动词的时态和语态的讲解.doc

动词的时态和语态2010.3.10一、一般现在时的用法1．经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2．客观真理，客观存在，科学事实The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3．表示格言或警句中Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4．现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性I don’t want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较：Now I put the ball in the glass. 　I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。

再如：Now watch me, I turn on the machine and stand back. 第二句中的 now 是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后一句用现在进行时二、一般过去时的用法1．在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等Where did you go just now?2．表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作When I was a child, I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.3．句型：注意区分：It is time for sb. to do sth. 到某人做某事的时间了It is time (that)sb. did sth. 时间已迟了；早该……了e.g.It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。

It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了would rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事( 注意此处 would rather 后接的是从句)I’d rather you came tomorrow.4．wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在Christine was a good English learner. (含义：她以前是个好的英语学习者 )Christine has been a good English learner. (含义：她现在是个好的英语学习者)Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。

1）动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.（2）情态动词 could, would.Could you lend me your bike?三、一般将来时1．shall 用于第一人称，常被 will 所代替will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称Which paragraph shall I read first?Will you be at home at seven this evening?2．be going to +v.，表示将来1）主语的意图，即将做某事What are you going to do tomorrow?（2）计划、安排要发生的事The play is going to be produced next month.3）有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3．be +to+v.表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。

We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4．be about to +v. ，意为马上做某事He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：（1）be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week，几点钟等表示明确的时间状语连用例：Tim is about to visit his mother-in-law tomorrow. 该句就是错误的但我们可以这么讲：Tim is about to visit his mother-in-law when his wife comes back.（2）be going to / will 的区别：用于条件句时，be going to 表将来，will 表意愿If you are going to make a journey, you’d better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.3）be to 和 be going to 的区别：be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。

be going to 表示主观的打算或计划I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)（4）一般现在时表将来①下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的一般现在时表将来这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus stars? It stars in ten minutes.②倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.③在时间或条件句中When Bill comes (不是 will come), ask him to wait for me.I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.④在动词 hope, take care that, make sure that 等后。

I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.（5）用现在进行时表示将来常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay 等I’m leaving tomorrow.Are you staying here till next week?四、现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态简单地讲现在完成时就是表示：“结果、影响和持续” 其构成： have (has) +过去分词一般过去时与现在完成时的比较1．过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响2．过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语一般过去时常用的时间状语：yesterday, last week, …ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语现在完成时的时间状语或副词：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, once ，before, already, recently，lately3．现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know.一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等。

例：I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了)I have seen this film.(强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了) Why did you get up so early?(强调起床的动作已发生过了)Who hasn’t handed in his paper? (强调有卷子，但没有交卷的结果 )She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续 )He joined the League three years ago.(三年前入团，joined 为短暂行为)I have finished my homework now.—Will somebody go and get Dr. White? —He’s already been sent for.句子中如有过去时间的名词或副词(如 yesterday, last week, in 1960)时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。

Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (错)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. (对)用于现在完成时的句型1．It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2．This is the … that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that I’ve (e。