妇产科学:正常分娩.ppt
59页2024/7/291第十二章第十二章 正常分娩正常分娩 Chapter 7 Normal Labor((分娩生理分娩生理 Labor Physiology) 2024/7/292lLabor is a sequence of uterine contractions that results in effacement and dilation of the cervix and voluntary bearing-down efforts leading to the expulsion per vagina of the products of conception. lDelivery is the mode of expulsion of the fetus and placenta.2024/7/293 ≥28周-<37周…早产(Premature/Preterm Premature/Preterm delivery)delivery) ≥37周-<42周…足月产(Term deliveryTerm delivery) ≥42周… … … … … … 过期产(Postterm/Prolonged Postterm/Prolonged deliverydelivery) ) 只要能顺利通过产道--正常分娩 2024/7/294第一节 分娩动因一、炎症反应学说二、内分泌控制理论三、机械性理论四、神经介质理论2024/7/295 第二节 决定分娩的因素 决定分娩的因素决定分娩的因素决定分娩的因素决定分娩的因素产力产力产力产力精神精神精神精神产道产道产道产道胎儿胎儿胎儿胎儿2024/7/296 1 1)节律性)节律性1.子宫收缩力(具有三特点)一、产力(Expulsive force ) : 临产后正常宫缩节律性示意图临产后正常宫缩节律性示意图2024/7/2972 2))对称性和极性:对称性和极性:ü 正常宫缩起自两侧子宫角正常宫缩起自两侧子宫角部迅速向子宫底中线集中,部迅速向子宫底中线集中,左右对称,再以左右对称,再以2cm/s2cm/s速度速度向子宫下段扩散,约向子宫下段扩散,约1515秒均秒均匀协调地遍及整个子宫。
匀协调地遍及整个子宫ü 宫缩以子宫底部最强最持久,向下逐渐减弱宫缩以子宫底部最强最持久,向下逐渐减弱,子,子宫底部收缩力的强度是子宫下段的宫底部收缩力的强度是子宫下段的2 2倍2024/7/298子宫收缩力贯穿第一、二、三产程 3)缩复(retraction) 宫缩时,子宫体部肌纤维短缩变宽,间歇期不能恢宫缩时,子宫体部肌纤维短缩变宽,间歇期不能恢复到原来的长度复到原来的长度迫使宫腔缩小,先露下降,宫颈管消失及宫口扩张迫使宫腔缩小,先露下降,宫颈管消失及宫口扩张2024/7/2992.腹肌、膈肌收缩力 主要辅助力, 用在二、三产程2024/7/29103.肛提肌收缩力 (contractility of the levator anus muscle) 贯穿第一、二、三产程 2024/7/2911二、产道 (birth canal)•产道是胎儿娩出的通道•分为 骨产道(真骨盆) 软产道两部分2024/7/2912 3个假想平面 (3 imaginary planes)横椭圆形横椭圆形, ,前后径前后径:11:11CMCM纵椭圆形纵椭圆形, ,横横 径径:10:10CMCM纵椭圆形纵椭圆形, ,横横 径径:9:9CMCM(一)骨产道 (bony birth canal):2024/7/2913 骨盆轴 (pelvic axis): ( the imaginary line which joint the midpoint of the pelvic planes)2024/7/2914骨盆倾斜度 (pelvic inclination) : : 妇女站立时,骨盆入口平面与地平面的夹角。
(angle between pelvic inlet plane & horizon) (angle between pelvic inlet plane & horizon) 妊娠晚期一般为60--70度 (In In late pregnancy: 60: 60o o-70-70o o)2024/7/2915(二)软产道 (soft birth canal) l软产道是由子宫下段、宫颈、阴道、外阴和盆底组织构成的弯曲管道2024/7/2916(二)软产道 (soft birth canal): 子宫下段 (lower uterine segment): 非孕时,子宫峡部 1cm 足月时,子宫下段 7--10cm 2024/7/2917生理缩复环 (physiologic retraction ring)2024/7/2918 宫颈 (cervix): 初产妇: 先宫颈管消失 (effacement) 后宫颈口扩张 (dilatation) (primipara) 经产妇: 同时进行(multipara: cervix os dilatation proceed at the same time)2024/7/29192024/7/2920阴道 (vagina): 前壁 (frontal wall)短(7-9cm) 后壁 (behind wall)长(10-12cm) 皱壁 (plica)多会阴体 (perineal body) : :5cm 4mm盆底软组织 (soft tissues of pelvic floor)2024/7/2921三.胎儿 (the fetus)四.精神因素 (Psychological factors)第三节 枕先露的分娩机制(Mechanism of labor with occiput presentation) (Mechanism of labor with occiput presentation) 2024/7/2922第四节 分娩的临床经过及处理 (clinical course and management of labor)一、先兆临产 (threatened labor): 预示不久将临产2024/7/2923假临产假临产((假阵痛假阵痛) ) ( (false labor false labor ( ( pains ) pains ) 用镇静剂可与真临产鉴别用镇静剂可与真临产鉴别 (sedative can prove is not true labor)(sedative can prove is not true labor)胎儿下降感胎儿下降感( (Lightening)Lightening) 胎儿先露已入盆胎儿先露已入盆 ( (presentation enter the pelvis)presentation enter the pelvis) 见红见红( (show)show) 多在分娩前多在分娩前24-4824-48小时出现小时出现 ( (generally,the show appear before labor 24-generally,the show appear before labor 24-48h )48h ) 2024/7/2924二、临产的诊断 ( (diagnosis of onset of labor)diagnosis of onset of labor):: 规律宫缩 (regular uterine contraction) 宫颈管消失、宫口扩张 (effacement and dilatation of the cervix) 胎先露下降 (fetal presentation descent)2024/7/2925三、产程分期 (the stages of labor): 总产程 (total stage of labor): 第一产程(宫颈扩张期) the first stage of labor (dilatation of the cervical os)(dilatation of the cervical os) 初产妇11-12小时,经产妇6-8小时 (primipara 11-12h, multipara 6-8h) 2024/7/2926 第二产程(胎儿娩出期) second stage of labor (delivery of the fetus ) 初产妇1-2小时,经产妇多<1小时 (primiparas 1-2h, multiparas (general)<1h 第三产程(胎盘娩出期):< 半小时 (third stage of labor (delivery of placenta )2024/7/29271、第一产程(first stage of labor): 1)临床表现(clinical situation): 规律宫缩(regular uterine contraction) 宫口扩张(dilatation of cervix os) 胎头下降(fetal head descent) 2024/7/29282024/7/2929宫口扩张4-5cm,胎头达坐骨棘水平2024/7/2930 ( occur in the end of the first stage, anterior amniotic fluid volume is about 100ml) 胎膜破裂(rupture of fetal membrane) : 多在第一产程末破裂,前羊水约100ml 2024/7/29312) 观察产程进展及处理 (observe the progress of labor & treatment)2024/7/2932 产程图产程图(partogram)(1)潜伏期: 临产→3cm 1cm/2-3h 8h(一般) >16h为潜伏期延长 (prolonged latent phase)(latent phase)2024/7/2933(2)活跃期:3-10cm,需4h,>8h活跃期延长 加速期 最大加速期 减速期 accelerated maximum deceleration phase accelerated phase phase 3-4cm 4-9cm 9-10cm 1.5h 2h 0.5h (active phase: dilatation up to 10cm, taking 4h, >8h called prolonged active phase)2024/7/29342024/7/2935最大加速期第二产程第一产程宫宫 颈颈扩扩张张轴轴胎胎头头下下降降轴轴2024/7/2936 3)观察(observation): 宫缩(uterine contraction)、 胎心(FHR:fetus heart rate) 、 宫口扩张(dilatation of the cervix) 胎先露下降(fetal presentation descent) 血压(blood pressure) 饮食(diet)、大小便(urine & stool)、 2024/7/2937 3)观察(observation): 宫缩(uterine contraction)、 胎心(FHR:fetus heart rate) 、 宫口扩张(dilatation of the cervix) 胎先露下降(fetal presentation descent) 血压(blood pressure) 饮食(diet)、大小便(urine & stool)、 2024/7/29384)灌肠(clysis): 初产妇宫颈口<4cm (primipara---cervix os <4cm) 经产妇宫颈口<2cm (multipara---cervix os <2cm) 2024/7/29395)肛查(anus exam) :潜伏期 1次/4小时(latent phase Q4h)活跃期 1次/1小时(active phase Q1h)2024/7/29406)必要时阴道检查(vaginal exam if necessary):2024/7/2941肛(阴)查应了解 (anus exam should know): 宫 颈 情 况 (cervix station) 胎先露高低 (presentation site) 骨盆正常否 (pelvis normal or not) 胎 膜 破 否 (fetal membrane rupture or not)2024/7/29422、 第二产程(second stage of labor): 1) 临床表现(clinical sign): 屏气(breath hold)、 肛门松驰(anus relax)、 胎头拔露(head visible on vulvas gapping)、 胎头着冠(crowing of head ) 2024/7/2943胎头拔露2024/7/29442) 观察产程进展及处理 (observe the labor progress & treatment): (1)监测胎心(monitor FHR) (2)指导产妇屏气(teach breath hold)2024/7/2945 (3)做好接生准备(prepare to accouche):: 初产妇—开全 上产床(on accouche bed) 经产妇—4cm 消 毒(disinfection) 铺 巾 (spread cloth)2024/7/2946消 毒(disinfection)产床2024/7/2947(4) 接生(delivery a child): 保护会阴(protect the perineum )2024/7/2948会阴切开Episiotomy2024/7/29492024/7/29502024/7/2951结 扎 脐 带新生儿处理(neonate management)2024/7/29522024/7/29533、 第三产程(the third stage): 1) 临床表现: 胎盘剥离征象有4点 (4 signs of placenta separation) 宫底上升(fundus rise up) 外露脐带自行延长 (external cord elongate automatically) 阴道少量流血 (a small gush of vaginal blood) 在耻骨联合上推子宫,脐带不回缩 (push the uterus upward, the cord unreturned) 2024/7/2954阴道少量流血阴道少量流血外露脐带自行延长外露脐带自行延长2024/7/29552 2)) 协助娩出胎盘协助娩出胎盘( (assist placenta to expel)assist placenta to expel)3 3)) 检查胎盘是否完整检查胎盘是否完整,,软产道是否损伤软产道是否损伤 (exam the placenta integrity & soft canal is injuried or not)(exam the placenta integrity & soft canal is injuried or not)2024/7/29564) 预防产后出血 5) 产房观察2小时 (prevent postpartum haemorrhage 宫缩剂(oxytocin)(observe 2h in delivery room)2024/7/2957学习要求(study request):1、熟悉决定分娩的因素 ( (know the determinated agents of labor)know the determinated agents of labor)2、熟悉枕先露的分娩机制 ( (know the mechanism of labor with occiput presentation)know the mechanism of labor with occiput presentation)3、掌握分娩的临床经过及处理 ( (grasp the clinical course and treatment of labor)grasp the clinical course and treatment of labor)2024/7/2958学习重点: 1、重点学习决定分娩的三因素,即产力、 产道、胎儿 2、详细了解分娩的先兆征象,临产的诊 断及产程的分期,产程图 3、了解三个产程的临床经过及处理2024/7/2959。





