美国文学史及选读复习资料.doc

美国文学史复习1(colonialism)第一部分殖民主义时期的文学一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives日记b、journals游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1)theirvoyagetothenewland2) Adaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops3) AboutdealingwithIndians4) Guidetothenewland,endlessbounty,invitationtoboldspirit3、清教徒的思想：1)puritanwanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices净化信仰和行为方式2) WishtorestoresimplicitytochurchandtheauthorityoftheBibletothetheology.重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3) lookuponthemselvesaschosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGod'swillandisnottobeaccepted.认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4) puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5)religiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。

4、典型的清教徒：JohnCotton&RogerWilliam他们的不同：JohnCottonwasmuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy;WilliambeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica.5、William的宗教观点：Tolerationdidnotstemfromalackofreligiousconvictions.Instead,itsprangfromtheideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductanddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothers.HealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGod.行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：AnneBradstreet7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTayor.学习指南：1、CouldyougiveadescriptionofAmericanPuritans?关于美国清教徒的描绘LiketheirbrothersbackinEngland,wereidealists,believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtothe"purity"ofthefirst-centurychurchasestablishedbyJesusChristhimself.Tothemreligionwasamatterofprimaryimportance.TheymadeittheirchiefbusinesstoseethatmanlivedandthoughtandactedinawaywhichtendedtothegloryofGod.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod,allthatJohnCalvin,thegreatFrenchtheologianwholivedinGenevahadpreached.Itwasthiskindofreligiousbeliefthattheybroughtwiththemintothewildness.TheretheymeaanttoprovethatwereGod'schosenpeopleenjoyinghisblessingsonthisearthasinHeaven.2、Hardwork,thrift,pietyandsobrietywerethePuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearliestAmericanwriting.3、Theworkoftwowriters,AnneBradstreet&EdwardTaylor,rosetothelevelofrealpoetry.4、TheearliestsettlersincludedDutch,Swedes,Germans,French,SpaniardsItalian,andPortuguese.美国文学史复习2(reasonandrevolution)(2009-01-1715:54:25)一、美国的性质：ThewarforIndependenceendedintheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic-theUnitedStatesofAmerica.联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。

二、代表作家：1、BenjaminFranklin本杰明•富兰克林1706-17901)"PoorRichard'sAlmanac"穷人查理德的年鉴annualcollectionofproverbs流行谚语集Itsoonbecamethemostpopularbookofitskind,largelybecauseofFranklin'sshrewdhumor,andfirstspreadhisreputation2) FoundedtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas.建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题3) establishedAmerica'sfirstcirculatinglibrary,foundedthecollege--UniversityofPennsylvania.建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学4) firstappliedtheterms"positive"and"negative"toelectricalcharges.5) AsarepresentativeoftheColonies,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultynegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。

他说服法国支持美国的独立战争6) Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、7) TheWaytoWealth致富之道TheAutobiography自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、ThomasPaine托马斯•佩因1737-1809"GreatCommonofMankind"最平凡的人1) famouspamphlet"CommonSense"著名的政治小册子《常识》itboldlyadvocateda"DeclarationforIndependence",andbroughttheseparatistagitationtoacrisis.拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机2) "AmericanCrisis"《美国危机》,signed''CommonSense"(p31，第一段)TheCaseoftheOfficersofExcise税务员问题；CommonSense常识；AmericanCrisis美国危机；RightsofMan人的权利：DownfallofDespotism专制体制的崩溃；TheAgeofReason理性时代3、ThomasJefferson托马斯•杰弗逊1)draftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.起草了独立宣言2) 与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。

AllMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthePursuitofhappiness.人人生而平等，他们都从“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利4、PhilipFreneau菲利普•费瑞诺poetandpoliticaljournalist诗人和政治方面的新闻记者1) perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-revolutionaryperiod.2) hasbeencalledthe"FatherofAmericanPoetry"美国诗歌之父TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲；TheBritishPrisonShip英国囚船；TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans纪念美国勇士同类诗中最佳；TheWildHoneysuckle野生的金银花；TheIndianBuryingGround印第安人殡葬地学习指南：1、TheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.Politicswasthenextgreatsujecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds.2、Freneauwasneoclassicalbytrainingandtasteyeromanticinessentialspirit.美国文学史复习3(Romanicism)(2009-01-1718:58:09)一、文学特征：1、Environment:1) shapedbytheirNewWorldenvironment美洲大陆新环境2) arrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditonsofEurope欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2、美国文学特点：pluralistic多元化manifestationsvaried表现形式多样Individualistic个人主义conflicting矛盾3、Romanticism的特点：frequent。