托福tpo阅读33 双语文本+答案解析.doc

小编推荐： 查看托福口语 TPO1-33 文本+MP3，请点击：TPO 口语 1-34 查看托福写作 TPO1-25 文本大全，请点击：TPO 写作 1-25 查看托福听力 TPO1-29 原文+ 题目+MP3 音频下载，请点击：TPO 听力 1-30 托福 TPO 阅读 33 双语文本+答案解析 查看托福阅读 TPO1-32 阅读原文+ 题目+答案，请点击：TPO 阅读 1-32 The First Civilizations Evidence suggests that an important stimulus behind the rise of early civilizations was the development of settled agriculture, which unleashed a series of changes in the organization of human communities that culminated in the rise of large ancient empires. 证据显示，早期文明兴起的一个重要刺激因素就是定居农业的发展。

它导致了人类群落的组织结构出现一系列变 更，在古代大型帝国的兴起时达到了顶峰 The exact time and place that crops were first cultivated successfully is uncertain. Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged independently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival. The first farmers, who may have lived as long as 10,000 years ago, undoubtedly used simple techniques and still relied primarily on other forms of food production, such as hunting, foraging, or pastoralism. The real breakthrough took place when farmers began to cultivate crops along the floodplains of river systems. The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (that is, non-migratory) societies were born. As time went on, such communities gradually learned how to direct the flow of water to enhance the productive capacity of the land, while the introduction of the iron plow eventually led to the cultivation of heavy soils not previously susceptible to agriculture. 庄稼究竟是何时何地被首次成功开垦种植还不得而知。

很多史前学家认为农业可能是当小型 群落迫于不断增长人 口和日益减少的食物资源压力而开始在地里种植种子试图维持他们的 生计时，进而在世界不同区域独自兴起的 出现在 10,000 年前的最早的农民，毫无疑问地 使用着简单的技术，并且仍主要依赖着其他的食物生产方式，比 如狩猎，觅食或放牧当农 民开始在河川系统的泛滥平原沿岸种植庄稼的时候，真正的突破发生了它的优点是， 在这 些区域种植的庄稼不会过于依赖降水，因此会带来更可靠地收成它另外一个好处就是由河 流带来的沉淀 物会把营养物质沉积在土壤里，这就使得农民能够在常年耕作一块土地而不用 去开垦新的耕地这样，第一个真 正的定居(即不用迁徙的)社会就形成了随着时间的推 移，这些社群逐渐知道了如何引导水流来加强土地的生产 能力，铁犁的引入也终于使之前不 受用于农业的重质土壤得以开垦种植The spread of this river valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the first civilizations. The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale. The need to oversee the entire process brought about the emergence of an elite that was eventually transformed into a government. 这种河谷农业在亚洲和非洲不同地区的传播是首次文明兴起的决定性因素。

这些地区食物产量的增长导致了人口 的激增与此同时，为了努力控制水流来最大化灌溉耕种区域和保护当 地居民免受部落外部敌对力量的侵袭，第 一步的大规模合作活动被引发了而出于对整个程 序步骤监督的需求，一个上层精英团体出现了它也逐渐转变 成了政府部门 The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India, and China. How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages. By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community. In time, the “big men” become formal symbols of authority and pass on that authority to others within their own family. As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the “big men” assume hereditary status, and their allies and family members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy. 首期文明兴起的第一个明显的阶段发生在公元前三千和四千年的美索不达米亚、北非、印度 和中国。

究竟第一个 政府在这些地区是如何形成的还无法确定，但是人类学家在研究世界不 同地区人类群体的进化时，发现在这个过 程中有一个共同阶段，那就是在单个或多个村落中 “ big man” 的出现这些人凭借他们杰出的军事力量、超凡的 品性和政治天赋，逐渐成为 了那些群落的领导者后来，“ big man” 成为了权力的正式象征，并且还会把权力传 给他 们家族的其他成员当这些群落的面积和物质财富不断发展壮大时，这些“ big man” 就开 始采取世袭制， 他们的同盟和家族成员便转变成了世袭君主王室 The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. ■ With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities. ■ While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances. ■ Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy t。