Unit-8-Christianity分析.ppt

Unit-8-ChristianityUnit-8-Christianity分分析析Four Main ReligionsuChristianity 1st century AD ★1.5-2.2 billion adherentsFour Main ReligionsuIslam 7th century AD ★1.3 billion uBuddhism around 600 BC ★350million uJudaism around 2000BC ★14 million Origin and History•It is rooted in Judaism•1st century AD: founded by Jesus•In 135: became independent religion•In 313: “Edict of Milan”•In 392: became the state religion of Roman Empire•In 1054: split into the Roman Catholic and Orthodox.•In 16th century: the second break, divided into three branches, resulted in establishment of Protestant.The Bible•Official collection of books:Two partsOld Testament: 39 written in HebrewNew Testament: 27 written in GreekJesus is the Son of God, that He is one with God, and that He was sent here for our salvation. God is the creator of all people, the world, the universe, and everything seen and unseen.Jesus was conceived of the Holy Spirit of God and born through the Virgin Mary.GodJesusHolySpiritChristianityTrinityThe Influence•Christianity had a very big impact on Western civilization. Humanist tradition, such as freedom, equality, and fraternity, became the heart of "Declaration of Independence," "Declaration of Human Rights", and a long-term spiritual driving force of the Western democratic.The Renaissance16th centuryWestern EuropeChristianityChristianityWestern Europe in the 16th CenturyThe Reformation圣巴瑟洛缪之夜圣巴瑟洛缪之夜 密莱斯密莱斯 1919世纪世纪　　在修道院幽暗的房间中，一位　　在修道院幽暗的房间中，一位手持利剑的贵族青年前来向过去的手持利剑的贵族青年前来向过去的情人告别。

她已经成为修女，因不情人告别她已经成为修女，因不忍看见即将到来的杀戮和死亡而抓忍看见即将到来的杀戮和死亡而抓住他不放天色将明，无情的黑衣住他不放天色将明，无情的黑衣僧人正招手催他出发他们将在巴僧人正招手催他出发他们将在巴黎参加一场著名的血腥屠杀，青年黎参加一场著名的血腥屠杀，青年手臂上绑着的白布条表明他属于屠手臂上绑着的白布条表明他属于屠杀者天主教徒一派杀者天主教徒一派————密莱斯在这密莱斯在这幅画中以一个十分细微的角度，讲幅画中以一个十分细微的角度，讲述了发生在述了发生在15721572年年8 8月月2424日的日的““圣圣巴瑟洛缪之夜巴瑟洛缪之夜””的浩劫当时的法的浩劫当时的法国国王查理九世表面上支持、笼络国国王查理九世表面上支持、笼络新教的领导人，暗中却怂恿旧教策新教的领导人，暗中却怂恿旧教策划阴谋，利用圣巴瑟洛缨节当天新划阴谋，利用圣巴瑟洛缨节当天新教徒在巴黎集中的机会，发动了一教徒在巴黎集中的机会，发动了一场对新教徒的屠杀，当晚至少有场对新教徒的屠杀，当晚至少有30003000人被屠戮人被屠戮 死神的胜利死神的胜利( (反映天主教与新教之间的宗教战争反映天主教与新教之间的宗教战争 ) ) 勃鲁盖尔勃鲁盖尔 嵌板画嵌板画 15621562年年　　勃鲁盖尔用一种怪诞而又细致的笔触描画了对骷髅统　　勃鲁盖尔用一种怪诞而又细致的笔触描画了对骷髅统治世界的想象，就像博斯的作品一样，令人感觉非常真实。

治世界的想象，就像博斯的作品一样，令人感觉非常真实3030年的宗教战争让整个欧洲进入了死神的掌管之中年的宗教战争让整个欧洲进入了死神的掌管之中Historical Background CulturePoliticsEconomy Religion The ReformationThe ReformationIndependenceReformersRenaissanceIndulgenceChristianityChristianityWhat leads to the Reformation ?Selling the Indulgences •In 1517, a preacher named Tetzel came to a nearby village , offering indulgences to those who would contribute to the building of new Cathedral of St.Peter, at Roma. He said: “So soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from Purgatory (炼狱炼狱) springs.” Causes uDirect causeuRoot causeReformation leaders•Martin Luther(1483-1546) & 95 theses (Oct.31,1517) •John Calvin (1509-1564)•Henry Ⅷ Martin Luther (1483-1546)•German leader of the Reformation. In 1507, being a priest, he began a career as a theological teacher，，later a professor: attacked (1517) Tetzel’s sale of indulgence, by posting 95 theses on the church door at Wittenburgdeveloped (1512-13) the idea of justification by faithbegan his German translation of the Bible(1521-22) in Wartburg Castle Popularity weakened by his opposition to the Peasants’ War(1524-25). 95 Theses•Wrote 95 Theses attacking Tetzel and others who used indulgences•Luther posted the statements on the door of the Wittenberg Chapel–Oct 31, 1517–Typical practice during this time–Invited people to debate the issues•This officially began the Reformation•His teachings were the following:–People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness–All Church teachings should be clearly based on words of the Bible–All people with faith were equal. Therefore people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for themMartin Luther’s ThesesMartin LutherNatureof LifeCommunicationGrace and FaithBible ChristianityChristianityMartin LutherLutherans•In 1522 Luther would return to Wittenberg•He discovered that many of his ideas were already being used•Eventually Luther and his followers formed the religious group known as the Lutherans•70 million Lutherans worldwide (9 million in US)3rd largest Christian faith in world John Calvin (1509-1564)•French lawyer and theologian.•Institutes of the Christian Religion •Fed to Swizerland•New leader of protestantism•established a church government in Geneva. Doctrines of Calvinism•Justification by faith•stressed the doctrine of predestination: “ He has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction.” ---John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Hohn Allen (Philadelphia, 1936), vol.1, p.228; Vol.2, P181the religious doctrine that The fate of a human after death has been decided by God, and that this is unavoidable.•Original sin & total depravity: emphasized the sinful nature of manDoctrines of Calvinism•The absolute sovereignty of God•biblical authority was to be set above Church tradition•supported a plain style of worship. kept only two sacraments:baptism and the Lord’s supper(the real presence of Jesus in the sacrament of the Lord’s supper in a spiritual sense. Bible provided all the guidance a person needed to live a Christian life. Christians gained salvation through grace and faith Certain people were chosen by God for salvation John CalvinJohn CalvinChristianityChristianityJohn CalvinHenry VIII 1509 – 1547•Henry Ⅷ ‘s Divorce & Roman Catholic Church•The Split with Rome --- Act of Supremacy (1534) "the King's highness to be supreme head of the Church of England [having] the authority to redress all errors, heresies, and abuses," England•Henry VIII - King of England–Devout Catholic–Male heir•Married Catherine of Aragon–Catherine gets pregnant!!! YEAH!!!–Catherine has girl!!! BOOO!!•Mary•By 1527 Henry was convinced that Catherine would have no more children–Wanted to divorceThe religious unity in Western and Central Europe of the Middle Ages has vanishedProtestant ReformationChristians were divided into Catholics and ProtestantsChristianityChristianityInfluences of the Reformation The Impacts of the Reformation•Permanently divided Europe into two religious camps •Increased religious intolerance :a century of religious warfare • Strengthened the power of civilian governments as the Roman Catholic Church lost some of its former power •Increased educational opportunities for the people of Europe•Increased religious tolerance in the long term: The Edict of Nantes giving the Huguenot of France religious tolerationThank You!!!结束结束。