初中英语语法复习全.ppt

一、词类： 1、词类：按照词义、形式、特征及其句法作用可分为以下十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、动词、副词、（实词）冠词、介词、连词、感叹词虚词） 1、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj)：表示人或事物的性质或特征如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态如：am, is,are,have,see .,6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。

如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情如：oh, well, hi, hello.,,注意：单词的词性往往决定了这个单词的用法， 也决定了它在句子当中所起的作用音：读音 形：拼法 义：词义 类：词类 用“用法及搭配习惯学习单词必须同时要掌握“音、形、义、类、用”1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类： 1）、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国) 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the如：the Great Wall(长城) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义)如：the Greens( 格林一家人) 2）、普通名词▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange； ▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。

如：water, news, oil, population, information .,名词,有些个别的单数形式和复数意义不一样time –times fish-fishes work-works paper-papers look-looks green-greens people-peoples glass-glasses letter-letters food-foods game-games wind-winds word-words fruit-fruits space-two spaces-a space cloth-clothes wind-winds snow-snows,可数名词的单数形式不能独立使用，必须有a, an, the ,my 等词修饰但复数名词可以独立使用，表泛指。

She never wear a hat. Be careful of the dog. That’s her dog. Horses are useful animals.,Time flies. They go there three times a month. What wonderful times we are living .,名词的数 1、可数名词与不可数名词 A、不可数名词，初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water ; meat ; rice ; bread ; milk ; tea ; orange(桔汁) ; fruit ; air ; snow ; chalk; work ; paper(纸) ; time(时间); music ; weather ; grass ; news ; food ; fish(鱼肉); coke ; porridge ; cake(可数或不可数). 不可数名词应注意以下几点： 1)前无数、冠，后无复数；作主语为三单. 2)表量用约数some /any ; much ; a lot of 或用of短语 eg. There is ____ bread on the table. a B. one C. a piece of D. many There is some_______ on the plate. A. apple B. fish C. milks D. deer,[C],[B],3。

表示自然现象的名词，常可以和不定冠词连用：a heavy rain, a heavy snow,a grea fire, a clear sky,a thick fog,4the+不可数名词表示特指，不加表示泛指 We can’t live without air. Open the window, The air is so bad.,5.不可数名词表达确切数量必须加量词： a piece of paper, a slice of meat, a bar of chocolate, a cup of tea, a bottle of milk, a bag of rice,2、可数名词的复数 A、规则变化 1）s; sh; ch; x 结尾加 es 读 [iz] 2) ce; se; ze; (d)ge 结尾加 s eg. boxes [b ksiz] blouses [blauziz] 3)f (fe) 结尾则变f(fe)为v加es---读[vz] eg. knives [naivz] 4) “辅+y”结尾变y为i加es 清就清[s] 5)一般加s 浊就浊[z] eg. books[buks] pens[penz] babies[beibiz] B、不规则变化： man—men ; woman—women ;child—children policeman—policemen; ox-oxen Englishman—Englishmen Frenchman—Frenchmen foot—feet ; tooth—teeth mouse(鼠)—mice,但注意以下几点： ① potato—potatoes ; tomato—tomatoes ,hero-heroes ② 单复同形: fish ; sheep ; deer ; Chinese ; Japanese ③ “某国人”的复数：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面. eg. German—Germans people , police 常用单数形式表示复数概念 The police are looking for the missing boy. ⑤形式为复数，但用做单数：news,maths,politics,economics,the Olympics. ⑥可以是单数，也可以是复数：复数指成员，单数指整体。

Family,class, team,group ,public, company, army, His family are waiting for me . I’ve got to make it clear that my family was very poor.,⑦只能为复数形式: scissors, trousers, shorts, pants, gloves, compasses, clothes, thanks, woods, stairs, tears,mountains,riches ⑧在短语中只用复数形式的名词: do exercises ; as follows ; in dozens ; change trains, tensof thousands of , take notes, be friends with, the United Nations, make friends with ; shake hands with, take turns, break into pieces, the Olympic Games Make aface(faces) Play a joke (jokes) Have a talk (talks ) with ⑨复合名词的复数形式 fathers –in-law grown-ups lady drivers tooth-brushes man doctor- men doctors woman nurse- women nurses,几组易错的 用法： 1.Many a +名词=many+ 复数名词 2.family.class ,team, group ,public, 表整体和成员的 概念 3.population 1)表人口与居民，谓语用单数 2）问 人口多少用what，不用how many，how much 3）谈到人口比。

多用great，large，人口少用 small，不用much，many，little 4）当 百分数、分数+of the population 做主语时，谓语用 复数The population in China __ very large,and 80%of the population ___ farmers.(be),表“许多”的名词 1.many ,a great number of ,a large number of, a good number of a graet many, many a +复数名词 ，a few,few 2.much =a great deal of +不 可数名词，a little ,little 3.a lot of ,lots of ,plenty of ,some any, no , 即修饰可数，又修饰不 可数3、名词所有格：名词’s (意思是 “……的”) A.有生命的名词所有格，一般在后加“’s” Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书) 但注意： 1)表两者共有则在后者加“’s” Lucy and Lily’s father 露西和莉莉的父亲 Lucy’s and Lily’s fathers露西的父亲和莉莉的父亲. 2)以s结尾的词只加“ ’ ” eg. 1) the boys’ books 2) James’ father,3)无生命的名词所有格用of来引导 eg. the leg of the desk 4)双重所有格：a/this /some +名词+of +’s所有格 He is my father’s a friend( × ) He is a my father’s friend. ( × ) He is a friend of my father’s ( √ ) a friend of mine ( √ ) a friend of my( × ) A friend of her mother’s A friend of her mother A picture of his brother’s Apicture of his brother,,,,。