词+疑问词+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数 The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
不定式作补语不定式作补语 1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn 动词不定式动词不定式例句： a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的Find 的特殊用法： Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式find后也可带一个从句此类动词还有get，have I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important.典型例题: The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 动词不定式动词不定式例句： a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍 b. We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的Find 的特殊用法： Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。
find后也可带一个从句此类动词还有get，have I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important.典型例题: The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 答案：的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动 动词不定式动词不定式2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题 Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 动词不定式动词不定式典型例题 Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C3) to be +形容词Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean… The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师 Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲 动词不定式动词不定式不定式主语不定式主语1）） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了我做这事太容易了easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
听到你的声音真高兴 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好 他帮助我们，他真好Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的自私的)例句例句: It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了西，这显得太自私了 动词不定式动词不定式注意：注意：1) 其他系动词如，其他系动词如，look，，appear等也可用于此句型等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式 3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型的句型 (对对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见 百闻不如一见 (错错)It is to believe to see.It's for sb.和和 It's of sb. 1））for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：等： It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的对他来说学两门外语是很难的 2））of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了你来帮助我，你真是太好了 for 与与of 的辨别方法：的辨别方法： 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子如果道理上通顺用 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用，不通则用for如： You are nice. (通顺，所以应用通顺，所以应用of) He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用人是困难的，不通，因此应用for) 动词不定式动词不定式不定式作状语不定式作状语 1）目的状语 ）目的状语 To… only to (仅仅为了仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此如此……以便以便……) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
我来仅仅是向你告别2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面 What have I said to make you angry. He searched the room only to find nothing.3) 表原因 表原因 I'm glad to see you.典型例题典型例题 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 动词不定式动词不定式不定式作状语不定式作状语 1）目的状语 ）目的状语 To… only to (仅仅为了仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此如此……以便以便……) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别 我来仅仅是向你告别2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面 What have I said to make you angry. He searched the room only to find nothing.3) 表原因 表原因 I'm glad to see you.典型例题典型例题 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on答案：答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词当动词与介词连用时， 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词当动词与介词连用时，常位于常位于"形容词形容词+动词不定式动词不定式"结构的末尾结构的末尾 动词不定式动词不定式 用作介词的用作介词的to to 有两种用法：有两种用法： 一为不定式一为不定式+动词原形；动词原形； 一为介词一为介词+名词名词/动名词动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二在下面的用法中是第二种，即种，即to+ 名词名词/动名词：动名词：admit to承认， 承认， confess to承认，承认，be accustomed to 习惯于， 习惯于， be used to 习惯于，习惯于， stick to 坚持， 坚持， turn to开开始，着手于，始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于， 献身于， be devoted to 致力于，致力于， look forward to 盼望， 盼望， pay attention to 注意注意 省省to 的动词不定式的动词不定式 1）） 情态动词情态动词 ( 除除ought 外，外，ought to)：：2）） 使役动词使役动词 let, have, make：：3）） 感官动词感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作等后作宾补，省略宾补，省略to。
注意：在被动语态中则注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉不能省掉 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night. 动词不定式动词不定式 4）） would rather...than，，had better：： 5）） Why… / why not…：：6）） help 可带可带to，也可不带，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：：7）） but和和except：：but前是动词前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不的动词不定式8）） 由由and, or和和than连接的两个不定式，第二个连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：可以省去：9）） 通常在通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以等词后，可以省去省去to be： ： He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
他应该是个好人举例：举例： He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比较： 比较： He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 动词不定式动词不定式典型例题典型例题1) ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 2）） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 动词不定式动词不定式典型例题典型例题1) ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 答案： 答案：D. why not 后面接不带后面接不带to 的不定式，因此的不定式，因此选选D。
2）） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案：答案：B. make后接不带后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，于被动时，to 不可省略不可省略 动词不定式动词不定式动词不定式的否定式动词不定式的否定式 Tell him not to shut the window… She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见我走过的时候，她假装没看见典型例题典型例题1））Tell him ___ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 3））Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，，but his mother told him ____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 动词不定式动词不定式典型例题典型例题1））Tell him ___ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 答案： 答案：B。
tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 答案：答案：A pretend 后应接不定式其否定形式为后应接不定式其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.3））Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案：答案：Awarn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词此处用的是否定词never.4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，，but his mother told him ____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 答案：答案：A。
not to 为为not to do it 的省略形式可以只用的省略形式可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组及物动词及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，，D不对5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 答案：答案：Cwarn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do 动词不定式动词不定式动名词与不定式的区别：动名词与不定式的区别： 动名词表达的是： 动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是： 不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的2）） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
接不定式或动名词，意义相同 3）） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：组： 1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3 remember to do remember doing 4 regret to do regret doing 5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to do try doing 7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9 interested to do interested doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing 动词不定式动词不定式 go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。
go on doing 继续做原来做的事 After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想 mean doing 意味着 I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 赠加工资意味着增加购买力 动词不定式动词不定式感官动词感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 昨天我见他正在花园里干活典型例题1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play 动词不定式动词不定式感官动词感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 昨天我见他正在花园里干活典型例题1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 答案：A因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play 答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型 分词分词分词作定语 分词前置 We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日 He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人 分词后置 (i分词词组；ii 个别分词如given, left； iii 修饰不定代词 something等) There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里 This is the question given. 这是所给的问题 There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西过去分词作定语 与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa. 典型例题 1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written 2）What's the language ____ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系该句可以理解为：What's the language (which is) spoken in German? 分词分词典型例题 1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which is written 2）What's the language ____ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。
spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系该句可以理解为：What's the language (which is) spoken in German? 分词分词典型例题 1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which is written 2）What's the language ____ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义 spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。
该句可以理解为：What's the language (which is) spoken in German? 分词分词分词作状语分词作状语As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.-> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了 If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.-> Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好典型例题 1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed 2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat 分词分词典型例题 1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed 答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。
being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意 followed by（被…跟随）本题可改为： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army. 2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动用现在分词 3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat 答案C. 本题要选一分词作为状语现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，… 分词分词 注意： 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。
如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中， 我发现这本书很有用 连词连词+分词分词(短语短语) 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个，如： While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. waiting 和saw 的主语相同 分词分词 分词作插入语分词作插入语 其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语 generally speaking 一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从…判断 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来 Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快 (speaking 并不是dogs 的动作) 分词的时态分词的时态 1）与主语动词同时， Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈 Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了 分词分词典型例题 1）The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 2）先于主动词 While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿 分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done Having finished his homework, he went out. =As he had finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。
3) __ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 分词分词 1) The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing 只能在B，C中选一个又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词2）先于主动词 While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿 分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done Having finished his homework, he went out. =As he had finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。
3)___ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again. 分词分词 分词的语态分词的语态1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如：He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是给你钱的那个人He is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by…)他就是那个被车拦住的人2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生 gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned例: a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人 a much-travelled may 一个去过许多地方的人 a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴 独立主格结构独立主格结构 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
（二） 独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开举例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中 独立主格结构独立主格结构 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家 He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 独立主格结构独立主格结构 With的复合结构作独立主格的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题 The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his backA. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。
但 with 的复合结构不受此限制 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his) 2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 独立主格结构独立主格结构 With的复合结构作独立主格的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题 The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his backA. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。
当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D. 注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数但 with 的复合结构不受此限制 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his) 2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 独立主格结构独立主格结构 典型例题： Weather___, we'll go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 独立主格结构独立主格结构 典型例题： Weather___, we'll go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。
句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可 （一）时态和语态时间 过去—现在---将来---过去将来状态 一般---进行---完成---完成进行语态 主动---被动[模拟试题]1. You ____ much more easily in a big company, on condition that you have a goodknowledge of computer. ( C )A. will promote B. promoteC. will get promoted D. are promoted2、Maybe Jack has forgotten our appointment completely . I ____ him to call mefor the past two hours. ( A )A. have been expectingB. have expectedC. have been expectedD. expected 动词 3、Our game of tennis ____ . We'd been playing for about half an hour when itstarted to rain. ( B )A. has interruptedB. was interruptedC. had interruptedD. had been interrupted4、----I happened to meet Lily yesterday.-----Lucky dog! You ____ each other for exactly two years . ( A )A. hadn't seenB. haven't seenC. didn't seeD. don't see5、----What's that noise?----- Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine _____. ( C )A. was tested B. will be testedC. is being tested D. has been tested 语法串讲 （二）动词词组give off 放出（液体，气体，气味）give away 捐赠，让掉give in 屈服让步 give out公布，耗尽，用完Put up with 忍受，忍耐 keep up with 跟上 come up with 提出，想出 go through with（艰难地）完成，履行---（诺言）Put off 推迟，拖延 put aside 存储，备用put out 扑灭 put down 付定金，写下，镇压[模拟试题]6、He ____ his last chance of winning the election when he said the wrong thingon TV. ( B )A. gave off B. gave awayC. gave in D. gave out7、The teacher asked a difficult question, but Ted finally managed to ____ agood answer. ( C )A. put up with B. keep up withC. come up with D. go through with8、We're trying to ____ a few hundred dollars every month toward our vacation. ( B )A. put off B. put asideC. put out D. put down 语法串讲 （三）非谓语动词现在分词—表达进行或伴随的行为过去分词---表达完成或被动的行为不定式 ---表达将来发生的行为动名词 ---表达常态的行为注意：相应的时态和语态6 / 11[模拟试题]9、____ more profit, the restaurant is making efforts to improve the qualityof service . ( D )A. GettingB. GotC. Having gotD. To get10、There are more than 50 proposals ____ at the conference. ( B )A. to discussB. to be discussedC. discussingD. having been discussed 语法串讲 11、A recent survey about " shanzhai " culture was conducted by CCTV ____ thathalf of the Netizens supported it. ( C )A. showed B. to showC. showing D. to have shown12、____ himself with necessary knowledge and skills, the young man went to thejob market with much confidence. ( C )A. Equipped B. EquippingC. Having equipped D. Being equipped13、---- ____ this time , my application will get me a job finally.----- Of course. It is quite convincing and you're well qualified , too.( D )A. Accept B. If acceptingC. To accept D. If accepted14、A survey ____ last year found 80 ％ the public in favor of the change.( C )A. to be carried out B. being carried outC. carried out D. to carry out 语法串讲 15、Lydia really regrets ____ out of school. She has really had to struggle tomake a living because of that decision. ( C )A. drop B. to dropC. dropping D. dropped16、 ____our hair cut before the Spring Festival is a traditional custom in China.( C )A. To have had B. Having hadC. Having D. Have 语法串讲 （四）虚拟和推测1．虚拟句的时间和动词结构2．推测时间和可能的程度[模拟试题]17. It's strongly recommended that the machines ____ every year. ( D )A. are checkedB. should check7 / 11C. checkedD. be checked18. _____ you how to do it yesterday, you _____ it now. ( C )A. Did I tell ; had finishedB. Had I told ; have finishedC. Had I told ; would finishD. Have I told ; will finish 语法串讲 19、---- I paid him 200yuan for the sneakers.----- Oh, he charged you too much. You_____themwith half the money. ( A )A. could have boughtB. needn't have boughtC. must have boughtD. wouldn't have bought20、-----Is that Mr. Smith over there?-----No, it _____ be him --- I am sure he is much taller. ( D )A. must not B. may notC. won't D. can't21、----- Are you going to the lecture tomorrow afternoon?-----I'm not sure now. I ____ go to Prof. Black's class instead. ( A )A. might B. wouldC. should D. must22、We ____ keep a cool head on over-heating development, for it ____ havenegative influence upon national economy. ( D)A. should ; must B. must ; wouldC. might ; could D. must ; may 语法串讲第二部分 从句一 名词性从句和形容词性从句名词性从句和形容词性从句通常都缺少相应的句子成分，所以，做题时应先观察缺少什么成分，然后选择填相应的连接代词或副词，关系代词或关系副词。
如果什么成分都不缺少，通常就选择that[模拟试题]1. Everyone has periods in their lives ____ everything seems very hard. ( B )A. where B. when C. which D. that2. He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation ____ heis likely to lose the control over his car. ( B )A. why B. where C. how D. which3. ____students should be given more time is suggested by many experts andwelcomed by kids in school. ( D )A. What B. Why C. Whether D. That 语法串讲 4. It was said ____ was all ____ girl had said. ( B )A. what that ; that whatB. that that ; that thatC. that what ; what what8 / 11D. what what ; that that5. She is the only one of the girls who ____in the company. ( A )A. is well paidB. are well paidC. is paying wellD. are paying well 语法串讲二 副词性从句副词性从句通常缺少表达逻辑关系的连词，所以，能否选择正确的连词，先要明白前后句之间的逻辑关系。
[模拟试题]6. ____ she makes an apology to me , I will never forgive her and move out.( A )A. Unless B. In caseC. As if D. Now that7. ----What’s your plan for the coming golden week?----We’ve decided to have a wonderful holiday, ____. ( A )A. however much it costsB. however it costs muchC. no matter how it costsD. it costs however much8. They kept trying ____ they knew it was hopeless. ( A )A. when B. unlessC. as D. till 语法串讲第三部分 完型填空1、抓住关键词2、掌握上下句逻辑关系3、清楚事情发展脉络The requirements for high school graduation have just changed in my community.As a result, all students must _1__ sixty hours of service learning , __2__ theywill not receive a certificate. Service learning is academic learning that also helpsthe community. __3__ of service learning include cleaning up a polluted river,working in a soup kitchen, or tutoring a student. __4__ a service experience,students must keep a journal and then write a __5__ about what they have learned( C ) 1. A. spend B. gainC. complete D. save( B ) 2. A. and B. orC. but D. for( D ) 3. A. Subjects B. IdeasC. Procedures D. Examples( C ) 4. A. With B. BeforeC. During D. After( B ) 5. A. diary B. reportC. note D. notice 语法串讲第四部分 阅读理解一 事实细节A train sped up through the countryside at 60 mph as a “ traveller” relaxeswith his newspaper. But this is no businessman taking it easy----the driver of thepassenger express(快车)is doing the reading.QUESTION：Who is the “ traveller” mentioned in the first paragraph? ( A )A. A train driver B. A businessmanC. A passenger D. A newspaper reader二 词义猜测“I’ve learned something in my 62 years,” he said . “ I don’t mind anybodylooking down on me , as long as they don’t expect me to be looked up. If someonehas got a problem with me , it’s their problem. They say, ‘ You are rather strange. ’Well, if being strange means you live in a house with an indoor swimming pool anda hot tub on the front, let’s be strange. People may think I am out of the trees,but to believe convention(惯例)is something that prevents answer.”QUESTION：The phrase “out of the trees” in this passage means ____. ( A )A. mad B. curiousC. lonely D. enthusiastic 语法串讲三 主旨大意You may give a conventional person a problem, they’ll come up with aconventional answer. Conventional people can’t deal with the the questions ofunconvention.QUESTION：What does the last paragraph mainly tell us? ( C )A. Trevor Baylis has got some trouble with someone.B. He found it difficult to persuade others to believe his invention.C. He believes it is useful to look at problems in an unconventional way.D. People are always laughing at him.四 推理判断Without most people realizing it. There has been a revolution in office workover the last ten years. Before that time, large computers were only used by large,rich companies that could afford the investment. With the advancement of technology,small computers have come into the market, which are capable of doing the work thatused to be done by much larger and expensive computers, so now most smaller companiescan use them. 语法串讲 QUESTIONTen years ago, smaller companies did not use large computers because____( A )A. these companies had not enough money to buy such expensive computers.B. these computers could not do the work that small computers can do todayC. these computers did not come into the market.D. these companies did not need to use this new technology 语法串讲第五部分 写作一．写作体裁及注意事项1．应用文应用文以考书信为主。
写信需要注意格式尤其是称呼，要区分普通信件和正式信件的不同2．记叙文记叙文以叙事为主叙事中，要注意人物，时间，地点，事件起因，发展过程及发展结果几个要点3．议论文议论文要注意观点明确，论据要充分可信，结论要鲜明二．写作技巧指导1．先审题，确定体裁2．谋篇布局，构思文章脉络3．精选用词，尤其是动词4．确定时态和语态5．连词成句6．明确逻辑关系，扩展丰富 语法串讲范文：假设你是李华，你的朋友Peter 将要来中国旅行请写信邀请他来你家乡游玩，应包含以下内容：交通：飞机或火车，机场有45 路公交车，在最后一站下车，如坐火车你将去接站活动内容：到附近的岛上玩，游泳，跑步，爬山，吃海鲜注意：1 开头和结尾已为你写好2 词数应为100 左右Dear Peter,I’m really excited to know that you’ll come to China for summer holidays. Ihope you’ll come to visit my hometown.Let me know your plan when you have one. I’m looking forward to seeing you again,in my hometown.Cheers,Li Hua 语法串讲写作指导：1、体裁为普通书信。
2、谋篇布局 分两部分，1）指路2）介绍活动3、选词1）fly or take a train; the airport; the train station; get off; at the laststop; by train; meet.2) play; the islands; swim; run; climb the hills; eat seafood.4、 确定时态和语态 除了你将去接站用将来时态，其余都可用一般现在时5、连词成句You can fly or take a train to my hometown.There is a No. 45 Bus at the airport. 语法串讲 You get off at the last stop.If you take a train, I will meet you at the train station.We can play on the islands nearby.We can swim in the sea.We can run along the seaside.We can climb the hills.We can eat seafood.6、明确逻辑关系，扩展丰富You can fly or take a train to my hometown when you are in China. And There isa No. 45 Bus at the airport, you can also take the bus , but please get off at thelast stop. If you come by train, I will meet you at the train station,(because thetrain station is not far from my home).During your stay, we can play on the islands nearby. (And the water in the seais very clear and blue, )we can swim in the sea. (The air is quite fresh,) we canrun along the seaside. (In summer, the hills on the islands look very beautiful,)we can also climb the hills. (The seafood is fresh and wonderful,) we can eat it.(I’m sure you ‘ll like it) 语法串讲 [模拟试题]1.According to the report, drivers who use ____mobile phones on ____road aremore likely to have accidents. ( D )A. a; the B. the; / C. / ; / D / ; the2.Have you heard ____ news? The price of ____petrol is going up again. ( C )A. the; the B./ ; the C. the; / D. / ; /3.---What do you see when you think of ____ forest?----Of course, ____ trees. ( A )A. a ; / B. the; the C. / ; / ; the（二）专有名词和抽象名词个体化a/ an+（或有形容词）+ 专有名词 表示某一位，某一个，某一种。
a/ an+ 抽象名词 表示一个人或一件事[模拟试题]4、----Hello, is that Ms Blackburn, the head teacher speaking?----I'm sorry. There isn't ____ Ms Blackburn in our school. ( B )A. the B. a C. one D. /5、Hawking is ____ success, ____ disabled man though he is. ( A )A. a ; / B. / ; a C. the; a D. a; the6、The success of holding the 2008 Olympic Games is ____ great pleasure andencouragement to ____ Chinese people. ( C )A. the ; the B. a ; a C. a ; the D. / ; a 语法串讲 [模拟试题]1.According to the report, drivers who use ____mobile phones on ____road aremore likely to have accidents. ( D )A. a; the B. the; / C. / ; / D / ; the2.Have you heard ____ news? The price of ____petrol is going up again. ( C )A. the; the B./ ; the C. the; / D. / ; /3.---What do you see when you think of ____ forest?----Of course, ____ trees. ( A )A. a ; / B. the; the C. / ; / ; the（二）专有名词和抽象名词个体化a/ an+（或有形容词）+ 专有名词 表示某一位，某一个，某一种。
a/ an+ 抽象名词 表示一个人或一件事[模拟试题]4、----Hello, is that Ms Blackburn, the head teacher speaking?----I'm sorry. There isn't ____ Ms Blackburn in our school. ( B )A. the B. a C. one D. /5、Hawking is ____ success, ____ disabled man though he is. ( A )A. a ; / B. / ; a C. the; a D. a; the6、The success of holding the 2008 Olympic Games is ____ great pleasure andencouragement to ____ Chinese people. ( C )A. the ; the B. a ; a C. a ; the D. / ; a 。
