外交文献选读课件.ppt

外交文献选读HONGHONG ZHU课程介绍教材：外交文献文教材：外交文献文书书教程教程 黄金祺黄金祺 课课程内容：程内容：1.外交文外交文书书 2.2.专著著选读选读3.电电信和双信和双边边外交等外交等讲授方式：1.以课本为主，主要讲解外交文书的写作格式，方式等2.看外交资料，包括文献和纪录片等3.专著选读等主要了解其内容和作者的观点考核方式：课堂成绩＋期末考试 期末考试形式为闭卷考试NOTESDefinition: is most commonly used form of written Definition: is most commonly used form of written communications affairs. There is no universal communications affairs. There is no universal accepted rules for drafting them. There are 2 kinds accepted rules for drafting them. There are 2 kinds of Notes: of Notes: I. Formal Note: a personal letteI. Formal Note: a personal letter used between the r used between the foreign ministers of one country and his counterpart foreign ministers of one country and his counterpart in another, between one head of mission and in another, between one head of mission and another. It is the most formal form of written another. It is the most formal form of written communications and deals with comparatively more communications and deals with comparatively more important political affairs of diplomatic formalities. important political affairs of diplomatic formalities. CIRCUMSTANCES TO USE1. A state to officially inform foreign governments of 1. A state to officially inform foreign governments of important events such as a change in its political important events such as a change in its political system; change of state leaders; diplomatic system; change of state leaders; diplomatic recognition; establishment, severance or resumption recognition; establishment, severance or resumption of diplomatic relations; replacement of consuls. of diplomatic relations; replacement of consuls. 2. To make representations on such issues as 2. To make representations on such issues as conclusion or revision of a treaty; convening of an conclusion or revision of a treaty; convening of an international conference; the establishment of international conference; the establishment of consulates on reciprocal terms; arrangements for consulates on reciprocal terms; arrangements for visits of state leaders; other important political, visits of state leaders; other important political, military or economic affairs.military or economic affairs.To inform another ambassador of the assumption of post by an ambassadorNo. 20120829Xi’an, August 29th, 2012Your Excellency, I presented on August 28th, 2012 to His Excellency Bill Clinton, President of the United States of America the Letter of Credence by which the President of the People’s Republic of China appoints me Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to United States of America. On the assumption of my post, I sincerely assure Your Excellency that I shall endeavour to establish good official and personal relations with you in order to strengthen the friendly relations between our two countries. I avail myself of this opportunity to express to Your Excellency the assurances of my highest consideration. Honghong ZhuHis Excellency John DoeAmbassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of United States of AmericaWashinton DCTo inform the dean of the diplomatic corps of the assumption of post by an ambassador No. 20120829Xi’an, August 29th, 2012 Your Excellency, I presented on August 28th, 2012 to His Excellency Bill Clinton, President of the United States of America, the Letter of Credence by which the President of the People’s Republic of China appoints me Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United States of America. On the assumption of my post, I wish to assure Your Excellency that I shall endeavor to establish good relations with Your Excellency, Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. I avail myself of this opportunity to express to you the assurances of my highest consideration. Honghong ZhuHis Excellency Mike Bering Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in the United States of AmericaWashinton DCTo acknowledge the receipt of a Note about the assumption of post by an ambassador No. 20120901September 1st, 2012, Washinton DCYour Excellency, I have the honour to acknoledge the receipt of your note dated August 29th, 2012 informing me that you have presented to His Excellency Bill Clinton, President of the United States of America your Letter of Credence, by which the Chairman of People’s Republic of China apponits you Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United States of America. In congratulating you on the assumption of your important post, I which to assure you that I shall endeavour to establish good relations, both official and personal, with you in order to strengthen the friendly relations between our two countries. I avail myself to this opportunity to express to Your Excellency the assurances of my highest consideration. John DoeHis Excellency Honghong ZhuAmbassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of People’s Republic of China Xi’an To acknowledge the receipt of a Note about the assumption of post by an ambassador No. _________Place , date Your Excellency, I have the honour to acknoledge the receipt of your note dated _______ informing me that you have presented to His Excellency _______, President (Chairman, King) of the United States of America your Letter of Credence, by which the Chairman (president, King) of _____ apponits you Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to ____________. In congratulating you on the assumption of your important post, I which to assure you that I shall endeavour to establish good relations, both official and personal, with you in order to strengthen the friendly relations between our two countries. I avail myself to this opportunity to express to Your Excellency the assurances of my highest consideration. (signed)_____________His Excellency____________Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of ______________ PlaceCIRCUMSTANCES TO USE3. To fulfill diplomatic formalities as transmitting 3. To fulfill diplomatic formalities as transmitting important messages from a head of state or important messages from a head of state or government; expressing congratulations or government; expressing congratulations or condolences; notifying the assumption of post by an condolences; notifying the assumption of post by an ambassador, his departure or return. ambassador, his departure or return. 4. Any other matter for which a Formal Note is 4. Any other matter for which a Formal Note is deemed necessary to stress its importance. deemed necessary to stress its importance. To transmit a message of congratulationNo. _______Place, Date Your Excellency, I have the honour to forward to Your Excellency, for transmission, the following message of congratulation from Premier ______ of the State Council of ________ to _____, _________: “His Excellency Mr._________, President of _________, __________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Premier of the State Council of _______________Place Date” I avail my self of this opportunity to renew to Your Excellency the assurences of my highest consideration. (signed)__________ His Excellency ___________ Minister of Foreign Affairs of __________PlaceTo transmit a message of congratulationNo. 123456London, June 12th 2012 Your Excellency, I have the honour to forward to Your Excellency, for transmission, the following message of congratulation from Premier Hillary Clinton of the State Council of the United States of America to Her Majesty Queen of United Kingdom: “Her Majesty Ms Elithebath II, Queen of United Kingdom, On the occasion of the Diamond Jublee, I wish to express sincere congratulations and best wishes to You Majesty and your country. Hillary Clinton Premier of the State Council of the United States of AmericaWashington DC, June 11th, 2012” I avail my self of this opportunity to renew to Your Excellency the assurences of my highest consideration. Smart Brain His Excellency Mark Twine Minister of Foreign Affairs of United KingdomLondonTo notify the passing away of a state leader No. 2012Warsaw, April 11th, 2010Your Excellency, I inform you with profound grief that Lech Kaczynski, President of Poland, passed away on April 10th, 2010 after serious air craft. Everyday from 8 am to 6 pm from April 12th, 2010 to April 22th, 2010 inclusive will be the hours for paying condolences at the Embassy. Adam LazarskiHis Excellency San Zhang Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of ChinaWarsawTo express condolences(Head of mission to head of mission)No.________Place, dateYour excellency, Shocked to lear of the untimely passing away of ___________, ______(office) of ____(country), I wish, on behalf of my entire staff and in my own name, to express deep condolences to you and , through you, to the Government of ______(country) and the family of the deceased. (signed)_________His Excellency_____________Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of ________Place To thank an ambassador for offering condolences No.___________Place, DateYour Excellency, On behalf of __________ and the family of ______, I wish to express thanks to Your Excellency, the diplomatic envoys to ______ and other friends of the diplomatic corps for the messages of condolence sent by the diplomatic envoys and for their personal attendance and that of other friends of the diplomatic corps to show sympathy on the occasion of the passing away of ______ of ______ (country). I avail myself of this opportunity to renew to Your Excellency the assurance of my highest consideration. (signed)_________His Excellency _______Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in _____PlaceHOW TO WRITEA Formal Note is written in the first person. Its component part, usually expressed in traditional French Terms, are: •“L’ Appel” (such as ‘Your Excellency’ for a minister, vice minister or an ambassador) which is usually placed above the body of the Note. For countries between which ‘comrade’ are used for addressing each other, then the title ‘comrade’ instead of ‘Excellency’ or ‘Mr.’ is used. •“La Courtoisie” or the complimentary phrases which conclude the Note. Usually: “I avail myself of this opportunity to express………” The word ‘express’ appears only in a Note addressed to a person for the first time. It is replaced by ‘renew’ in further correspondence with the same person. It can also address as: “please accept, Your Excellency, the assurances of my highest consideration.” 中文一般表示为：顺致以最崇高的敬意。

•The signature of the addresser, which may includes his official designation should it not be known to the addressee already •The date, to which is appended the place of writing. The position where the date is put in the Note may vary. For a Formal Note in Chinese, it is placed below the signature. •“La Reclame” which consists of the name and official designation of the addressee as well as the destination of the Note, and is reproduced from the address on the envelope. For a Chinese Formal Note, there is no ‘Reclame’. The name and designation of the addressee appear only in the ‘appel’. Such as: 乙国外交部长xxx阁下： xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 顺致最崇高的敬意甲国外交部长xxxX年x月x日•If the Note is numbered, the number is put at the top in the left corner for English Note, and right corner for Chinese Note. •Avoid using any abbreviations. Such as date, United Nations. •For a Formal Note sent from China, the original Note is Chinese whereas English or any other version is only translation. •The official text Formal Note is typed on special paper and for the first page, sheet with a national emblem printed at its head is used. For China, the paper used is traditional ricepaper. LESSON 2 VERBAL NOTESVerbal Notes, which drafted in the third person, is used much more often and dealt with wider range of affairs. It is less formal however not necessary less important. Like formal notes, there is no universal accept rules on drafting them. To notify the transfer of a counsellor to a new post (translation)No._________ The Embassy of the People’s Republic of China presents its compliments to the Foreign Office, and has the Honour to inform the latter that, after his return to China on _______, Mr. ____, Counsellor of the Embassy, has been transferred to a new post. The identification cards issued by the Foreign Office in favour of Mr. ____ and Mrs.______ are returned herewith for cancellation. The Embassy avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the Foreign Office the assurance of its highest consideration. (seal) Place, dateForeign office _______Place通知参通知参赞调任任X字字xx号号Xx国外交部：国外交部： 中中华人民共和国大使人民共和国大使馆向外交部致意，并向外交部致意，并谨通知外交部通知外交部大使大使馆参参赞xxx先生于先生于xx日回国后已日回国后已调任新任新职。

随照送回外交部随照送回外交部发给xxx先生和夫人的身份先生和夫人的身份证， ，请与注与注销 顺致最崇高敬意致最崇高敬意使使馆印印Xxxx年年xx月月xx日于日于xxSTRUCTURE It has no ‘Appel’, but usually opens and concludes with a formula of courtesy as: The Embassy of the People’s Republic of China (Ministry of Foreign affairs) presents its compliments to the Foreign Office((Embassy), and has the Honour to inform (request, state, forward acnoeldge)….The ministry of Foreign Affairs (Embassy) of A avails itself of this opportunity to express (renew) to the Embassy (the Ministry) of B the assurance of its highest consideration Then, contains the date and the ministry’s stamp, and below is the ‘reclame’. Verbal Note is not signed but may carry the drafter’s initials. Also, there shouldn’t be any abbreviations appeared in the note and as said in the formal notes, all original notes are Chinese, and others are translation version. NOTES ON MISCELLANEOUS MATTERSTo request granting of a diplomatic transit visaTranslation No. ______ The Embassy of the People’s Republic of China presents its compliments to the Embassy of _____ and has the honour to request the Embassy to grant a diplomatic transit visa, valid for _____ day’s stay, to Mr. ______, _______ Secretary of the Embassy of the People’s Republic of China. It is also requested that a laissez-passer will be issue to him. The embassy of the PRC thanks the Embassy in advance for the assistance kindly rendered. Seal Place, dateEmbassy of _______Place请发过境外交境外交签证X字第字第xx号号Xx国大使国大使馆： ： 中中华人民共和国大使人民共和国大使馆向向xx国大使国大使馆致意，并致意，并谨请大使大使馆发给中中华人民共和国大使人民共和国大使馆x等秘等秘书xx先生有效期先生有效期为xx天的天的过境外交境外交签证。

另另请同同时发给他免他免验证 顺致最崇高的敬意致最崇高的敬意使使馆印印年月日年月日注一国派往他国和国一国派往他国和国际组织办际组织办理外交事理外交事务务的正式代表，有三个不同的的正式代表，有三个不同的层层次：大使是最高一次：大使是最高一级级的，通常都授有的，通常都授有“特命全特命全权权大使大使”之之衔衔，是一国，是一国元首向另一国元首派遣的公使次之，代元首向另一国元首派遣的公使次之，代办办又次之享有比其他等又次之享有比其他等级级外交更高的礼遇外交更高的礼遇,可以可以请请求求驻驻在国元首的接在国元首的接见见.19世世纪纪末以前末以前,只有大只有大国国间间才能互派大使才能互派大使,反映了大小国家不平等的地位反映了大小国家不平等的地位,现现在在绝绝大多数国大多数国家均可互派大使家均可互派大使.大使大使馆馆的人的人员员通常分通常分为为外交人外交人员员、行政技、行政技术术人人员员、服、服务务人人员员和仆役除外交人除外交人员员外，其他人外，其他人员员不不视为视为外交官，通常也不享有外交豁免外交官，通常也不享有外交豁免权权外交人外交人员员包括大使、武官、参包括大使、武官、参赞赞、 、专员专员、一等秘、一等秘书书、二等秘、二等秘书书、三等秘、三等秘书书等正式派等正式派驻驻人人员员。

NOTES ON POLITICAL AFFAIRS Usually it is drafted like verbal notes, using the third person. It is used for things, such as notify ratification of an agreement, approval on convening an conference. MEMORANDAUsually, memoranda doesn’t have essential differences from a Note. However, it is more flexible but less formal than a Note. It doesn’t begin and end with a formula of courtesy and needn’t be signed! Usually, it is drafted in the third person, but it can also be in the first person. 1.Prepared either before or after an interview as a formal record of the oral communication or conversation to avoid misunderstanding. 2.If something is too detailed or too long for a note, memo is used instead as it can be as long as required. 3.Also used as a polite reminder of a certain matter. 4.Can also be used as a special form of agreement, e.g. memo of understanding. A memo can be delivered following an interview or like a note. In the first case, the memo doesn’t need to be numbered nor sealed, nor ‘reclame’. However, the date is still necessary. If the memo is delivered like a note, it needs to be numbered, sealed and conclude with ‘reclame’. If it is delivered with a covering Note, then the memo is just an attachment. Usually, important memo is marked title ‘memorandum’, even with its subject of the communication. Paper used for memo depends on its importance, rice-paper or paper bearing national emblem. Memorandum The Protocol Department of the ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s republic of China has the honour to inform the diplomatic missions in China that, at the friendly suggestion of the heads of a number of diplomatic missions, the first protocol reform mentioned in the memorandum issued by this department on December 23, 1972 will be applied in the following way, effective from today: wheWhen a foreign Head of State or Government comes to visit China, the Protocol Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will notify all the heads of diplomatic missions in China so that they can welcome him and see him off on a voluntary basis. And all the heads of diplomatic missions in China will be invited to the welcoming banquet given by the Chinese side. January 8, 1973备忘录备忘录 中华人民共和国外交部礼宾司谨通知各国驻华中华人民共和国外交部礼宾司谨通知各国驻华外交代表机关，根据许多国家驻华使节的友好建议，外外交代表机关，根据许多国家驻华使节的友好建议，外交部礼宾司一九七二年十二月二十三日所发备忘录中第交部礼宾司一九七二年十二月二十三日所发备忘录中第一项礼宾改革自即日起按以下办法实行：一项礼宾改革自即日起按以下办法实行： 外国元首和政府首脑来中国访问，外交部礼宾外国元首和政府首脑来中国访问，外交部礼宾司将通知各国驻华使节自愿参加迎送。

中国方面举行的司将通知各国驻华使节自愿参加迎送中国方面举行的欢迎宴会将邀请各驻华使节出席欢迎宴会将邀请各驻华使节出席一九七三年一月八日一九七三年一月八日LETTERS AND TELEGRAMS Letters are ordinary written communications in social intercourse. They are not used as often as Notes, however also constitute an important form of diplomatic correspondence. Two kinds of Letters: formal and informal. A Formal Diplomatic Letter is in fact a formal Note. (As we said, A formal Note is in fact a formal personal letter) However, it is more personal in nature, thus can be more intimate and less formality. Formal Letters (FL) used between higher rank diplomats, such as between heads of government, foreign ministers, heads of mission, etc. FL are used for: • important political affairs;• advancing proposals;• tendering invitations; • conveying personal greetings, • offering congratulations or condolences;• transmitting important documents• and so on. The rules of writing are similar to the rules used in Formal Notes, such as the formula of courtesy. However they can vary based on different countries, ranks, degree of relationship…Informal letter requires less formality and like an ordinary letter in social life. Usually, it deals with minor issues.Telegrams are message sent in plain language or Morse code or telex. It is a kind of telecommunication. TELECOMMUNICATION Tele is greek for ‘Far’, telecommunication which means communications between long distance. The beginning forms communication was by Drums and Smoke-signals. Optical telegraph introduced in Europe in the late 18 century. Then, telecommunications made major impact on diplomacy since the use of electronic telegraph. Telephone came into use in the early late 19 century. Since the second World War, fax, email, multi-media video conference, wireless communications also used widely.  Secure telephone is an important means for direct communications between governments. 1. It is user-friendly, easy to use. 2. More personal and more flattering to the recipient, written message usually too serious and often drafted by someone else. 3. Deniable. 4. immediate response. That’s why political leaders and senior officials attach to using the telephone in maintaining their overseas communications. There are many diplomatic issues were taken care by telephones. Radio, tv and internet broadcasting. These can also be used for direct communication between states, such as VOA, BBC. This is often used for ‘an urgent no change in policy message’ sending to a large number of allied states simultaneously. Limitations of telecommunications•Logistical difficulties for using the telephone, especially for the heads of government. Such as language, time differences, daily schedules. •Too rush, sometimes said something too negative may result something bad. •Easy to eavesdropping. Security problem. Video-conferencing: •Lack of body language. Sometimes, physical touch and proximity are unusually important. LETTERS IN NON-GOVERNMENTAL RELATIONSNon-governmental letters are similar in form with ordinary business letters, and may contain as many as 13 parts according to needs: 1.Heading (name and address of the addresser)2.Inside address 3.Date line4.Mailing notation5.Attention (C/O care of)6.Subject7.Greeting 8.Body of the letter9.Complimentary close 10.Signature11.Reference (id initials) 12.Enclosure13.Carbon copy (copy to)TELEGRAMSTelegram is in fact a diplomatic letter telegraphed, and now can be phototelegraphed. The use of the fewest possible words—is not a principle today at the expense of clarity as well as necessary etiquette at present. A diplomatic telegram plays a special role in diplomatic communication due to its speediness and promptness. It is used to give diplomatic recognition, to send greetings or congratulations, to express condolences or sympathy and to notify urgent matters. 。