挪威在毕马威全球首次发布的“净零排放准备指数（NZRI）”中位列第一-124页

Net Zero Readiness Index 2021 KPMG IMPACT home.kpmg/NZRI The Net Zero Readiness Index (NZRI) is a tool that compares the progress of 32 countries in reducing the greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change, and assesses their preparedness and ability to achieve Net Zero emissions of these gases by 2050. Quick reader guide Foreword Net Zero Readiness Index results Key observations and insights KPMG has selected the 32 countries to capture insights from across developed and emerging economies and current energy exporters.They include members of the G20 intergovernmental forum, as well as G20 invitees, which are emerging or large economies; members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; and countries that had a Net Zero target in place at the time of framing the methodology. Global sector summaries Quick reader guide The date 2050 was proposed by a 2018 report of the United Nation’s (UN) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which said that cutting net emissions by about 45 percent from 2010 to 2030, then 100 percent by 2050 would limit temperature rises to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The panel said that doing this would lessen the still- substantial damage that global warming will cause over the coming decades. NZRI top 25 countries NZRI countries to watch Appendix In August 2021, a report by the panel approved by 195 governments said that humanity has already warmed the planet by approximately 1.1 degrees Celsius, that 1.5 degrees is likely to be reached or exceeded in the next 2 decades and that without immediate, rapid and large-scale reductions in emissions, limiting warming to 1.5 or even 2 degrees will be beyond reach. Sources 3 | Net Zero Readiness Index 2021 KPMG contacts ©2021 Copyright owned by one or more of the KPMG International entities. KPMG International entities provide no services to clients. All rights reserved. The NZRI uses the World Resources Institute defnition ofNet Zero. Primarily, this involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans as close as possible to zero. Remaining emissions are balanced by an equivalent amount ofcarbon removal from the atmosphere, effectively neutralizing humanity’s future impact on the world’s climate. Through this analysis, KPMG has identifed key observations and insights that we see as critical to understanding and overcoming the challenges of the transition to Net Zero at a global level.The 32 participating countries have been grouped into two categories: our view ofthe top-performing 25 countries in the race to Net Zero based on progress to-date and established initiatives; and seven countries to watch where KPMG is seeing signifcant opportunities to advance their decarbonization efforts through large- scale projects and emerging escalation initiatives. QuickQuick readerreader guideguide Foreword The main greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, and work towards Net Zero is often called ‘decarbonization’ to refect the focus on this gas, which is released when fossil fuels are burnt. However, emissions ofmethane and nitrous oxide also make signifcant contributions to climate change and are included in this Index. Net Zero Readiness Index results As countries around the world race to implement policies to reduce carbon emissions, it is likely there will be movement, perhaps signifcant, in the rankings. KPMG intends to update the NZRI regularly and share insights on an ongoing basis. How the NZRI works Key observations and insights For each ofthe 32 countries, the NZRI considers 103 indicators that KPMG considers as key drivers to achieving Net Zero.The indicators have been split between national preparedness and sector readiness. National preparedness considers a country’s national commitment to decarbonize, its past decarbonization performance and the national enabling environment for decarbonization. More information on the results, methodology and sources used can be found in the Appendix. The following abbreviations are used in the text: Global sector summaries CO (carbon dioxide); ESG (environmental, social and 2 governance); GDP (gross domestic product); GW (gigawatt); MtCO e (megatonnes ofCO equivalent, 2 2 used to measure greenhouse gas emissions). US dollar equivalents for local currencies are correct as of August 2021. Sector readiness covers the fve highest emitting sectors: electricity and heat; transport; buildings; industry; and agriculture, land use, land use change and forestry (in the report referred to as agriculture, land use and forestry). NZRI top 25 countries NZRI countries to watch Appendix The intended audience for the NZRI is governments and the public sector, multilateral organizations, investors and fnancial institutions, the private sector, and the general public. It is likely to be ofparticular interest to any entity, department, business or person with an int