超详细非谓语动词讲解.doc

非谓语动词 (the Non-Finite Verbs)定义 在句子中不是谓语的动词，形式：不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）作用： 在句子中充当主语、宾语、状语等特点：1. 非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词） ，在句中做主语、宾语、表语2. 非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词） ，在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语3. 非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词） ，在句中作状语4. 谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制5. 英语中不能单独做句子的谓语与谓语动词的关系相同点（ 1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：They built a garden. They suggested building a garden.（2）都可以被状语修饰： The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well.（3）都有主动与被动 , “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化例如：He was punished by his parents. （谓语动词被动语态） He avoided being punished by his parents. （动名词的被动式）We have written the composition. （谓语动词的完成时） Having written the composition, we handed it in. （现在分词的完成式）（4）都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at once. （谓语动词的逻辑主语） The boss ordered them to start the work. （动词不定式的逻辑主语）We are League members. （谓语动词的主语） We being League member, the work was well done. （现在分词的逻辑主语）不定式一、形式功能 ：动词不定式：（to ）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。

否定式： not + (to) do 以 do 为例，动词不定式的构成如下：（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后 .例如： I'm nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多We plan to pay a visit. 我们计划花钱去参观He wants to be an artist. 他想成为一个艺术家The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了。

I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友二、不定式的句法功能：（1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败动词不定式短语作主语时，常用 it 作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败常用句式有：（1）作主语：1、 It+be+ 名词 +to do 2、 It takes sb.+some time+to do 3、 It+be+ 形容词 +of sb +to do ①与 careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,wrong , careful , polite , 等表示赞扬或批评的形容词连用，不定式前的 sb. 可作其逻辑主语。

②与 for 连用的通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形容词： possible ，impossible ，easy ，hard ，difficult ，necessaryIt ’s necessary for you to study hard . （ necessary 修饰 to study hard ，表示学习努力是有必要的）It ’s foolish of him to do it . （ foolish 修饰逻辑主语 him）（2）作表语： 放 be 动词后，构成表语Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了注意：（ 3）作宾语：①动词 +不定式如：He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him. （it 作形式宾语）下列动词通常用不定式作宾语： want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, promise, prefer,like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , teach , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , prepare , continue ,ask , mean , choose , expect ，choose, get 等②动词 +疑问词 +to , “特殊疑问句 +不定式”相当于名词，作宾语。

如：I don ’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can ’t decide when to go there.注意： 不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用 it 作形式宾语如：I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.We think it important to obey the laws .不定式动词可充当介词宾语，如：I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里，别无选择He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的4）作宾语补足语：①动词 +宾语 +不定式（ to do ）He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so? （不带 to 的不定式）注：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有： ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn,expect, prefer, encourage ，beg, permit, persuade,prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如： With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema ． 他有很多工作要做，所以没去电影院。

②表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词 +宾语 + to be 的不定式结构：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful. （被动语态）③ There + 不定式We didn ’t expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里注意：（ 1）有些动词需用 as 短语作补语，像 regard, think, believe, take, consider 如：We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲2）在动词 feel （一感）， hear, listen to （二听），have, let, make （三让），notice, see, watch, observe, look at （五看）( 即：吾看三室两厅一感觉 ) 等后面的补足语中，不定式不带 to ，但变为被动语态后，必须带 to 。